Module – 1

Design of rectangular slab type combined footing.

Contents

1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Objective
1.1.3 Design Example
1.1.4 Outcome
1.1.5 Future Study
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread footing, it
is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are generally the
economical. Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
i) When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
ii) Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent isolated footings
iii) Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a building
column.
The combined footing may be rectangular, trapezoidal or Tee-shaped in plan. The
geometric proportions and shape are so fixed that the centeroid of the footing area
coincides with the resultant of the column loads. This results in uniform pressure below
the entire area of footing.

Trapezoidal footing is provided when one column load is much more than the other. As a
result, the both projections of footing beyond the faces of the columns will be restricted.
Rectangular footing is provided when one of the projections of the footing is restricted or
the width of the footing is restricted.

Rectangular combined footing

Longitudinally, the footing acts as an upward loaded beam spanning between columns
and cantilevering beyond. Using statics, the shear force and bending moment diagrams in
the longitudinal direction are drawn. Moment is checked at the faces of the column.
Shear force is critical at distance ‘d’ from the faces of columns or at the point of contra
flexure. Two-way shear is checked under the heavier column.

The footing is also subjected to transverse bending and this bending is spread
over a transverse strip near the column.

Combined footing may be of slab type or slab and beam type or slab and strap beam type

1. Locate the point of application of the column loads on the footing.

2. Proportion the footing such that the resultant of loads passes through the centre of
footing
3. Compute the area of footing such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
4. Calculate the shear forces and bending moments at the salient points and hence
draw SFD and BMD.
5. Fix the depth of footing from the maximum bending moment.
6. Calculate the transverse bending moment and design the transverse section for
depth and reinforcement. Check for anchorage and shear.
7. Check the footing for longitudinal shear and hence design the longitudinal steel
8. Design the reinforcement for the longitudinal moment and place them in
the appropriate positions.
9. Check the development length for longitudinal steel
10. Curtail the longitudinal bars for economy
11. Draw and detail the reinforcement
12. Prepare the bar bending schedule
1.1.2 Objective
1. To provide basic knowledge in the areas of limit state method and concept of design of RC
and Steel structures
2. To identify, formulate and solve engineering problems in RC and Steel Structures
1.1.3 Design example

Design of combined footing – Slab and Beam type

Two interior columns A and B carry 700 kN and 1000 kN loads respectively. Column A
is 350 mm x 350 mm and column B is 400 mm X 400 mm in section. The centre to
centre spacing between columns is 4.6 m. The soil on which the footing rests is capable
of providing resistance of 130 kN/m2. Design a combined footing by providing a central
beam joining the two columns. Use concrete grade M25 and mild steel reinforcement.

Solution: Data
fck = 25 Nlmm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2,
f b (SBC)= l30 kN/m2,
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m ,
PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000kN
Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 700 = 1050 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN
Proportioning of base size
Working load carried by column A =
PA
= 700 kN
Working load carried by column B =
PB = 1000 kN
Self weight of footing 10 % x (PA +
PB) = 170 kN
Total working load = 1870 kN
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC=1870/130 =
14.38 m2 Let the width of the footing = Bf = 2m
Required length of footing = Lf = Af /Bf = 14.38/2 =
7.19m Provide footing of size 7.2m X 2m, Af = 7.2 x 2
= 14.4 m2
For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G.
of column loads. Let x be the distance of C.G. from the centre line of column A

Then x = (PB x 4.6)/(PA + PB) = (1000 x 4.6)/(1000 +700) = 2.7 m from column A.
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A is ‘a’
then, a + 2.7 = Lf /2 = 7.2/2, Therefore a = 0.9 m
Similarly if the cantilever projection of footing beyond B is 'b'
then, b + (4.6-2.7) = Lf /2 = 3.6 m, Therefore b = 3.6 - 1.9 = 1.7 m
The details are shown in Figure
Total ultimate load from columns = Pu = 1.5(700 + 1000) = 2550 kN.
Upward intensity of soil pressure wu= P/Af= 2550/14.4 = 177 kN/m2 1.5 SBC or UBC
Design of slab:
Intensity of upward pressure = pu =177 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 177 x 1 = 177 kN/m
Rectangular Footing with Central Beam:-Design of Bottom slab.
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1000 - 350/2 = 825 mm Maximum
ultimate moment = 177 x 0.8252/2 = 60.2 kN-m

For M25 and Fe 250, Q u max = 3.71 N/mm2

Required effective depth = √ (60.2 x 106/(3.71 x 1000)) = 128 mm
Since the slab is in contact with the soil, clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars
Required total depth = 128 + 20/2 + 50 =188 mm say 200 mm
Provided effective depth = d = 200-50-20/2 = 140 mm
To find steel
Mu/bd2 =3.07 3.73, URS
Pt=1.7%
Ast = 2380 mm2
Use Φ20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 23 84
say 130 mm Area provided =1000 x 314 / 130 = 2415 mm2
Check the depth for one - way shear considerations
Design shear force=Vu=177x(0.825-0.140)=121kN
Nominal shear
stress=τv=Vu/bd=121000/(1000x140)=0.866MPa
Permissible shear stress
Pt = 100 x 2415 /(1000 x 140 ) = 1.7 %, τuc =
0.772 N/mm2 Value of k for 200 mm thick slab =
1.2
Permissible shear stress = 1.2 x 0.772 = 0.926
N/mm2 τuc > τv and hence safe
The depth may be reduced uniformly to 150 mm at the edges.
Check for development length
Ldt= [0.87 x 250 / (4 x 1.4)]Ф =39 Ф = 39 x 20 = 780 mm
Available length of bar = 825 - 25 =800mm > 780 mm and hence safe.
Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.15 bD / 100 = 0.15 x 1000 x 200/100 = 300mm2
Using Ф 8 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 50 / 300
= 160 mm Provide distribution steel of Ф 8 mm
at 160 mm c/c
(c) Design of Longitudinal Beam:

Two columns are joined by means of a beam monolithic with the footing slab. The
load from the slab will be transferred to the beam. As the width of the footing is 2 m,
the net upward soil pressure per meter length of the beam

= wu = 177 x 2 = 354 kN/m

Shear Force and Bending Moment

VAC = 354 x 0.9 = 318.6 kN, VAB = 1050-318.6 = 731.4 kN

VBD = 354 x 1.7 = 601.8kN, VBA = 1500-601.8 = 898.2 kN

Point of zero shear from left end C

X1 = 1050/354 = 2.97m from C or X2 = 7.2-2.97 = 4.23 m

from D Maximum B.M. occurs at a distance of 4.23 m
from D

M uE = 354 x 4.232 / 2 - 1500 (4.23 - 1.7) = -628 kN.m

Bending moment under column A = M uA = 354 x 0.92 / 2 =
143.37 kN.m Bending moment under column B = M uB = 354 x
1.72 = 511.5 kN-m Let the point of contra flexure be at a distance
x from the centre of column A Then, Mx= I050x - 354 (x + 0.9
)2/ 2 = 0

Therefore x = 0.206 m and 3.92 m from column A i.e. 0.68 m from B.

 Provide total depth of 750 mm. Assuming two rows of bars at an effective cover of
70 mm. Effective depth provided = d= 750-70 = 680 mm (Less than 750mm and
hence no side face steel is needed).

Check the depth for Two-way Shear

The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the
beam along its two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining
two edges. The critical section for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2
mm) from the face of the column. Therefore, the critical section will be taken at a
distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2) on the other side as shown in Fig.

In this case b = D = 400 mm, db = 680 mm, ds =

140 mm Area resisting two - way shear
=2(b x d b + d s x d s) + 2 (D + d b)ds
=2( 400 x 680 + 140 x 140) + 2 (4 0 0 +680) 140
885600 mm2
Design shear=Pud= column load – W u x area at critical
section = 1500 - 177 x(b + d s) x (D + d b)
=1500-177 x (0.400+0.140) x (0.400+ 0.680)
=1377.65kN
τv=Pud/bod= 1377.65x1000/885600=1.56 MPa
Shear stress resisted by concrete = τuc =
τuc xKs
where, τuc = 0.25 √ f ck= 0.25√ 25 = 1.25 N/mm2
K s = 0.5 + d / D = 0.5 + 400/400 = 1.5 ≤
1 Hence K s = 1
τuc = 1 x 1.25 = 1.25 N/mm2
Therefore unsafe and the depth of slab need to be increased. However the same depth is
taken.
Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 1.7 - 0.4 / 2 = 1.5
m. Ultimate moment at the face of column = 354 x 1.52 / 2 =
398.25 kN-m
Mumax = 3.71 x 400 x 6802 x 106 = 686 kN.m >398.25 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.
Mu/bd =398.25x10 /(400x680 ) =2.15 3.73, URS
Ast =3030 mm2
Provide 3 - Φ 32 mm + 4 - Φ 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 3217
mm2 Ld = 39 x 32 =1248 mm
Curtailment
All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever. The bottom bars of 3 - Ф
32 will be curtailed at a distance d (= 680 mm) from the point of contra flexure (λ = 680
mm) in the portion
BE with its distance from the centre of support equal to 1360 mm from B.
Cantilever portion AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 900 - 350 / 2 = 725
mm Ultimate moment = 354 x 0.7252 /2 = 93 kN-m
Mu/bd =93x10 /(400x680 ) =0.52 3.73, URS
A st =660 mm2
Provide 4 - Ф 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2
Continue all 4 bars of 16 mm diameter through out at bottom.
Region AB between points of contra flexures
The beam acts as an isolated T- beam.
bf=[L o /( L o / b +4)] + b w, where,
L o 4.6 - 0.206 - 0.68 = 3.714 m = 3714 mm
b= actual width of flange = 2000 mm, b w = 400 mm
bf = [3714 / (3714 / 2000 + 4)+ 400] =1034mm < 2000mm

D f = 200 mm, Mu = 628 kN-m

Moment of resistance Muf of a beam for x u = D f is :
(Muf) = [0.36 x 25 x 1034 x 200 (680 - 0.42x200)]
x10-6 = 1109 kN.m > Mu ( = 628 kN-m)
Therefore Xu <D f
Mu=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckbf)2
Provide 5 bars of Ф 32 mm and 3 bars of Ф 16 mm,
Area provided = 4021+ 603 = 4624 mm2 >4542
mm2 pt= 100 x 4624/(400x680) = 1.7 %
Curtailment
Consider that 2 - Ф 32 mm are to be curtailed
No. of bars to be continued = 3 - Ф16 + 3 - Ф 32 giving area = Ast =3016
mm2 Moment of resistance of continuing bars
Mur= (0.87 x 250 x 3016 ( 680 – ((250 x 3016) / (25 x 400) x 10-6 = 396.6 kN-
m Let the theoretical point of curtailment be at a distance X from the free end
C, then Muc= Mur Therefore -354 x2 / 2 + 1050 (x- 0.9) = 396.6
x2-5.93x + 7.58 =0, Therefore x = 4.06m or 1.86m from C
Actual point of curtailment = 4.06 + 0.68 = 4.74 m from C or 1.86 - 0.68 = 1.18 m from
C Terminate 2 - Φ 32 mm bars at a distance of 280 mm (= 1180 - 900) from the column
A and 760mm (= 5500 - 4740) from column B. Remaining bars 3 - Φ 32 shall be
continued beyond the point of inflection for a distance of 680 mm i.e. 460 mm from
column A and up to the outer face of column B. Remaining bars of 3 - Φ 16 continued in
the cantilever portion.
Design of shear reinforcement
Portion between column i.e. AB
In this case the crack due to diagonal tension will occur at the point of contra flexure
because the distance of the point of contra flexure from the column is less than the
effective depth d(= 680mm)
(i) Maximum shear force at B = Vumax = 898.2 kN
Shear at the point of contra flexure = VuD - 898.2-354 x 0.68 = 657.48 kN
τv=657000/(400x680) =2.42 MPa τc,max.
Area of steel available 3 - Φ 16 + 3 - Φ 32 , Ast = 3016
mm2 pt = 100 x 3016 / (400 x 680) = 1.1%
τc=0.664MPa
τv > τc
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 250 x (4 x 113) /(2.42-0.664)x400 =139 mm say 120 mm c/c
Zone of shear reinforcements between τv to τc
= m from support B towards A
(ii) Maximum shear force at A = Vu max = 731.4 kN.
Shear at the point contra flexure = VuD = 731.4 - 0.206
x 354 = 658.5 kN
τv=658500/(400x680) =2.42MPa τc,max.

Area of steel available = 4624 mm2, pt= 100 x 4624 / (400 * 680) =
1.7 % τuc = 0.772 N/ mm2
τv > τc
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 250 x (4 x 113) /(2.42-0.774)x400 =149 mm say 140 mm c/c
1.1.4 Outcome

Able to design and detailing the combined footing as per IS code provisions

1.1.5 Future Study

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