Ch-4 Transient HMT

Ch-4: Transient Heat Conduction
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

Transient Heat Conduction
 Many heat transfer problems are Time Dependent
 Changes in operating conditions in a system cause temperature variation

with time, as well as location within a system, until a new steady state
(Thermal Equilibrium) is obtained.
 In this chapter we will develop procedures for determining the Time

Dependence of the temperature distribution
 Real problems may include finite and semi-infinite solids, or complex

geometries, as well as two and three dimensional conduction
 Solution techniques involve the Lumped Capacitance Method, Exact and

Approximate Solutions, and Finite Difference Methods
 We will focus on the Lumped Capacitance Method, which can be used for
solids within which Temperature Gradients are negligible

Lumped System Analysis

 Inheat transfer analysis, some bodies are essentially Isothermal and can be
treated as a “Lump” system
 Temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a function of time only, T(t)
o Measurements indicate that the temperature of the copper ball coming out of oven
changes with time, but it does not change much with position at any given time
o Temp. distribution within the roast is not even close to being uniform
⇒ A small copper ball can be modeled as a lumped system, but a roast beef cannot


 An energy balance of an isothermal solid for the time interval dt can be
expressed as:
T∞ > T
-
⇒
Integrating from t = 0 (at which T=Ti) to t at

which T = T(t) :
-
⇒
⇒ Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 4


b is a positive quantity whose dimension is
(time)-1, and is called the Time Constant
o Eq. enables us to determine the temperature T(t) of a body at time t, or alternatively,

the time t required for the temperature to reach a specified value
o temperature of a body approaches the ambient temperature T ∞ exponentially
o temperature of the body changes rapidly at the
beginning, but rather slowly later on
o Large value of b indicates that body approaches

the ambient temperature in a short time
o b is proportional to the As, but inversely
proportional to the mCp
⇒ it takes longer to heat or cool a larger mass,

especially when it has a large specific heat


Rate of Convection Heat Transfer
 Rate of Convection Heat Transfer at time t between the body and the ambient
can be determined from Newton’s law of cooling
 Total heat transfer between the body and the ambient over the time interval 0 to t
is simply the change in the energy content of the body
 Maximum Heat Transfer between the body and its surroundings (when the body
reaches T ∞)


Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method
 Needa suitable criterion to determine validity of method. Must relate relative
magnitudes of temperature drop in the solid to the temperature difference
between surface and fluid
Tsolid ( due to conduction) ( L / kA) Rcond hL
    Bi
Tsolid / liquid( due to convection) (1 / hA) Rconv k
⇒
Biot Number provides a measure of the temperature
drop in the solid relative to the temperature difference
between the solid’s surface and the fluid
 Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature

distribution throughout the body, which is true only when the
thermal resistance of the body Mechanical
to heat conduction is zero
Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 7

 smaller the Bi number, the more accurate the lumped system analysis
 lumped capacitance method is valid when
hL when Bi < 0.1, the variation of temperature with location within the
Bi  c  0.1 body will be slight and can reasonably be approximated as being
k uniform.
Lc = half-thickness L for a plane wall of thickness 2L

= ro/2 for a long cylinder
= ro/3 for a sphere
Convection Coefficient h is high and k is low, large

temperature differences occur between the inner
and outer regions of a large solid


Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method – contd--
 Transient
temperature distributions for different Biot numbers in a plane wall
symmetrically cooled by convection


exponent of Eq. may be expressed as
hAs t ht hLc k t hLc t

   ⇒
Vc cLc k c Lc
2
k L2c
Fo = Fourier number → dimensionless time, which, with the Biot number →
characterizes transient conduction problems
Fourier number signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect
through a solid
 T  T
⇒   exp Bi  Fo
i Ti  T

Instantaneous Heat Flow Rate
Taking derivative w.r.t time
⇒ τ → t (time)
t → T (Temperature)
⇒

Total Heat Flow Rate
⇒
Example
An aluminium alloy plate of 400 mm × 400 mm × 4 mm is suddenly
quenched into liquid oxygen at -183 oC. Determine the time required for
the plate to reach a temperature of -70 oC. Assume h = 20000 kJ/m2.hr.oC
Example
A 15 mm diameter mild steel sphere (k = 42 W/m oC) is exposed to cooling
airflow at 20 oC resulting in the convection coefficient h = 120 W/m2. oC.
Deermine the following:
1. Time required to cool the sphere from 550 oC to 90 oC.
2. Instantaneous heat transfer rate 2 min after the start of cooling
3. Total energy transferred from the sphere during the first 2 minutes
For mild steel take: ρ = 7850 kg/m3, cp =Dept.
Mechanical Engineering
475 J/kg oC, and α = 0.045 m213/h
CEME NUST

Example
Predicting the Time of Death
A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature

is 20°C. The temperature of the body is measured to be 25°C
when found, and the heat transfer coefficient is estimated to
be h = 8 W/m2·°C. Modeling the body as a 30-cm-diameter,
1.70-m-long cylinder, estimate the time of death of that
person
water at the average temperature of (37 + 25)/2 = 31°C;

k 0.617 W/m·°C, ρ = 996 kg/m3, and Cp = 4178 J/kg · °C

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects
 In many Transient Heat Transfer problems the Biot Number is larger than 0.1,
and lumped system can not be assumed
 In these cases temperature within the body changes appreciably from point to
point as well as with time
 Itis constructive to first consider the variation of temperature with time and
position in 1-D problems of rudimentary configurations such as a large plane
wall, a long cylinder, and a sphere.


A large Plane Wall
 A plane wall of thickness 2L
 Initially at a uniform temperature of Ti
 At time t = 0, wall is immersed in a fluid at
temperature T
 Constant heat transfer coefficient h
 Height and width of wall are large relative to its
thickness → 1-D approximation is valid
 Constant thermophysical properties
 No heat generation
 There is thermal symmetry about the mid-plane passing through x = 0


A large Plane Wall – contd--
 One-dimensional transient heat conduction equation
problem (0 ≤ x ≤ L):
Differential equation:
Boundary conditions:
Initial condition:


Approximate Analytical and Graphical Solutions
 Solution obtained after rigorous mathematical analysis indicate that
 solution involves parameters x, L, t, k, , h, Ti, andT∞, which are too many to

make any graphical presentation of the results practical
 to reduce the number of parameters, we non-dimensionalize the problem by
defining the following dimensionless quantities:


Approximate Analytical and Graphical Solutions
 dimensionless quantities defined above for a plane wall can also be used for a
cylinder or sphere by replacing the space variable x by r and the half-thickness
L by the outer radius ro
 Characteristic Length in the definition of the Biot number is:
half-thickness L for Plane Wall
radius ro for the Long Cylinder and Sphere
 For Eq. charts have been prepared for a large plane

wall, long cylinder, and sphere by M. P. Heisler in 1947
and are called Heisler charts → for τ > 0.2


Heisler Charts
There are Three Charts associated with each geometry:

– the temperature T0 at the center of the geometry at a given time t
– the temperature at other locations at the same time in terms of T0
– the total amount of heat transfer up to the time t

Heisler Charts

Heisler Charts

Heisler Charts

Example
A 60 mm thick large steel plate (k = 42.6 W/m. C, α = 0.043 m2/hr), initially at 440 oC
is suddenly exposed on both sides to an environment with convective heat
transfer coefficient 235 W/m2 oC and temperature 50 oC. Determine the center line
temperature, and temperature inside the plate 15 mm from the mid-plan after 4.3
minutes.

Steady State Heat Conduction
Practice Problems:
Book: Yunus Cengel 2nd Ed.
 Example: 4.1,4.2, 4.4, 4.5,

 Problems: 4.1C to 4.11C,4.14, 4.15E, 4.17, 4.19E, 4.22, 4.31C, 4.36, 4.38,
4.42, 4.45, 4.47, 4.48, 4.54, 4.55E, 4.57,
 All Problems which were solved in the class

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Ch-4: Transient Heat Conduction

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

 Many heat transfer problems are Time Dependent

 Changes in operating conditions in a system cause temperature variation

 In this chapter we will develop procedures for determining the Time

 Real problems may include finite and semi-infinite solids, or complex

 Solution techniques involve the Lumped Capacitance Method, Exact and

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 2

Lumped System Analysis

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 3

Lumped System Analysis

Integrating from t = 0 (at which T=Ti) to t at

⇒ Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 4

Lumped System Analysis

o Eq. enables us to determine the temperature T(t) of a body at time t, or alternatively,

o Large value of b indicates that body approaches

⇒ it takes longer to heat or cool a larger mass,

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 5

Lumped System Analysis

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 6

Lumped System Analysis

 Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature

Lumped System Analysis

Lc = half-thickness L for a plane wall of thickness 2L

Convection Coefficient h is high and k is low, large

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 8

Lumped System Analysis

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 9

Lumped System Analysis

exponent of Eq. may be expressed as

hAs t ht hLc k t hLc t

Lumped System Analysis

Taking derivative w.r.t time

Lumped System Analysis

Lumped System Analysis

Predicting the Time of Death

A person is found dead at 5 PM in a room whose temperature

water at the average temperature of (37 + 25)/2 = 31°C;

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 14

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 15

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 16

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 17

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

 solution involves parameters x, L, t, k, , h, Ti, andT∞, which are too many to

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 18

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

 For Eq. charts have been prepared for a large plane

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 19

Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long

There are Three Charts associated with each geometry:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 20

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 21

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 22

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 23

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 24

Book: Yunus Cengel 2nd Ed.

 Example: 4.1,4.2, 4.4, 4.5,