13/9/2019

Approach to Passive design

Microclimate & Urban Heat Island

Modeling
Micro Envelope Envelope
Geometry Orientation
climate design Materials
D E V S Kiran Kumar
The Energy and Resources Institute

Microclimate Heat Islands

Climate

The Sun & Wind

Temperature, relative humidity, sky condition, radiation, wind flow

Microclimate

Water bodies, vegetation, landform, soil condition, wind pattern,

Understanding heat islands Understanding heat islands

Time (day/
night)
Season

Climate
Wind
Topography
Cloud cover
surroundings

UHI
Ground cover
Building Energy use in
geometry & buildings
materials pollution
used

1
 13/9/2019

Understanding heat islands Building related parameters

• Albedo (Solar Reflective Index)

• Green Cover (Leaf Area Index)
• Building Geometry (Sky view factor)

Solar Reflective Index Albedo

Albedo Albedo

5% 43% 52%

2
 13/9/2019

Sky View Factor

Building Geometry Leaf Area Index

Radiant
Temperature
39.7⁰C

Radiant
Temperature
36.8⁰C

Leaf Area Index Moot points

Area of Built Density Tree Activity Climate

treatment Characteristics
Reflective Roof is the The impact of Narrow streets Higher
pavements need more critical heat island in a with respect to temperatures
be considered area to change highly vegetated lower solar during winter
cautiously in a its surface type environment exposure is nights might be
dense urban and reducing depends on the important in helpful in
scenario as the air tree case of providing human
higher cooling temperatures characteristics pedestrian thermal comfort
loads were movement and hence
observed due to reducing the
increased larger energy costs
ground albedo

3
 13/9/2019

Understanding UHI

• UHI can be classified as

– Surface Urban heat Island (based on
surface temperatures)
– Atmospheric Urban heat island
(based on air temperatures)

General UHI Profile

• Concrete paved areas usually result

in higher surface temperatures
than the air temperature

• Shaded or moist surfaces show

close to the air temperatures
Surface & Atmospheric UHI

Measuring microclimate Measuring microclimate

Local/ Micro scale Urban/ Meso scale

Thermo-hygro data
IR- Thermometer
logger

• Fixed stations are usually • Traverse automobile

preferred measurements are usually
– Temperature probe kept at 1.2- preferred
1.5m from ground

WBGT Heat Stress

High resolution infrared
Meter
camera

Effect of Vegetation Effect of Vegetation

• Roof area :22.7%

• Road Area :0%
• Green Area/ open Area : 77.3%

• Urban area
• Highly vegetated area with all matured trees
• Less Built up

• The maximum day time temperature recorded at highly vegetated IISc is 2.4degC lower compared
to less vegetated Palace Road
2-4m
• Night temperatures recorded at IISc are 1.5degC higher than palace road

4
 13/9/2019

Effect of Water body Effect of water body

• Roof area :32.5%

• Road Area :15.8%
• Water body Area :34.1%
• Green Area/ open Area :17.6%

• Urban area/ city center

• Development around a water body
• Less open area and medium vegetation

• Almost 3 degC lower air temperatures observed at Ulsoor lake during night

2-4m • Higher relative humidity & lower temperatures makes the locations cooler compared to other
areas

Impact of reflective roofs and roof gardens

• Reduction in peak air temperature

– 1.5⁰C incase of Reflective roof
– 1.9⁰C incase of Green roofs

5
 13/9/2019

ENVI-met Why Microclimate modeling?

• Developed by Michael Bruse of the University of Bochum, Germany

• To develop scientific knowledge based
• Three- dimensional computer model that simulates surface-plant-air interactions recommendations for sustainable urban development
within urban environments policies
– setbacks,
• Fluid dynamic characteristics such as air flow and turbulence
– roof top solar pv,
• Thermodynamic process that takes place at the ground surface, walls, roofs and – reflective roofs,
plants
– vegetation requirements,
– development density ratios
The major prognostic variables of the model
– Imperviousness factors etc..,
are wind speed and direction, air
temperature, humidity and radiative fluxes

ENVI-met
Atmosphere
Soil
Air temperature, relative
humidity Surface and Soil
temperature
Wind
Water bodies and ponds
Turbulence
Soil water content
Radiate Fluxes
Vegetation water supply
Pollutant Dispersion

Built Environment
Vegetation Model Building geometry, walls
3D plant Geometry Building Materials
Foliage Temperature Building Physics
Exchange Processes with Green walls & Roof
environment systems
Vegetation health Building energy
performance

ENVI-met

6
 13/9/2019

Software installation requirements

ENVI-met

• The tool works in two steps

– First is editing the Area input file to provide
information on building, soil and vegetation

– In the second step editing the configuration file to

provide the information about site’s geographical
location, temperature, wind movement, humidity
and other required output parameters would be
entered into the tool

Input file Example

• The input file that is prepared can be edited into each cell of the model

• The resolution of cells can be as large as 10m and as fine as 0.5m

• The program has modules of working areas up to 250X250 cells

• To minimize boundary effects which may distort the output data, the model uses
an area of nesting grids around the core of the model

• The tool takes information about the day of simulation from input data and adjusts
the sun position accordingly

7
 13/9/2019

Input Data Start Bar

Parameter High reflective roof case Main Screen Help

Heat Transmittance (U-Value) of roof 3.74W/m2K (for RCC with Brickbat
coba)
Reflectance of roof 0.9
Reflectance of wall 0.8
Simulation time 14.03.2016 & 06:00:00
Simulation interval and duration 1hr & 24hrs
Wind speed & Direction 3 m/s & SW Area
Input file
Ambient Temperature 28.0○C
Relative Humidity 70.% Configura
tion file
Indoor Building Temperature 27.0○C Output
Visualization

Tool Bar Model Settings

Selection Background
options settings

Model Area input Model

Settings sheet Analyser
overiview

8
 13/9/2019

Give same name for input

as well as configuration file

Save the file in

C:\ENVImet31\ with
extension .cf

Check only what is required

9
 13/9/2019

Check for errors;

Fix the errors

Run Simulation

Analyse and extract data

from here

[email protected]

10
 13/9/2019

Thermal performance

Thermal Performance of Building Materials

40°C 27°C

D E V S Kiran Kumar
36°C 33°C
The Energy and Resources Institute

Thermal performance

The Issue and Solution Material Science Aspects

Reflect incident
Major source of heat gain by the
solar radiation using
roof is absorbed solar radiation high albedo surface

Heat gain through roof elevates Store absorbed

ceiling surface temperature and radiant heat for
causes radiant heat load inside the longer time by using
building heavier materials

• Elementary properties • Density/Porosity • Surface Texture

When hot ambient air touches Make indoor surface
these surfaces, the inside air might • Molecular structures • Thickness • Reflectivity
temperatures near
become hotter than outside to air temperatures,
reduce heat load

1
 13/9/2019

True Scale Micro Scale

• Conditioned or unconditioned • Pores Vs solids

• Air velocity (Surface resistance) • Pore Size
– Reflective property • Fluid in pore
– Surface Texture – Air ( 0.025 W/mK)
– Orientation of surface (Flat, slope) – Water (0. 6 W/mK)
• Pore structure (Uniform/ Random)

Mineral characteristics of Brick Elementary Scale

• Silica (sand) – 50% to 60%

• Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30%
• Lime – 2 to 5%
• Iron oxide – ≤ 7%
• Magnesia – less than 1%

• Thermal conductivity
• Thermal capacity

Physical Structure Law of diminishing returns for insulation thickness

Mineral Mortar Extruded Polystyrene Plaster of paris

Conductivity 0.451 Conductivity 0.028 Conductivity 0.499

Specific heat 0.87 Specific heat 1.25 Specific heat 0.2
Density 1850 Density 34 Density 1080
Volumetric Heat Capacity Volumetric Heat Capacity Volumetric Specific heat
1925 1290 764

2
 13/9/2019

Climate classification Climate related aspects

• The computation of the quantity of heat entering an

indoor space reqires a knowledge of hour wise
values of air temperature, solar radiation, humidity,
Climatic Mean monthly Max. Mean Monthly
zone Temperature(deg c) Relative humidity together with thermo physical properties
(%)
Hot dry Above 30 Below 55
Warm- Above 30 Above 55
humid
Temperate Above 25 Above75 • Vapour pressure, that govern the diurnal
Cold Between 25-30 Below 75
Composite Below 25 All values temperature variation

Solar Radiation Air temperature & Relative Humidity

South North East West

Air temperature & Vapour pressure – season

Air temperature & Relative Humidity
classification in India

Temp Sat Vapor Temp Sat Vapor

(C) Prs (mb) (C) Prs (mb)

-18 1.5 18 21.0

-15 1.9 21 25.0
-12 2.4 24 29.6 (Actual Vapor Pressure)
-09 3.0 27 35.0 RH = -------------------------- X 100%
-07 3.7 29 41.0 (Saturation Vapor Pressure)
-04 4.6 32 48.1
-01 5.6 35 56.2
02 6.9 38 65.6
04 8.4 41 76.2
07 10.2 43 87.8
10 12.3 46 101.4
13 14.8 49 116.8
16 17.7 52 134.2

3
 13/9/2019

Diurnal Variation Diurnal Variation

Diurnal Variation Climate classification based on diurnal variation

• Warm and Humid- 5 to 8 degC

• Hot & Dry 15 to 20 degC

DBT, RH & V Press Light or Heavy?

4
 13/9/2019

Resistance or capacity ? Thermal Mass

• Thermal resistance more important for low diurnal

variation (warm & Humid)
• Thermal capacity more important for high diurnal
variation (Hot & Dry)
• And both are equally important in composite
climates

Wall surface treatment Envelope section / composite structure

• Hollow clay tiles for roofs reduces cooling energy by 20-30%

Roof Shading
Roof Treatment

Shaded, Green, Reflective roofs: Roof top temperature is reduces by

15°c & 10 to 15 per cent saving in energy used to cool the buildings High albedo coatings on roofs reduces cooling energy by 10-40%

5
 13/9/2019

Phase Change Materials Nano Technology

Roof
Flyash- Coatings-
Cenospheres Mica
particles

Glazing-
Nano
Louvers

[email protected]