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Basic Concepts of OOPS and Structure of C++ Program

The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming like objects, classes, inheritance, data abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and overloading. It provides examples to explain classes and objects, noting that classes define common properties and methods for objects. Inheritance allows new classes to inherit attributes from parent classes. The document also gives a sample C++ program to demonstrate the basic structure, including preprocessor directives, class declarations, function definitions, and object creation.

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213 views

Basic Concepts of OOPS and Structure of C++ Program

The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming like objects, classes, inheritance, data abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and overloading. It provides examples to explain classes and objects, noting that classes define common properties and methods for objects. Inheritance allows new classes to inherit attributes from parent classes. The document also gives a sample C++ program to demonstrate the basic structure, including preprocessor directives, class declarations, function definitions, and object creation.

Uploaded by

anupamcooldude
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic concepts of OOPS and Structure of C++ program

 Objects
 Classes
 Inheritance
 Data Abstraction
 Data Encapsulation
 Polymorphism
 Overloading
 Reusability

In order to understand the basic concepts in C++, the programmer must have a command
of the basic terminology in object-oriented programming. Below is a brief outline of the
concepts of Object-oriented programming languages:

Objects:
Object is the basic unit of object-oriented programming. Objects are identified by its unique
name. An object represents a particular instance of a class. There can be more than one
instance of an object. Each instance of an object can hold its own relevant data.

An Object is a collection of data members and associated member functions also known as
methods.

Classes:
Classes are data types based on which objects are created. Objects with similar properties
and methods are grouped together to form a Class. Thus a Class represent a set of
individual objects. Characteristics of an object are represented in a class asProperties. The
actions that can be performed by objects becomes functions of the class and is referred to
as Methods.

For example consider we have a Class of Cars under which Santro


Xing, Alto and WaganRrepresents individual Objects. In this context each Car Object will
have its own, Model, Year of Manufacture, Colour, Top Speed, Engine Power etc., which
form Properties of the Car class and the associated actions i.e., object functions like Start,
Move, Stop form the Methods of Car Class.

No memory is allocated when a class is created. Memory is allocated only when an object is
created, i.e., when an instance of a class is created.

Inheritance:
Inheritance is the process of forming a new class from an existing class or base class. The
base class is also known as parent class or super class, The new class that is formed is
called derived class. Derived class is also known as a child class or sub class.Inheritance
helps in reducing the overall code size of the program, which is an important concept in
object-oriented programming.

Data Abstraction:
Data Abstraction increases the power of programming language by creating user defined
data types. Data Abstraction also represents the needed information in the program without
presenting the details.

Data Encapsulation:
Data Encapsulation combines data and functions into a single unit called Class. When using
Data Encapsulation, data is not accessed directly; it is only accessible through the functions
present inside the class. Data Encapsulation enables the important concept of data hiding
possible.

Polymorphism:
Polymorphism allows routines to use variables of different types at different times. An
operator or function can be given different meanings or functions. Polymorphism refers to a
single function or multi-functioning operator performing in different ways.

Overloading:
Overloading is one type of Polymorphism. It allows an object to have different meanings,
depending on its context. When an exiting operator or function begins to operate on new
data type, or class, it is understood to be overloaded.

Reusability:
This term refers to the ability for multiple programmers to use the same written and
debugged existing class of data. This is a time saving device and adds code efficiency to the
language. Additionally, the programmer can incorporate new features to the existing class,
further developing the application and allowing users to achieve increased performance.
This time saving feature optimizes code, helps in gaining secured applications and facilitates
easier maintenance on the application. 
The implementation of each of the above object-oriented programming features for C++ will
be highlighted in later sections. 

A sample program to understand the basic structure of C++

//program to read employee details and to output the data 


#include <iostream.h>                      → Preprocessor directive
class employee                             → Class Declaration     
{
   private:
     char empname[50];
     int empno;
   public:
     void getvalue()
     {
        cout<<”INPUT EMP NAME:”;
        cint>>empname;
        cout<<”INPUT EMP NO:”;
        cint>>empno;
     }

     void displayvalue()


     {
        cout<<”EMP NAME:”<<empname;
        coout<<EMP NO:”<<empno;
     }
};

main()
{
     employee e1;                             → Creation of Object
     e1.getvalue();
     e1.displayvalu();
}

Overview of the Basic Structure of C++ Programming

 The // in first line is used for representing comment in the program. 


.
 The second line of the program has a # symbol which represents the preprocessor directive
followed by header file to be included placed between < >.
.
 The next structure present in the program is the class definition. This starts with the keyword
class followed by class name employee. Within the class are data and functions. The data defined
in the class are generally private and functions are public. These explanations we will be detailed
in later sections. The class declaration ends with a semicolon. 
.
 main() function is present in all C++ programs. 
.
 An object e1 is created in employee class. Using this e1 the functions present in the employee
class are accessed and there by data are accessed. 
.
 The input namely ename and eno is got using the input statement namely cin and the values
are outputted using the output statement namely cout.

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