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4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

Sign Convention

The positive sign convention of axial force N, shear force V, and

moment M, to be adopted are as shown.

4. INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED

IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT  INTERNAL LOADINGS AT A SPECIFIED POINT

Procedure for Analysis SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

• SUPPORT REACTIONS. It is necessary to solve for the support Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the cantilever beam
reactions before a member is “cut” or sectioned. shown at sections passing through C and D.

• FREE-BODY DIAGRAM. Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments

and forces acting on the member in their exact location. Pass an 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to its axis at
the point where the internal loading is to be determined. Sketch the
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
free-body diagram indicating the positive direction of N, V, and M.
B 20 kN-m
• EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM. Moments should be summed at the A
D C
section about axes that pass through the centroid of the member’s
cross-sectional area.

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS  SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS

V and M Functions Procedure for Analysis

The internal shear and moment functions will be discontinuous, or their • SUPPORT REACTIONS. Determine the support reactions on the beam.
slope will be discontinuous, at points where the type or magnitude of
the distributed load changes or where concentrated forces or couple • SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS.
moments are applied. Because of this, shear and moment functions
- Specify separate coordinates x and associated origins, extending
must be determined for each region of the beam located between any
into the regions of the beam between concentrated forces and/or
two discontinuities of loading.
couple moments, or where there is discontinuity of distributed load.
- Section the beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x,
determining the unknowns V and M at the cut sections as functions of
x, acting on their positive directions.
- V is obtained from SFy = 0 and M is obtained by summing moments
about the point located at the cut section, SM = 0.

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4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT FUNCTIONS  SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 2 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown as a function of x. In cases where a beam is subjected to several concentrated forces,
couples, and distributed loads, plotting V and M versus x can become
quite tedious since several functions must be plotted.
300 kN
50 kN/m

150 kN-m
A B C

3.6m 2.4m

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM  SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM

Shear and Moment Diagrams Shear and Moment Diagrams

Eq. 4-1 Eq. 4-2 Eq. 4-3 Eq. 4-4

As noted, Eq. 4-1 states that the slope of the shear diagram at a point As noted, Eq. 4-3 states that the change in the shear between any two
(dV/dx) is equal to the intensity of the distributed load w(x) at the points on a beam equals the area under the distributed loading diagram
point. Likewise, Eq. 4-2 states that the slope of the moment diagram between the two points. Likewise, Eq. 4-4 states that the change in the
(dM/dx) is equal to the intensity of the shear at the point. moment between the two points equals the area under the shear
diagram between the two points.

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM  SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM

Shear and Moment Diagrams Procedure for Analysis

• SUPPORT REACTIONS. Determine the support reactions on the beam.

• SHEAR DIAGRAM.
- Establish the V and x axes and plot the values of the shear at the
two ends of the beam.
- Use the equation of difference in shear between two points, Vi+1 =
Vi + DV. If a concentrated force or a distributed load is upward, DV is
For (a), the summation of forces along y will give DV = -F, thus, when positive. Take note that for a case of a distributed load, DV is the area
the external force F acts downward on the beam, DV is negative. For of the load diagram.
(b), the summation of moment about O will give DM = M’, thus, when - Since w(x) is integrated to obtain V, if w(x) is a curve of degree n,
the external couple moment M’ is applied clockwise, DM is positive. then V(x) will be a curve of degree n+1.

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

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4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members 4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM  SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM

Procedure for Analysis SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 3

• MOMENT DIAGRAM. Sketch the shear and moment diagrams on the beam shown.
- Establish the M and x axes and plot the values of the moment at the
two ends of the beam.
300 kN
50 kN/m
- Use the equation of difference in moment between two points, Mi+1
= Mi + DM. If an externally applied couple moment is clockwise, DM is
positive. Take note that DM is also the area of the load diagram.
150 kN-m
- At the point where the shear is zero, dM/dx = 0, and therefore this
A B C
may be a point of maximum or minimum moment.
3.6m 2.4m
- Since V(x) is integrated to obtain M, if V(x) is a curve of degree n,
then M(x) will be a curve of degree n+1.

CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1 CIEN 3144 STRUCTURAL THEORY 1

4. Internal Loadings Developed in Structural Members

 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR A BEAM

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 4

Sketch the shear and moment diagrams for a compound beam shown.

30 kN/m
25 kN
20 kN/m
150 kN-m

A
B C D E F
5m 3m 2m 3m 3m

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