GYAN GANGA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, JABALPUR

(MP)

Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Govt. of M.P.

(Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal)

“TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL PROJECT USING IC 4017 COUNTER AND

TIMER 555”
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DEASHISH MUKHERJEE 0206EC171038
ABHISHEK SINGH 0206EC171005
AKASH MANGLANI 0206EC171010
AYUSH JAIN 0206EC171030
ANUJ CHATURVEDI 0206EC171022
BHAVYA VERMA 0206EC171033

Under the Guidance of

MR. AMIT CHOUKSEY

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Mr. Amit Chouksey, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and
Sciences, ECE Department, our Mentor, for their valuable guidance and encouragement
throughout the duration of our project work. We were greatly benefited from the technical
discussions we shared with them which helped us in understanding the finer aspects of circuit
design.

We thank R.V. Kshirsagar, Principal, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Engineering, for helping us out continuously during the course of our work. Without their help
it would have been difficult to complete this project on time.

Thanks to each and every one who helped us, some way or the other, in successful
completion of the project work.
 PREFACE

This project is a scientific and systematic study of real issues on a problem with the
application of management concept and skills.

It can be case study where a problem has been dealt with through the process of
management. The essential equipment of a project is that it should contain scientific collection
of data analysis and interpretation of data leading to a valid conclusion.

The topic of our project is " Traffic Light Control - Electronic Project”
INDEX

 Introduction

 Working Principle

 Circuit Diagram

 PCB wizard overview

 Component List

 Component Description

 Process of Designing PCB

 Application in Real World

 Traffic Light Control - Electronic Project
(Traffic Light Control Project Using IC 4017 Counter
and Timer 555)

Introduction

Traffic Lights are used to control the vehicular traffic. In the modern era, everyone has different types
of vehicles resulting in rise to the numbers of vehicles. That’s why traffic lights are mandatory to avoid
the traffic jams and accidents. There are three lights in the traffic signal, having different message for
the drivers. Red light (upper one) asks the driver to yield at the intersection, green light (last one) gives
the driver free license to drive through the intersection whereas the yellow light (middle one) alerts the
driver to wait if the next light is red one or get ready to go / turn the engine ON if the green light is next.
Traffic light has proved to be an amazing way to stop the vehicular collisions and control the traffic
jams in today’s modern era where everyone owns the different types of vehicles.

Control Lights indication:

There are three control lights or signals, which will provide the instruction to the driver.
 RED light – instructs the driver to STOP at the intersection.
 YELLOW light – instructs the driver to WAIT (If red light is next) or GET READY (if green light
is next)
 GREEN light – instructs the driver to GO through the intersection.

Working Principle:
This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC which is mainly used for Sequential
Circuits. We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential Circuits are used to
count the numbers in the series.
Coming to the working principle of Traffic Lights, the main IC is 4017 counter IC which is
used to glow the Red, yellow and green LED respectively. 555 timer acts as a pulse
generator providing an input to the 4017 counter IC. Timing of glow of certain lights
totally depends upon the 555 timer’s pulse, which we can control via the Potentiometer
so, if you want to change the time of glow, you can do so by varying the potentiometer
having the responsibility for the timing. LEDs are not connected directly with 4017
counter as the lights won't be stable. We have used the combination of 1N4148 diodes
and the LEDs in order to get the appropriate output. Main drawback of this circuit is that
you can never have an exact timing with this; however, you will have best estimated.
 Circuit Diagram

PCB Wizard Overview

PCB Wizard is a strong application that can be used for designing circuit boards whether they are
single sided or double sided printed. PCB Wizard is loaded with all the necessary tools that are needed
at each step of PCB circuit designing.

PCB Wizard has a very simple and intuitive interface that has all the tools nicely placed and the
component and wires that are needed for the circuit designing. Electronic Workbench is also a great
alternative of PCB Wizard. A large library of components has also been provided for the ease of use in
PCB designing. These components can be easily inserted into your project and there is no need to
draw them from scratch. If you want to translate the PCB Design then you can go with CamCAD PCB
Translator as well.
 Components List:
 2 PC 25V 100UF RADIAL CAPACITOR

 2 PC 555 TIMER

 1 PC L934HD 3MM LED RED-DIFFUSED 

 1 PC L934GD 3MM LED GREED-DIFFUSED

 1 PC 3MM LED YELLOW-DIFFUSED

 2 PC RA220 1/4W 5% 220 OHM CF RESISTOR

 1 PC RA100K 1/4W 5% 100K OHM CF RESISTOR

 1 PC RA47K 1/4W 5% 47K OHM CF RESISTOR

 1 PC RA470 1/4W 5% 470 OHM CF RESISTOR

 9 VOLT BATTERY WITH SNAP

 SWITCH, WIRE, CLAMP, PCB

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

An electrolytic capacitor (abbreviated e-cap) is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is

made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as
the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving
as the (cathode) or negative plate of the capacitor. Due to their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged
anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit
volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values. There are
three families of electrolytic capacitor: aluminum electrolytic capacitors, tantalum electrolytic capacitors,
and niobium electrolytic capacitors.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through
it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons)
is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light
is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor
device.

RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide
voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors
that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power
distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change
slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.

555 TIMER IC

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation,
and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop
element. Derivatives provide two (556) or four (558) timing circuits in one package.
The IC 555 has three operating modes:

1. Astable (free-running) mode – the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator. Uses

include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone generation, security
alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an
analog value to a pulse length (e.g., selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the
555 in a temperature sensor and the period of the output pulse is determined by the temperature).
The use of a microprocessor-based circuit can then convert the pulse period to temperature,
linearize it and even provide calibration means.
2. Monostable mode – in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse generator. Applications
include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measurement, pulse-width modulation (PWM) and so on.
3. Bistable (schmitt trigger) mode – the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected
and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched switches.
 Process of designing PCB
There are many ways to make your own homemade PCB's, they all work, but
some better than other, some faster than other, ones are cheap and others
expensive. Here is one of the ways.

Step 1: Materials
For making the circuit you will need:
-A copper board.
-The design printed with a LASER printer on glossy paper, antiadhesive
oven paper works the best!
-An iron or a laminator.
-The etching solution (Hydrochloric acid + Hydrogen peroxide).
-a plastic flat container.
-Steel wool or fine sandpaper.
-Acetone.
-A Dremel for the trough-hole components.
-The components.
-A soldering iron.

Step 2: The Board

Firstly, cut a piece of board with the size of the circuit plus about 3mm per
side. Then scratch the surface with some sandpaper to make better the
toner transfer.
 Step 3: Toner Transferring
Place the paper with the circuit design on the board and make sure it fits
and there isn't toner out the board. Then fold the paper wrapping the piece
and hold it together with tape. Iron the toner side for about a minute or slide
it 10-15 times in a laminator.

Step 4: Removing the Paper

Put the circuit under the tap and wet it until the paper softens. then rub it off
to expose the toner circuit.

Step 5: Etching
The etching is the most important step, so do it carefully. First, fill the
container with the etching solution (in my case Hydrochloric acid +
Hydrogen peroxide). Place the circuit floating in the solution with the copper
 facing down. Check the circuit each minute to see how it goes. When the
last copper trace disappears, dry the circuit to stop the acid action.

Step 6: Cleaning the Board

First, remove the toner with acetone. Then you can polish the copper to give it
a better appearance. Clean the polish and the remain toner with a paper
moisten in acetone.
Step 7: Drilling the Holes
If you're using trough-hole components as me, you'll need to make holes in
your PCB. With a Dremel equipped with a fine drill bit, drill the holes for all the
components. Then, with a round tip mill, make "funnels" to make easier
installing the components.

Step 8: Final Steps

Tin all the parts where a component is going to be soldered. Then solder all
the components in place and clean the remaining flux or resin.

Application of Traffic Lights

In real world traffic lights are the most commonly used traffic management system. It is used on roads and at
railway lines too. So, we all know that green means go, yellow means wait, and red means stop. However, many
of us don’t know about the history of traffic light control systems. The first traffic control device (like the ones we
know today) was placed on top of a tower at the Rue Montmartre and Grande Boulevard in Paris. It was
managed by a police officer who would operate it by hand but the first three colored innovation first appeared in
Detroit. An officer named William Potts was behind the invention who was concerned how officers couldn’t
change the lights they were in charge of at the same time. A lot of history has happened since then and no
doubt that these changes will continue as years go on. Below we will be going over the many pros and the
importance of traffic light control systems as well as some facts that you might not have known about.

Before this invention, you can imagine that roads were pretty chaotic. Luckily these days it is no longer the case.
Some of the many benefits that a traffic light control system provides might include the safe movement for cars
to help them avoid collisions with cars and people. They help movement and help conduct an orderly flow by
giving right of way to some cars and not others. They not only make car traffic a lot safer but also pedestrian
traffic. They help reduce the number of accidents and make collisions at intersections a lot less frequent. They
play a crucial and vital role when it comes to safety in our everyday lives.

Signal timing is something that plays a very important factor in all of this. It is what actually makes this function
and provides people with safety in traffic flow. There are three main types of signal timing which include fixed
timing, actuated timing, and coordinated timing. Fixed timing uses the same present time intervals that do not
change in accordance to traffic volume. Actuated timing uses a detector that is able to adjust itself to different
traffic volumes. Coordinated timing helps minimize starting and stopping at random which helps traffic flow and
is less likely to create a traffic jam.

Some things that could happen if there were no traffic lights could include total chaos on the road. There would
be nothing to tell people when to go and when to stop. Total gridlock would happen on a daily basis which is a
nightmare for everyone! The number of accidents and fatalities would rise significantly. More and more people
would also be late to school or work on a daily basis all because of the absence this one great invention. Not to
mention that it would be nearly impossible for anyone to cross the road while being sure when cars are going to
stop, which would also increase pedestrian related accidents. Hopefully, after reading this article you have come
to appreciate just how special and convenient life can be from a single invention.