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Ecotourism is a form of tourism that involves visiting natural areas -- in the remote wilderness or
urban environments. According to the definition and principles of ecotourism established by The
International Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "Responsible travel to natural
areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." (TIES,
1990). Martha Honey, expands on the TIES definition by describing the seven characteristics of
ecotourism, which are:
Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP) explains "Ecotourism is a travel activity that ensures direct
financial support to local people where tourism activities are being generated and enjoyed. It
teaches travellers to respect local cultures of destinations where travellers are visiting. It supports
small stakeholders to ensure that money must not go out from the local economies. It discourage
mass tourism, mass constructions of hotels, tourism resorts and mass activities in fragile areas".
For many countries, ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the
environment, but is a major industry of the national economy. For example, in Costa Rica,
Ecuador, Nepal, Kenya, Madagascar and Antarctica, ecotourism represents a significant portion
of the gross domestic product and economic activity.[5][7]
The concept of ecotourism is widely misunderstood and in practice is often used as a marketing
tool to promote tourism that is related to nature. This is an especially frequent malpractice in the
realm of Jungle tourism. Critics claim that these greenwashing practices, carried out in the name
of ecotourism, often consist of placing a hotel in a splendid landscape, to the detriment of the
ecosystem. According to them, ecotourism must above all sensitize people to the beauty and the
fragility of nature. They condemn some operators as greenwashing their operations: using the
labels of "green" and "eco-friendly”, while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways.
Although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little
statistical data, some estimate that more than five million ecotourists - the majority of the
ecotourist population - come from the United States, with many others from Western Europe,
Canada and Australia.[5]
Currently, there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism accreditation
programs, although the process is also controversial.[8] National ecotourism certification
programs have been put in place in countries such as Costa Rica, Australia, Kenya and Sweden.