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Computer Networks - Iii - I - Cse - Unit - I Notes

This document provides an overview of computer networks including: - Key network concepts such as types of connections, network models, and topologies - Performance metrics like throughput and latency - Important network attributes including reliability, security, and physical structures - Examples of different network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs

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SRADHA SABOORI
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87 views4 pages

Computer Networks - Iii - I - Cse - Unit - I Notes

This document provides an overview of computer networks including: - Key network concepts such as types of connections, network models, and topologies - Performance metrics like throughput and latency - Important network attributes including reliability, security, and physical structures - Examples of different network types including LANs, MANs, and WANs

Uploaded by

SRADHA SABOORI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPUTER NETWORKS (UNIT-I)

Unit-I Syllabus:

Introduction: Networks, Network Types, Internet History, Standards and Administration,


Network Models: Protocol Layering, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, The ISO Model.

The Physical layer: Data and Signals, Transmission impairment, Data rate limits, Performance,
Transmission media: Introduction, Guided Media, Unguided Media, Switching: Introduction,
Circuit Switched Networks, Packet switching.

1. Introduction

Computer Network is an interconnected collection of communicative devices. A communicative


device is a device able to send and receive data (or information). A device can be a a router,
which connects the network to other networks, a switch, which connects devices together, a
modem (modulator-demodulator), which changes the form of data, and so on.

Computer Networks used for data communication. Data communication means exchanging of
data between communicating devices. These devices in a network are connected using wired or
wireless transmission media such as cable or air.

1.1 Network Criteria

For effective and efficient data communication must meet number of criteria. The most important
of these are performance, reliability, and security.

1.1.1 Performance
Accuracy of delivery or Service quality of a Network

Performance can be measured in many ways, including transit time and response time.

Transit Time: The amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another.

Response Time: The elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.

The performance of a network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the
type of transmission medium, the capabilities of the connected hardware, and the efficiency of the
software.
Performance is often evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and Latency.
Throughput: Network throughput is the rate (in bps- bits per sec or pps - packets per second)
Latency: Network latency describes delays in data transmissions that occur on a network.

1.1.2 Reliability
Network reliability is measured by the frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover
from a failure, and the network's robustness in a catastrophe.
1.1.3 Security
Safe guarding the data from unauthorized access, or modification or loss and implementing
policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses.

1.2 Physical Structures


To understand Computer Networks, we need to define some network attributes.
1.2.1 Type of Connection
A network is two or more devices connected through links.

A link is a communications pathway that transfers data from one device to another.

For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some way to the same link at
the same time

There are two possible types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint.


Point-to-Point:
Multi-Point:
1.3 Networks Types
1.3.1 LAN
LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometres
in size.
LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three characteristics:
(1) Their size,
(2) Their transmission technology, and
` (3) Their topology.
1.3.2 MAN
1.3.3 WAN
1.4 Network Topologies

The Physical arrangement or organization of communicating devices with communication links.

The various network topologies are:

a) Mesh Topology
b) Star Topology
c) Bus Topology
d) Ring Topology
e) Tree Topology

1. Mesh Topology

Every device is connected to another device via particular channel. 

Advantages:
1) It is robust.
2) Reliable
Problems with this topology : 
1) Installation and configuration is difficult.
2) Cost of cables are high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for less number of
devices.
3) Cost of maintenance is high.
 
2. Star Topology
All the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node
and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Advantages :

1) The number of cables required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
2) Each device require only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub.

Problems

The performance is completely depending the central node.

3. Bus Topology

4. Ring Topology
5. Tree Topology

2. Protocol Layering

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