Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2(1): 87-92, 2010

ISSN: 2040-7467
© M axwell Scientific Organization, 2009
Submitted Date: June 09, 2009 Accepted Date: August 19, 2009 Published Date: January 05, 2010

Performance Analysis of Multi-level Inverter for Dynamic Voltage Restorer

1
N.S. Sakthivel Murugan and 2 A. Nirmalkumar
1
Bannari Am man Institute of Techno logy , Anna U niversity, C hennai., Sathy, 638476 , TN , India
2
Departm ent of EEE, BIT, Sathyamangalam, India

Abstract: This research deals with simulation and implementation of multilevel inverter based DVR. The DVR
circuit produces high quality voltage since it uses a nine level inverter. This DVR gives better solution to the
voltage sag problem by injecting a voltage with reduc ed ha rmonics. D VR contro ls the voltage applied to the
load by injecting voltage of pro per am plitude and p hase angle. Thus DV R is respon sible for restoring qu ality
of voltage derived to the end user. The consumer can be isolated from transients and disturbances caused by
sags by using DVR. Multilevel inverter based DVR is simulated, implemented and the results are presented.

Key w ords: DVR , MATL AB and multilevel inverter

INTRODUCTION power semicon ductors for a given number of levels. The

“redundant” levels are minimized, and the combination of
Power electronic devices contribute an important part bridges to maximize the number of levels, Dixon et al.
of harm onics in all kind of app lications, such as power (2003, 2004, 2005) and minimize power sources and
rectifiers, thyristor c onv erters, and static VAr semicond uctors are analyzed.
compensators (SVC). The updated pulse-width
modulation (PWM ) techniques used to control modern MATERIALS AND METHODS
static converters such as machine derives, power factor
compensators, or active power filters do not produce This study was conducted during 2007-2008, at
perfect waveforms, which strongly depend on the B a n n a ri Am man Ins titute of Te c h n o l o g y,
semiconductors switching frequency. Voltage or current Sathy ama ngalam, T amilnadu, India
converters as they generate discrete output waveforms,
force the use of machines with special isolation, and in Multi-Level converter characteristics: The principal
some applications large inductances connected in series function of the inverters is to generate an AC voltage
with the respective load. In other words, neither the from a DC source voltage. If the DC voltage sources
voltage nor the current waveforms are as expected. Also, connected in series, it becomes possible to generate an
it is well known that distorted voltages and current output voltage with several steps. M ultilevel inverters
waveforms produce harmonic contamination, additional include an arrangement of semiconductors and DC
power losses, and high frequency noise that can affect not voltage sources required to generate a staircase output
only the power load but also the associated controllers. voltage waveform. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of
All these unwanted operating characteristics associated voltage source-inve rters with a different number of levels.
with PW M conv erters ca n be o verco me w ith multilevel It is well known that a two level inverter, such as the one
converters, in addition to the fact that higher voltage shown in Fig. 1(a), generates an output voltage with two
levels can be achieved Lai et al. (1995), Rodriguez et al. different values (levels) Vc and “zero”, with respect to the
(2002, 2003), M anjrekar et al. (1996) and Corzine et al. negative terminal of the DC source (“0”), while a three-
(2002). level module, Fig. 1(b) generates three different voltages
Multilevel inverters can operate not only with PWM at the output (2Vc, Vc and “zero”). The different positions
techniques but also with amplitude m odulation (A M ), of the ideal switches are implemented with a number of
significa ntly improving the quality of the output voltage semicon ductors that are in direct relation with the output
waveform. W ith the use of AM, low frequency voltage voltage number of levels.
harmonics are perfectly eliminated, generating almost Multilevel inverters are implemented with small DC
perfect sinusoidal wa veforms w ith a total harmo nic sources to form a staircase ac waveform, w hich follows a
distortion (TH D) lower than 5%. A nother important given reference template. For example, having ten DC
characteristic is that each sources with magnitudes equal to 20 V each a composed
converter operates at a low switching frequency, 11-level waveform can be obtained (five positive, five
reducing the semiconductor stresses, and therefore negatives and zero with respect to the middle point
reducing the switching losses Dixon et al. (2001, 2002a, between the ten sources), generating a sinusoidal
b). The principal objective of this paper is to determine waveform w ith 100 V amplitude as shown in Fig. 2, and
the simplest converter topology in terms of the number of with very low THD.

Corresponding Author: N.S. Sakthivel Murugan, Research scholar of Anna University, Chennai., working in Bannari Amman
Inst. of Tech., Sathy, 638476, TN, India. Ph:: +914285 228361
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 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(1): 87-92, 2010

Fig. 1: Basic Multilevel inverters (a) two levels, (b) three

levels and (c) m levels

(a)

Fig. 2: Voltage waveform from an 11-level inverter

It can be observed that the larger the num ber of the

inverter DC supplies, the greater the number of steps that
(b)
can be generated, obtaining smaller harmonic distortion.
Fig. 3: (a) The m-level and (b) three-level diode clamped
However the number of DC sources is directly related to inverter topology
the number of levels through the equation:
n=m–1 (1) connected in series. These two chains are connected w ith
whe re n is the number of DC supplies connected in series diodes at the upper an d lower semiconductors as shown in
and m is the number of the output voltage levels. In order Fig. 3(a). For an m-level converter, the requires number
to get a 51-level inverter output vo ltage, 5C-V supp lies of transistors T is given by
would be required, which is too much for a sim ple T = 2 ( m – 1) (2)
topology. Then, for example of a 51-level converter, 100 power
Besides the problem of having to use too many power transistors would be required (which is an enormous
supplies to get a multilevel inverter, there is a second amount of switches to be controlled). One of the most
problem which is also impo rtant, the number of power utilized configurations with this topology is that of the
semiconductors required to implem ent the com mutator, as three-level inverter, which is shown in Fig. 3(b). The
shown in Fig. 1. Technical literature has proposed two capacitors act like tw o DC sources connected in series.
converter topologies for the implementation of the power Thus, in the diagram, each capacitor accumulates ½ V D C ,
converter, using force-commutated devices [transistors or giving voltages at the output of ½ V D C , 0, or - ½ V D C with
gate turnoffs (GTOs)]: a) the diode-clamped and b) the respect to the middle point between the capacitors.
capacitor-clamped converter [2]. The above discussed
literatures do not deal with embedded implementation of Capacitor-Clamped Inverter: This inverter has a similar
DVR. This p aper p resents an embedded controller based structure to that of the diode-clamped, however it can
multilevel inverter fed DVR system. generate the voltage steps with capacitors connected as
shown in Fig. 4. The problem w ith this converter is that it
Diode-Clamped Inverter: This inverter consists of a requires a large number of capacitors, which translates is
number of sem icond uctors conn ected in series, and that it requires a large number of capacitors, which
another identical number of voltage so urces, also translates to a bulky and expensive converter as compared
connected in series. These two chains are co nnected w ith with the diode-clamped inverter. Besides, the number of

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 Res. J. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(1): 87-92, 2010

Fig. 4: The m-level capacitor – clamped inverter

Fig. 6a: Simulation circuit of cascaded nine-level inverter

Fig.6b: Driving pulses for S1 & S2

Fig. 5: The m-level inverter using an ‘H’ bridge

transistors used is the same with the diode-clamped

inverter, and therefore, for a 51-level inverter, 100 power
transistors are required. In order to overcome all these
problems, a third top ology , which will be called the
“transistor-clamped inverter” will be presented and
analyzed.

Transistor-Clamped Inverter: The transistor-clamped

inverter has the advantage of requiring the same number
of power transistors as the levels generated, and therefore,
the semicon ductors are reduced by half with respect to the
previous topologies. A 51-level converter requires 51 Fig. 6c: Driving pulses for S5 & S6
transistors (instead of 100 transistors). For an m-level
transistor clamped inverter, which satisfies, One solution for increasing the numbe r of steps could
T = m. (3) be the use of “H ” con verters, like the one shown in Fig 5,
In this topology, the control of the gates is very which consists of connecting two of the previously
simple because only one power transistor is switched-on discussed topologies in series (two legs). If transistor-
at a time. Then, there is a direct relation between the clamped inverters are used to build an “H” converter, the
output voltage, V o u t and the transistor that has to be number of transistors required for an m-level inverter is
turned-on. However, and despite the excellent m+1, which means only one more transistor than what is
characteristics of this topology, the number of transistors required for a simple leg configuration. However, the
is still too large to allow the impleme ntation of a practical number of DC source is reduced to 50%, which is the
converter with more than 50 levels. most important advantage of “H” converters.

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Table 1: Switching sequence

Switching Sequence
---------------------------------------------------------------
Output S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8
Vo ltage (V o u t)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
V2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
V3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
V4 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
V3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
V2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
V1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
- V1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
- V2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
- V3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Fig. 6d: Output voltage across inverter-1 - V4 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
- V3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
- V2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
- V1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

Fig.6e: Output voltage across inverter-2

Fig. 7a: Experimental Setup

Fig. 6f: Output of nine-level inverter

Fig. 7b: Driving pulse for S1

Another characteristic is that the “H” topology has

many redundant combinations of switch positions to
produce the same voltage levels. As an example, the level
“zero” can be generated with switches in position S(1)
and S(2), or S(3) and S(4), or S(5) and S(6), and so on.
Another characteristic of “H” converters is that they only
produce an odd numbe r of levels, wh ich ensures the
existen ce of the “0-V ” level at the load.
For exam ple, a 51-level inverter using an “H”
Fig. 6g: Frequency spectrum for output voltage configuration with transistor-clamped topology requires

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Fig. 7c: Control circuit

52 transistors, but only 25 power supplies instead of the

50 required when using a single leg. Therefore, the
problem related to increasing the number of levels and
reducing the size and complexity has been pa rtially
solved, since power supplies have been reduced to 50%.

Simulation of cascaded nine-level inverter: The

cascaded nine-level inverter has been simulated using
MATLA B software. The simulation circuit is illustrated
in Fig.6a. The voltage of the cascaded nine-level inverter
can be synthesized from the following switching
combinations. The Table 1 shows the switching sequence.
The driving pulses for switches S1 & S2 are shown in
following Fig. 6b . The driving pulses for switches S5 &
S6 are shown in Fig. 6c. The Fig. 6d shows the output Fig. 7d: Driving pulse for S5
voltage across inverter 1. The Fig. 6e shows the output
voltage across inverter 2. Nine level inverter output is
shown in Fig. 6f. The frequency spectrum for the output
of the inverter is shown in Fig. 6g.

Experimental results: A laboratory model for nine- level

inverter is fabricated and tested. The pulses required by
the MO SFETs are generated by using microcontroller
89C2051. The pulses are amplified using the driver IC
IR2110. Experimental set up is shown in Fig. 7a. Driving
pulses for S1 are shown in Fig. 7b. The co ntrol circu it is
shown in Fig. 7c. The pulses for S5 are shown in and 7d.
Output voltages of inverter 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 7e.
Output of inverter 2 is show n in Fig. 7f. Nine level output
Fig. 7e: Inverter -1 output voltage
is shown in Fig. 7g.

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CONCLUSION

The dynamic voltage restorer is used to improve

voltage sags caused by abrupt increase in loads.
Multilevel inverters with large number of steps have been
used in the DVR system. Multilevel inverter which
requires minimum power supplies have been used in DVR
system. The DVR can tackle the problem of harmonics
caused by non linear loads in manufacturing industries.
Other industries can also use DVR to compensate voltage
sag. This paper shows simulation an d exp erimental resu lts
of nine-level inverter based DVR. THD is found to be
much less than that of single PWM inverter. The
experimental results are similar to the simulation results.
Fig.7f: Inverter -2 output voltage
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