WOOD

CONSTRUCTION
ENGR. BEATRIZ NICOLLE A. OPPUS
• Wood Definition • Wood Products
• Parts of Wood • Wood Treatment
• Wood Fasteners
• Classification of Wood
• Frame Construction
• Properties of Wood
• Roof Framing
• Common Wood Defects Construction
• Difference Between • Post, Girder and Floor
Lumber and Timber System
• Timber Construction
• Structural Lumbers
WOOD
• A tough fibrous cellular substance that makes up the most
of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
• Defined as the lignified water conducting, strengthening and
storage tissues of branches, stem and roots of trees. Also,
wood is known as xylem.
PARTS OF WOOD
PARTS OF WOOD
• Bark - tough external covering of the wood.
• Cambium – reproductive tissue.
• Sapwood or Alburnum – younger, softer, living portion of
wood.
• Heartwood or Duramen – older, harder, inactive core of a
tree.
ANNUAL RINGS
• A concentric layer of
wood.
ANNUAL RINGS
• Springwood or Early wood – more porous portion,
develops early, large, thin-walled cells.
• Summerwood or Late wood – hard, dark, less porous
portion, develops late, compact, thick-walled cells.
ANNUAL RINGS
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
A. SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD
• Softwood - wood from trees having foliage the remains green
and functional throughout the year, and/or cone bearing trees.
• Hardwood - wood from a broad-leaved flowering tree

NOTE: The terms “hardwood” and “softwood” indicate only the wood species
and may be misleading, because some softwoods are actually harder than some
hardwoods.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
B. ACCORDING TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF PHILIPPINE
WOOD
GROUP 1
GROUP 2
GROUP 3
 GROUP 4

• shall include all species not included in any of the three

group.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
C. ACCORDING TO STRENGTH GRADE (FROM NATIONAL
STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES)
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - refers to the aesthetic
quality of a surface of the wood, usually determined by the
visible wood grains.

Wood Grain – the direction, size, arrangement, and appearance of

the fibers in a piece of dressed wood.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Edge or Vertical Grain – wood grain
resulting from quartersawing, having
the annual rings forming an angle of
45° or more with the broad faces of a
piece.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Flat Grain – wood grain resulting
from plain-sawing, having the
annual rings forming an angle of
less than 45° with the broad faces of
a piece.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Mixed Grain – any combination
of edge-grained and flat-grained
lumber.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Diagonal Grain – wood grain
having the annual rings at an
angle to the length of the piece,
resulting from sawing at an angle
to the axis of a log.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Cross Grain – wood grain
having the cells and fibers
running transversely or
diagonally to the length of a
piece as a result of a growth
characteristic.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Close Grain– wood grain
characterized by narrow,
inconspicuous annual rings with
little difference in pore size
between springwood and
summerwood.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Coarse Grain– wood grain
having large pores.
TYPES OF WOOD GRAINS
• Raised Grain– a dressed wood
surface having the denser
summer wood rising above the
softer springwood
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
B. THERMAL PROPERTIES – refers to the property of
wood to withstand temperature fluctuation. Also, refers to
the property of the wood to insulate a space from heat and
cold.
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
C. PYROLYTIC PROPERTIES – refers to the property of
wood by which it can withstand fire up to certain degrees.
Usually, pyrolytic property of wood is aided by treatments
using various chemical to produce an intumescent layer.
 PROPERTIES OF WOOD
D. STRENGTH/MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – refers to
the ability of a wood to withstand physical deformations due
to forces acting upon.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
A. SHRINKAGE – the dimensional contraction of a wood
piece occurring when its moisture content falls below the
fiber-saturation point. Shrinkage is very slight along the
grain, but significant across the grain.
SHRINKAGE
a. Longitudinal – wood shrinkage parallel to the grain,
about 2% of radial shrinkage.
b. Tangential – wood shrinkage in a direction tangent to the
growth rings, about double that of radial shrinkage.
c. Radial - wood shrinkage perpendicular to the grain,
across the growth rings.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
B. WARP – any deviation from a plane or true surface of a
board or panel, usually caused by uneven drying during the
seasoning process or by a change in moisture content.
WARP
a. Cup – a curvature across the width or face of a wood
piece, measured at the point of greatest deviation from a
straight line drawn from edge to edge of the piece.
b. Bow – a curvature along the length of a wood piece,
measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight
line drawn from end to end of the piece.
WARP
c. Crook – a curvature along the edge of a wood piece,
measured at the point of greatest deviation from a straight
line drawn from end to end of the piece.
d. Twist – a warp resulting from the turning of the edges of
a wood piece in opposite directions.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
C. KNOT –he base of a woody branch enclosed by a
subsequent growth of wood in the stem from which it rises.
In the structural grading of a wood piece, knots are
restricted by size and location.
KNOT
a. Live or Intergrown – a knot having annual rings
intergrown with those of the surrounding wood. Live knots
are allowable in structural timber within certain size limits.
b. Sound – a knot that is solid across its face, at least as
hard as the surrounding wood, and undecayed.
KNOT
c. Tight or Close - a knot held firmly in place by growth or
position.
d. Dead or Loose or Encased – a knot having annual
rings not intergrown with those of the surrounding wood.
Encasement may be partial or complete, but a dead knot is
considered to be a defect since it can easily loosen or be
knocked out.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
D. SHAKE - a separation along the grain of a wood piece,
usually between the annual rings, caused by stresses on a tree
while standing or during felling.
E. PITCH POCKET – a well-defined opening between the
annual rings of a softwood, containing or having once contained
solid or liquid pitch.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
F. CHECK – a lengthwise separation of wood across the
annual rings, caused by uneven or rapid shrinkage during
the seasoning process.
G. SPLIT OR THROUGH CHECK – a check that extends
completely through a board or wood veneer.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
H. WANE – the presence of bark or absence of wood at a
corner or along an edge of a piece.
I. DECAY (DRY ROT OR PECKY) – the decomposition of
wood by fungi and other microorganisms, resulting in
softening, loss of strength and weight, and often a change
of texture and color.
COMMON WOOD DEFECTS
J. SKIP – an area on the surface of a board or panel
missed by a planning machine.
K. MACHINE BURN – a surface charring caused by
overheating of the cutting blades or abrasive belts during
shaping or finishing of a material.
LUMBERS VS. TIMBER
LUMBER - is any wood that is cut
into a size and shape suitable for
use as a building material.

TIMBER - is broadly classified as

lumber having a smallest
dimension of at least 5 in. (12.7
cm).
A. According to Size
B. According to Surface
 (According to Size)

BOARD DIMENSION
applies to lumber less than 2 in. (5 cm) applies to lumber at least 2 in. (5 cm) but
thick and at least 2 in. (5 cm) wide. less than 5 in. (12.7 cm) thick and 2 in. (5
cm) or more wide.

BEAM AND STRINGER DECKING

applies to lumber at least 5 in. (12.7 cm) thick and 8 in. applies to lumber having 50 mm to 100 mm thick,
(20 cm) wide, graded for its strength in bending with the 150 mm and wider, with tongue and groove edges.
load applied to the narrow face (thickness).

POST AND TIMBER CLASSIFICATION

Applies to lumber that is approximately square in cross section, at least 5 in.
(12.7 cm) in thickness and width.
 (According to Surface)

ROUGH LUMBER
has been sawn on all four sides but not surfaced (planed smooth or
dressed)
DRESSED LUMBER
has been surfaced on one or more sides. Possible classifications include
surfaced one side (S1S), surfaced two sides (S2S), surfaced one edge
(S1E), surfaced two edges (S2E), and combinations of sides and edges
(S1S1E, S1S2E, and S4S).
A. Lumbers
B. Wood Panels
• Yard Lumber
• Factory or Shop Lumber
oMatched Lumber
oPatterned Lumber
• Appearance Lumber
• Parallel Strand Lumber
• Laminated Veneer Lumber
• Glue Laminated Lumber
 “Intended for general purpose
building. (Structural Lumbers)”
Heavy
 “Primarily for further processing”

Matched Lumber Patterned Lumber

“Primarily for finish
material.”
 “Primarily used for
beams, headers,
columns, and posts.”
 “Primarily used for
headers, beams, rim
board, and edge-forming
material.”
“Primarily used as a
structural material.”
• Plywood
• Fiber Boards
o MDF
o Tempered Hardboard
o Particle Boards
o Oriented Strand Board
o Wafer Board
 A wood panel product made by bonding veneers together
under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to
each other and symmetrical about the center ply.
MDF
Composed of wood fibers that
are mixed with resin and wax and
pressed into flat panels under
high temperature and pressure.
Fiberboard having a density of
from 30 to 50 lb per cu. ft. (480 to
800 kg per cu. m.); used for
structural building applications,
core boards, etc.
Tempered Hardboard
Hardboard impregnated
with a drying oil or other
oxidizing resin and baked
to improve resin and baked
to improve its hardness and
moisture resistance.
 Oriented Strand Board
Commonly used for sheathing
and as subflooring, made by
bonding three or five layers of long,
thin wood strands under heat and
pressure using a waterproof
adhesive. The surface strands are
aligned parallel to the long axis of
the panel, making the panel
stronger along its length.
Wafer Board
Compose of large, thin wood flakes
bonded under heat and pressure with a
waterproof adhesive. The planes of the
wafers are generally oriented parallel to the
plane of the panel but their grain directions
are random, making the panel approximately
equal in strength and stiffness in all
directions in the plane of the panel.
A. Pressure Treated
B. Non- Pressure- Treated
C. Fire Retardant
 “Impregnation of preservatives under
pressure.”
FULL- CELL
(Vacuum → Preservative Application → Pressure)

EMPTY- CELL
(Preservative Application → Pressure)
“Coat, dip, or impregnate preservative in
atmospheric pressure.”

Vacuum Process
(Preservative Application)
“ Mineral salt is impregnated under
pressure to reduce flammability or
combustibility.”
 WOOD FASTENERS

NAILS SCREWS

SPLIT TOOTHED
RING PLATE

BOLTS
AND
NUTS
NAILS
A straight, slender piece of metal having one end pointed
and the other enlarged and flattened for hammering.
HEAD
POINT
The top most part of a
The end of the nail that nail where the hammer
penetrates the wood or is struck.
any other material.

SHANK
The straight, narrow part of a nail or
bolt, between the head and the point.
 NAILS
TYPES OF POINTS
ROUND CHISEL DIAMOND
An acute, conical Point on a nail or An acute,
point on a nail or spike formed by pyramidal point
spike. two flat inclined on a nail or
sides meeting at a spike.
sharp angle.
 NAILS

CUT NAILS
TYPES OF NAILS STAPLE
A nail having a tapering rectangular shank with A U-shaped piece of metal or heavy wire
a blunt point, made by cutting from a rolled sheet of with pointed ends, driven into a surface to
iron or steel. secure sheet material or to hold a hasp, pin, or
bolt.
WIRE NAILS
CORRUGATED FASTENER OR A nail made by cutting and shaping a piece of
WIGGLE NAIL round or elliptical wire.
A fastener consisting of a piece of corrugated
sheet steel with one wavy edge sharpened, used SPIKE
for uniting two pieces of wood, as in miter joint. A heavy nail for fastening together heavy,
timbers, 4 to 14 in (102 to 356 mm) long and
proportionally thicker than a common nail.
NAILS
WIRE NAILS

COMMON NAILS (CWN) BOX NAIL

A nail having a slender A nail having a flat head

shank, a flat head and a and a shank more slender
diamond point. than a common nail of the
same length.

CASING NAIL
Nail having a small conical head and a shank more
slender than a common nail of the same length, used in
finish work in which the head may remain visible.
NAILS
WIRE NAILS

FINISHING NAILS DOUBLE HEADED NAIL

A nail having a slender A nail used in building

shank and a small, barrel- temporary structures, such as
shaped head that is driven scaffolding and formwork, having
slightly below the surface and a flange on its shank to prevent it
covered with putty or the like. from being driven in all the way
and to leave the head for free for
pulling.
NAILS
WIRE NAILS

CONCRETE/MASONRY FLOORING NAIL

NAIL
A hardened-steel nail A nail for fastening floor
having a fluted or threaded boards, having a small
shank and a diamond point conical head, a mechanically
for hammering into deformed shank, and a blunt
concrete or masonry. diamond point.
NAILS
WIRE NAILS

RING- SHANK NAIL ROOFING NAIL

A nail having a series of A nail having a barbed,

concentric grooves on its shank threaded, or cement-coated
for increased holding power. shank and a broad, flat head for
fastening shingles or the like.
 NAILS
TYPES OF NAILS

CUT NAILS SPIKE

STAPLE WIGGLE
NAIL
NAILS
NAILING TECHNIQUES
to fasten by nailing
FACE NAIL perpendicular to the
face of the work.
NAILS
NAILING TECHNIQUES

to secure by nailing obliquely to the

TOE NAIL
surfaces being joined. Alternate
nails may be driven at opposite
angles to provide increased holding
power.
NAILS
NAILING TECHNIQUES

to fasten by nailing into the

END NAIL end of a board parallel to
the grain of the wood.
End-nailing provides poor
resistance to withdrawal.
 NAILS
NAILING TECHNIQUES
to secure by nailing in
BLIND NAIL such a way that nail
heads are not visible on
the face of the work.
NAILS
NAILING TECHNIQUES

to sink a nail
head slightly
SET below the
surface with a
nail set.
NAILS
to secure a nail or screw in position
CLINCH
by hammering down the protruding
point.
 SCREWS
A metal fastener having tapered, helically threaded shank and a
slotted head, designed to be driven into wood or the like by turning,
HEAD
as with a screwdriver.
PITCH
the distance between two
corresponding points on
adjacent threads of a
screw, nut, or bolt.

THREAD
the helical or spiral
ridge of a screw,
nut, or bolt.
SCREWS

COUNTERSINK
to enlarge the upper part of a drilled hole
so that the head of screw or bolt will lie
flush with or below the surface.
SHANK HOLE

PILOT HOLE
a guiding hole for a nail or
screw, or for drilling a
larger-size hole.
 SCREWS
TYPES OF HEADS
OVAL HEAD
FLAT HEAD A screw head having a
A screw head having a flat upper shallow, spherical shape with a
surface and a conical bearing surface. conical bearing surface.

ROUND OR BUTTON HEAD

A screw head having a shallow,
spherical shape with a flat bearing
surface.
 SCREWS
TYPES OF HEADS
FILLISTER HEAD TRUSS HEAD
A cylindrical screw A screw or bolt head
head having a slightly having a shallow, spherical
domed upper surface shape with a flat bearing
and a flat bearing surface.
surface.
BUGLE HEAD
PANHEAD A screw head having a flat
A screw or rivet head having a upper surface and an underside
cylindrical shape with a rounded shaped like the bell of a bugle.
shoulder.
 SCREWS
SLOTTED HEAD
TYPES OF SLOTS
A screw head having a ALLEN HEAD
single slot, driven by a flat- A screw head having an axial hexagonal
tipped screwdriver. recess, driven by an Allen wrench.
SECURITY HEAD
PHILLIP’S HEAD A screw head designed to resist removal
A screw head having with a flat- tipped or Phillip's screw driver
two partial slots crossing
SQUARE/ ROBERTSON HEAD
at right angles, driven by a
A screw head having a square recess,
Phillips screwdriver.
driven by a square drive or Robertson
screwdriver.
SCREWS
TYPES OF SCREWS
LAG/ COACH SCREW (LAG BOLT)
A heavy, coarse-threaded screw having a square or
hexagonal head driven by a wrench, used in areas
inaccessible to the placement of a nut or where an
exceptionally long bolt would be needed to penetrate a joint
fully.
SELF- TAPPING/ TAPPING SCREW
A coarse-threaded screw designed to tap its corresponding
female thread as it is driven.
WOOD SCREW
A screw having a slotted head and a threaded point that
permits it to form its own mating threads when driven into
wood with a screwdriver.
 TYPES OF SCREWS
MACHINE SCREW
A metal fastener used with a nut or driven into a
tapped hole, having a straight, threaded shank and a
slotted or Phillips head for turning with a screwdriver.
CAP SCREW
A metal fastener for machine parts, having a straight,
threaded shank held by threads tapped in the hole into
which it is screwed.

SHEET- METAL SCREW

A coarse-threaded screw for fastening sheet metal
and other thin material.
 TYPES OF SCREWS
SET SCREW
A screw, often without a head, threaded through a hole in one part
tightly upon or into another part to prevent relative movement.

THUMBSCREW
A screw having a flattened knurled head designed
to be turned by the thumb and forefinger.

SCREW EYE
A screw having a ring-shaped head.
BOLT

A threaded metal pin or rod, usually having a head at

one end, designed to be inserted through holes in
assembled parts and secured by a mating nut.
HEAD
SHANK

THREAD
 BOLT
TYPES OF BOLT HEADS
SQUARE HEAD
Square shape designed to be turned by a wrench.

HEX HEAD
Hexagonal shape designed to be turned by a wrench.
BOLT
TYPES OF BOLT HEADS
CARRIAGE BOLT
A bolt having a rounded head, a flat bearing surface, and a
square shoulder for preventing rotation, used where the head
may be inaccessible during tightening.

STOVE BOLT
A small, coarse-threaded machine screw.

MACHINE BOLT
A bolt having a flat bearing surface and a square or
hexagonal head for turning with a wrench.
 BOLT
TYPES OF BOLT HEADS
J- BOLT U- BOLT
A J-shaped metal rod threaded at A metal rod bent in the shape of a U
one end to receive a nut. and threaded at each end.

EYE BOLT
ANCHOR BOLT
A bolt having a ring-shaped head to
receive a hook or rope.
 BOLT
TYPES OF BOLT HEADS
EXPANSION BOLT
An anchor bolt having a split casing that expands
mechanically to engage the sides of a hole drilled in
masonry or concrete.

MOLLY BOLT
Trademark for a brand of expansion bolt having a split,
sleeve-like sheathe threaded so that turning the bolt draws the
ends of the sheath together and spreads the sides to engage a
hole drilled in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow wall.
BOLT
TYPES OF ANCHOR BOLTS
TOGGLE BOLT
An anchor bolt having two hinged wings that close against a spring when
passing through a predrilled hole and open as they emerge to engage the
inner surface of a hollow wall.

LEWIS BOLT
An anchor bolt having a wedge-shaped and around which concrete or
lead is poured to hold it.
FOX BOLT
An anchor bolt having a split end to receive a
foxtail wedge as it is screwed into a blind hole.
WASHER

A perforated disk of metal, rubber, or plastic, used under

the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure,
prevent leakage, or relieve friction.
 WASHER
TYPES OF WASHER
LOCK WASHER
a washer specially constructed to
prevent a nut from shaking loose.

LOAD- INDICATING WASHER

a washer having small projections that are
progressively flattened as a bolt is tightened, the
gap between the head or nut and the washer
indicating the tension in the bolt.
NUT

A square or hexagonal metal block perforated with a

threaded hole to fit around and secure a bolt or screw.
 TYPES OF NUT
LOCK NUT
Constructed to provide extra friction between itself and
a screw or bolt.

CAP/ ACORN NUT

Hexagonal base and a domed top to cover the
threaded end of a screw.

WING / THUMB NUT

Two flat projecting pieces that provide grip for tightening with
a thumb and forefinger.
 BOLT DEVICES

TURNBUCKLE
A metal link or sleeve internally threaded at each end,
used for coupling and tightening two parts, such as the
threaded ends of two rods or stays.

CLEVIS
A U-shaped fastener secured by a bolt or pin
through holes in th e end of two arms
TOOTHED PLATES

A sheet-metal punched to produce a closely spaced grid of

protruding teeth, used as a splice plate in the manufacture of
light wood trusses.
SPLIT RING
A timber connector consisting of a metal ring inserted into corresponding
grooves cut into the faces of the joining members and held in place by a
single bolt. The tongue-and-groove split in the ring permits it to deform
slightly under loading and maintain bearing at all surfaces, while the beveled
cross section eases insertion and ensures a tight-fitting joint after the ring is
fully seated in the grooves.
A. Platform Frame Construction
B. Balloon Frame Construction
 The subfloor of each story extends to the outside of the building and
provides a platform for the construction of the building walls. This
method of framing is widely used because it provides a good working
platform at each level during construction and also permits
preassembled wall sections to be quickly set in place once the subfloor
is completed.
 The exterior wall studs extend all the way from the sill to the top
of the second floor wall. The outside ends of second-floor joists are
supported by ribbon strips notched (or let-in) into the studs. Balloon
framing is especially well suited for use in two-story buildings that
have exterior walls covered with masonry veneer.
A. Joist and Rafter Framing Method
B. Plank & Beam Construction
C. Truss Method
 Rafters are notched where they rest on wall plates and are held
in place by nailing them to the wall plates or by the use of metal
framing anchors.
 A method of framing in
which flooring and roof
planks (usually nominal-2-
in. lumber) are supported
by posts and beams
spaced up to 8 ft apart.
 Are now widely used in wood frame construction in place of rafter
framing. The use of roof trusses permits interior walls to be
nonbearing because all roof loads are supported by the exterior walls.