Module No.

3
Design and Analysis for Shear

 Topic: Allowable and nominal shear stress of concrete in webs and reinforced section,
allowable stress design and strength design for shear.

Time Frame: 6.0 hours

Introduction:
When beams are subjected to external loads they produced not only bending moments but also
internal shear forces. The shear does not produce failure directly on the vertical plane on which
they act but its major effect is it includes tensile stresses on diagonal planes which are called
diagonal tension. Since concrete has a relatively low tensile strength it would produce cracks
making an angle of 45° with the plane on which the shear acts. When this diagonal tension
stresses in combination with bending stresses created by moment exceed the tensile strength of
concrete, diagonal cracking will occur that can split the beam without warning.

Objectives:
By the end of this topic, the students will be able to
1. Know the analysis and design for shear using NSCP Specification and Ultimate
Strength Design (USD)
2. Know the how to compute for shear strength provided by concrete and shear strength
provided by shear reinforcement
3. To be able to understand the minimum area of shear reinforcement and their
exemption and spacing limits for shear reinforcement.

Pre-Test:
1. Explain your own words the meaning of shear strength?
2. In simply supported uniformly distributed beam what is the formula for the maximum
shear?
3. In simply supported beam loaded at its mid span what is the formula for the maximum
shear?

Learning Activities:
1. Allowable and nominal shear stress of concrete in webs and reinforced section,
allowable stress design and strength design for shear.

To be able to design and analyze for shear in a reinforced concrete beam, it is important
to discuss that shear produces two types of diagonal cracks. We have to eliminate those
cracks, we will design steel reinforcement to resists the diagonal tension called stirrups or
bent bars which are provided where shear reinforcement is necessary. There are factors
that influence in the design and analysis for shear. One of the first things to consider is
the location of stirrups (shear reinforcement) in a simple beam. Also analyze and solve for
the value of shear strength of shear reinforcement when shear reinforcement is
perpendicular to the axis of member used, when the inclined stirrups are used as shear
reinforcement, when shear reinforcement consist of single bar and when it consist of a
series of parallel bet up bars. We will be able to determine the minimum area of shear

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 reinforcement provided in all reinforced concrete flexural members (pre stressed or non
1
pre stressed) where V u exceeds ø V cw except for the members solid slabs and footing.
2

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR

Shear produces two types of diagonal cracks in reinforced concrete beams:

a. Web-shear Cracks
b. Flexure-shear Cracks

To eliminate these cracks, we design steel reinforcement to resists the diagonal tension called
the stirrups or bent bars are provided where shear reinforcement is necessary.

LOCATION OF STIRRUPS (Shear Reinforcement) in a Simple Beam

A. When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is used.

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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V u=ø V s + ø V c
Vu
V s = −V c
ø
Where:
V u=¿factored shear force at a critical distance d from the face of support
V s =¿shear strength of shear reinforcement or stirrups
V c =¿ shear strength provided by concrete
ø=¿ 0.75 reduction factor for shear

Values of V c (Shear strength provided by concrete)

1. Members subjected to shear and flexure only.

a. Simplified Calculation:
V c =0.17 λ √ f 'c b w d

'
Modification factors λ as multiplier of f c√
i. λ=0.85for sand-lightweight concrete
ii. λ=0.75for all lightweight concrete
iii. λ=1for normal weight concrete
f 'ct
iv. λ= ≤ 1.0for average splitting tensile strength of lightweight
0.56 √ fc '
'
concrete f ct
V c =¿ shear strength provided by concrete
b w =¿width of the beam
d=¿effective depth of beam

b. Detailed Calculation:
V d
[
V c = 0.17 λ √ f 'c +17 ρw u bw d
Mu ]
But not greater than V c =0.29 f 'c b w d
√
Vud
shall not be greater than1.0
Mu
V u=¿factorof shear force at a critical distance d from the face of support

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 M u=¿ simultaneous factored moment at a critical section for V u
As
ρw =
bd

2. Members subjected to axial compression.

a. Simplified Calculation:

Nu
V c =0.17 1+
[ 14 A g ]
λ √ f 'c bw d

N u=¿axial compressive force in N

A g=¿ cross sectional gross area of concrete section

b. Detailed Calculation:

Vud
[
V c = 0.17 λ √ f 'c +17 ρw
Mm w ]
b d

M m=M u−N u ( 4 h−d

8 )

Vud
isnot limited ¿ 1.0
Mu
M n=¿ is modified moment in Kn-m
N u=¿axial compressive force in Kn
h=¿total depth of beam in m
d=¿effective depth of beam in m
As
ρw =
bd

V c shall not be greater than:

0.29 N u
V c =0.29 [√ 1+
Ag ] '
λ √ f c bw

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 When M m(modified moment) as computed from the formula is negative

M m=M u−N u ( 4 h−d

8 )
is negative

0.29 N u
Use: V c =0.29
[√ 1+
Ag ] '
λ √ f c bw

3. Members subjected to significant axial tension

a. Simplified Calculation:

Nu
[
V c =0.17 1+
14 A g ]
λ √ f 'c bw d but not less than zero

N u=¿axial compressive force in N (Negative for Tension)

A g=¿ cross sectional gross area of concrete section

VALUES OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (V c )

A. When shear reinforcement is perpendicular to the axis of member is

used.

T = A v f yt (n) (Capacity of stirrups in N)

d
Where n= (Number of shear reinforcement)
s

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 Vu
V s= −V cwhere ø=0.75
ø
V s shall not be greater than 0.66 √ f 'c b w d
V s =¿shear capacity of stirrups in N
T =V s
d
n= (number of stirrups)
s
s=¿spacing of shear reinforcement

A v f yt ( n )=V s
d
()
A v f yt
s
=V s
A v f yt d
V s=
s

Where:
A v =¿the area of shear reinforcement (stirrups) within spacing “s”. It shall be taken as two times
the area of the bar in a circular tie, hoop or spiral at a spacing “s”.
s=¿spacing of shear reinforcement which is measured in a direction parallel to
longitudinal reinforcement.
f yt =¿specified yield strength of circular tie, hoop or spiral reinforcement

B. When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement

A v f yt d
V s= ( Sinα +Cosα )
s
Where:
𝜶is the angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of the member
and s is measured in a direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.

C. When shear reinforcement consists of a single bar or a single group of

parallel bars, all bent up at the same distance from the support.

V s =A v f yt Sinα but not greater than 0.25 √ f 'c b w d where 𝜶 is the angle between
the bent up reinforcement and longitudinal axis of the member.

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 D. When shear reinforcement consists of a series of parallel bent up bars or
group of parallel bent up bars at different distances from the support, shear
strength.

A v f yt d
V s= ( Sinα +Cosα )
s

E. Minimum area of shear reinforcement

0.062 √ f 'c bw S 0.35 b w S

A vmin = but not less than
f yt f yt

CMinimum area of shear reinforcement A vmin shall not be provided in all

reinforced concrete flexural members (prestressed or non prestressed)
1
where V u exceeds ø V c except the following members:
2

Solids Slabs and Footing:

i. Hollow core units with total untopped depth nor greater than 300 mm and
1
hollow core units where V uis not greater than ø V cw
2

V cw =¿nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal

cracking results from high principal tensile stress.

ii. Concrete joist construction

iii. Beams with total depth “h” not greater than 250 mm
iv. Beams with integral with slabs with total depth “h” not greater than 600 mm
and not greater than 2.5 times thickness of flange or 0.50 the width of web.
v. Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete with
fc’ not exceeding 40 MPa and “h” not greater than 600 mm and V u not
greater than ø (0.17) f 'c bw d
√
SPACING LIMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (S)

1. When V s < 0.33 f 'c b w d max. spacing of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to
√
axis of member.
d
Max . S= ∨600(non-pre stressed members)
2
Max . S=0.75 hor 600 mm (pre stressed members)

2. When V s > 0.33 f 'c b w d

√
Max. spacing of shear reinforcement

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 d
Max . S= ∨300mm(non-pre stressed members)
4
ax . S=0.375 hor 300 mm (pre stressed members)

3. Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every
45° line, extending toward the reaction from mid-depth of member d/2 to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear
reinforcement.

A. Shear force for Beams with minimum amount of web reinforcement

V u=ø V c

B. Shear force for Beams with no web reinforcement

øV c
V u=
2

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a factored shear force V u=134 kN .

Fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.6 MPa, f yt = 414.6 MPa
a) What is the minimum dimension for a beam with no web
reinforcement?
b) Determine the size of the beam if the minimum amount of web
reinforcement is needed.
c) Determine the location from the support of the points where minimum
web reinforcement is required if it has a span of 8 m.

SOLUTION
a) Minimum dimension for a beam with no web reinforcement
v c =0.17 λ √ f 'c bw d
¿ 0.17( 1) √ 27.6 (b¿¿ w)d ¿
v c =0.893 bw d

øV c
V u=
2
1
134000= (0.75)(0.893)b w d
2
b w d =400149

Try b w =450
d ( 450 ) =400149
d=889 say 890 mm

Use b w =450 mm , d=890 mm

b) Size of the beam if the minimum amount of web reinforcement is needed.

V u=øV
134000=0.75¿

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 b w d =200075

Try b w =300
300 d=200075
d=667 say 670 mm

Use b w =300 mm , d=670 mm

c) Location from the support of the points where minimum web reinforcement
is required if it has a span of 8 m.

øV c =0.11 λ √ f 'c bw d
øV c =0.11 ( 1 ) √ 27.6 ( 300 )( 670 )
øV c =116156 N
øV c =116.2 kN
øV c
=58.1 kN
2

By ratio and proportion:

134 116.2 134 116.2

= =
3.33 x1 3.33 x2
x 1=2.89 m x 2=1.44 m

Location of min. web reinforcement from the support:

From 1.11 to 2.56 m from the support.

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

The hollow box beam of a certain building construction has a span of 9 m. It is reinforced
for shear with 10 mm ø bar. The beam carries a factored concentrated load of Pu=134 kN
at a point 3 m from the left end of the simply supported beam and a total uniform factored
load of W u =14 kN /m distributed throughout the entire span. Fc’=20.7 MPa, fy=414.6
MPa, f yt =270 MPa. Use 𝛌=1 for normal weight concrete.

1. Determine the distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted using
simplified calculations
2. Determine the shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.
3. Determine the factored shear force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.

SOLUTION
1. Distance from the left support where the stirrups can be omitted:

∑ M u =0
9 R1=134 ( 6 ) +14 ( 9 ) ( 4.5 )
R1=152.33 kN

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∑ F V =0
R1 + R2=134 +14 ( 9 )
R2=260−152.33
R2=107.67 kN

Shear capacity of concrete beam:

b w =500−300=200

V c =0.17 λ √ f 'c b w d
V c =0.17 ( 1 ) √ 20.7 ( 200 ) (425)
V c =65744 N
V c =65.74 kN

ø Vc
No sturrups are required if V u=
2
(0.75)(65.74)
V u= =24.65
2

y=24.65−23.67=0.98

h=107.67−23.67=84

By ratio and proportion

h y
=
9 x
84 0.98
=
9 x
x=0.11

Distance from left support, where stirrups can be omitted

¿ 3+ x
¿ 3.11 m

2. Shear strength of the stirrups spaced at d/2 m apart.

425
S= =212.5 mm
2

π
A v = ( 102 ) ( 2 ) =157 mm2
4

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 A v f yt d
S=
Vs
157( 270)(425)
212.5=
Vs
V s =84780 N
V s =84.78 kN

3. Factored shear force of the beam with stirrups spaced at d/2 mm apart.
V u=ø V s + ø V c
V u=0.75(V s +V c )
V u=0.75 ( 84.78+ 65.74 )
V u=112.8 kN

SAMPLE PROBLEM

A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 600 mm.
The beam is reinforced with tension reinforcements having a total area of 2413 mm 2 with a steel
covering of 80 mm. The beam is subjected to a factored shear force of 160 kN at its critical point
a distance “d” from the support, having a span of 6 m. Assume normal weight concrete with
𝛌=1.0. If the beam is subjected to a tensile axial force of 270 kN and fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, f yt = 270 MPa.
1. Determine the maximum shear strength of concrete
2. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø reinforcement due to its load
3. Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required for this condition.

Solution:
1. Max. shear strength of concrete

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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 0.29 N u
V c =0.17 1+
[ Ag ]
λ √ f 'c bw dwhereN u is negative for tension

A g=300 ( 680 )=204000mm 2

0.29 (−270000 )
V c =0.17 1+[ 204000 ]
( 1 ) √ 27.6 ( 300 ) (600)
V c =99.06 kN

2. Spacing of the 10 mm ø shear reinforcement. Shear strength of shear

reinforcement (stirrups)

Vu
V s= −V c
ø
160
V s= −99.06
0.74

V s =114.27 kN

π
A v = ( 102 ) ( 2 ) =157 mm2
4

A v f yt d (157)(270)(2)
S= = =222 mm2 say 220
Vs 114270

d
Max . S= ∨600 mmif V s <0.33 √ f 'c bw d
2
114270< 0.33 √ 27.6( 300)(600)
114270< 312062

600
Max . S= =300 mm>220 mm okay
2
Use S=220 mm

3. Minimum area of shear reinforcement required for this condition.

0.062 √ f 'c b w d 0.35 bw S

A v(min)= but not less than
f yt f yt
0.062 √ 27.6 300 220
( ) ( )
A v(min)= =79.62mm 2
270
0.35 bw S 0.35 ( 300 ) ( 220 ) 2
A v(min)= = =85.56 mm
f yt 270
2
Use A v (min) =85.56 mm

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A beam having a width of 300 mm and an overall thickness of 700 mm with an effective
depth of 610 mm and a span of 6 m. It is reinforced with 3-32 mm bars. The beam carries a
factored concentrated load of 450 kN at the midspan and a horizontal axial factored compressive
load of 270 kN. Use 𝛌=1.0 for normal weight concrete. Use weight of concrete to be 23.5 kN/mm3
, fc’ = 20.5 MPa

a. Which of the following gives the value of factored shear force V u .

b. Which of the following gives the value of the modified moment M m
c. Which of the following gives the nominal shear strength of concrete.

a) Value of the factored shear force V u. Factored uniform dead load.

W u =0.3 ( 0.7 ) ( 23.5 )( 1.2 )

kN
W u =5.92
m

450 5.92(6)
R= + =242.76
2 2
V u=R−W u d
V u=242.76−5.92 ( 0.61 )
V u=239.15kN

b.) Value of modified moment M m

W u d2 5.92 ( 0.612 )
M u=Rd− =242.76 ( 0.61 )− =146.98 kN . m
2 2

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 Modified moment M m :

M m=M u−N u
( 4 h−d )
=146.98−270
[ 4 ( 0.7 ) −0.61 ] =73.07 kN . m
8 8

c.) Nominal Shear strength of concrete

π
(322 )(3)
As 4
ρw = = =0.0132
bd (300)(610)
V u d (239.15)(0.61)
= =2.0
Mu 73.07

Vud
[
V c = 0.17 λ √ f 'c +17 ρw
Mu w ]
b d

V c =[ 0.17 ( 1 ) √ 20.5+17 ( 0.0132 )( 2.0 ) ] ( 300 ) ( 600 )

V c =223 kN

Check V c shall not be taken greater than:

0.29 N v
V c =0.29 [√ 1+
Ag ] '
λ √ f c bw d

V c =0.29 [√ 0.29 ( 270000 )

1+
300 (700 ) ]
( 1 ) √20.5 ( 300 ) (600)
V c =276.9 kN >223 kN
Use V c =223 kN

Self-Evaluation:

ASSIGNMENTS: Use 2010/2015 NSCP CODE. Unless otherwise noted.

1. A rectangular isolated beam has a clear span of 7.6 m and carries a service live load of
60 kN/m and no external dead load except its own weight. The beam has a width of 350
mm and an effective depth of 700 mm. It is reinforced with 6-28 mm bars in two rows.
Total depth of the beam is 800 mm. fc’=27.6 MPa, fy=414 MPa f yt = 270 MPa. Use 𝛌=0.85
for sand light weight concrete having a unit weight of 2400 kg/m 3

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 a. Using simplified calculations for shear strength for concrete, determine the shear
force to be resisted by the shear reinforcement at the critical section from the face
of the support.
b. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø shear reinforcements required by the beam
due to its load.
c. Determine the point where no shear reinforcements are needed measured form
the center of the beam.

2. A simply supported concrete beam having a width of 350 mm and an effective depth of
520 mm carries a uniformly distributed factored load including its weight W u = 7 kn/m and
a concretrated load Pu= 370 kN acting 2m from the left support. Use 𝛌=1.0 for normal
weight concrete with fc’=20.7 MPa,fy= f yt =415 MPa. Using simplified calculations

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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 a. Determine the maximum factored shear force at the critical section from C.
b. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between A and B
c. Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø stirrups between B and C

3. A reinforced concrete beam having a simple span of 8 m carries a uniformly distributed

load W u , which include the weight of the beam. Over a distance extending 2 m out from
each support, a 10 mm ø stirrups are uniformly spaced at 100 mm on centers, in the
middle half of the span, the stirrups spacing is also uniform but increases to 225 mm on
centers. Use 𝛌=1.0 for normal weight concrete with fc’= 20.7 MPa, fy= f yt =415 MPa. The
beam has a width of 400 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm. It is reinforced with 3-25
mm ø bars at the bottom.

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 a) Determine the value of W u based on the flexural capacity of the beam
b) Determine the value of W u based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from
A to B
c) Determine the value of W u based on the shear capacity of the stirrups from
B to C.

4. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 520 mm is
reinforced for tension with 4-28 ø mm bars. The beam is subjected to an ultimate shear
force V u= 220 kN and a factored moment M u= 56 Kn. Use 𝛌=1.0 for normal concrete
weight.

Concrete yield strength: fc’=27.6 MPa

Specific yield strength of longitudinal bars: fy=414.6 MPa
Yield strength for web reinforcement f yt =280 MPa

a) Determine the nominal shear strength provided by the beam using detailed
calculations
b) Determine the spacing of the 10 mm ø web reinforcement
c) Determine the minimum area of shear reinforcement required.

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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Review of Concepts:
As per our objective as a structural reinforced concrete designer is to produce ductile members
that provide us an ample warning of impending failure. To achieve this goal, the CODES
NSCP/ACI provides designed shear values that have larger safety factors against shear failures
than that provision in bending failures. Therefore beams are designed to fail in bending under
loads that are appreciably smaller than those that would cause shear failures. As a result, those
members will fail ductilely. They may crack and sag a great deal if overload, but they will not fall
apart as they might if shear failures were possible.

References:

1.0 Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, National

Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP C101-15,Vol. I Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures), 7th Ed., 2016

2.0 McCormac, Jack C, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 7th Ed.

2005, John Wiley & Sons

3.0 Jack C McCormac, James K. Nelson , Design of Reinforced Concrete ACI 318-05
Code Edition, 7th Ed. 2006, John Wiley & Sons

4.0 Jack C McCormac, Russel Brown , Design of Reinforced Concrete Ninth Edition,
ACI 318-11 Code Edition, 7th Ed. 2014, John Wiley & Sons

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