Determinant

—————————————–

Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: [email protected]

September 4, 2018

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Table of contents

1 Determinant

2 The determinant and the rank of a matrix

3 Using determinants to find the inverse of a

matrix

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 Determinant

Determinant
Given a square matrix A. The determinant of A is
denoted by |A| (or det(A))
 
1 k = 1 : A = a11 ⇒ |A| = a11
 
a 11 a 12
2 k =2: A= ⇒ |A| = a11 .a22 − a21 .a12
a21 a22
 
a11 a12 a13
3 k = 3 : A = a21 a22 a23 
a31 a32 a33 
a a
⇒ |A| = a11 .(−1)(1+1) .  22 23  +
 
  a32 a33  
(1+2) a21 a23  (1+3) a21 a22 
   
a12 .(−1) . + a 13 .(−1) .
a31 a33  a31 a32 
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 Determinant

Example
 
1  5 = 5
 
 3+i 1
2 
−2 − i = (3 + i).4 − 1(−2 − i) = 14 + 5i
4
 

1 3
-1   
2 4

(1+1)  4 0 
3 0  = 1.(−1)
 . +
 1 −2
1 1 −2   
 2 0   2 4 
3.(−1)(1+2) .   + (−1).(−1)(1+3) .  
1 −2 1 1 
= −8 + 12 + 2 = 6

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Determinant September 4, 2018 4 / 18

 Determinant

The i, j cofactor of a matrix, Cofactor matrix

The i, j cofactor of A:
Aij = (−1)i+j .Mij where Mij - i, j minor of A (the
determinant of the (n − 1) × (n − 1) matrix that results
from deleting the i−th row and the j−th column of A).
C = (Aij ) is called cofactor matrix of A.

Determinant of an n × n matrix A
can be defined by using Laplace expansion:
A - n × n matrix. Fixing any i, j ∈ {1, 2...n}. Then,
|A| = ai1 Ai1 + ai2 Ai2 + ai3 Ai3 + ... + ain Ain
|A| = a1j A1j + a2j A2j + a3j A3j + ... + anj Anj

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Determinant September 4, 2018 5 / 18

 Determinant

Example
 
1 2 3

1 2 4 6 =

1 3 5      
 2 3   1 3   1 2 
1.(−1)3+1 .   + 3(−1)3+2 .   + 5(−1)3+3 .  
4 6   2 6   2 4
=
 0 
 2 3 4 −1  
   2 4 −1
0 1 0 1  
2   = 1.(−1)2+2  4 8 −2
 4 6 8 −2  
  −5 0 4 
−5 2 0 4 
 
 2 3 4
 
+1(−1)2+4 .  4 6 8 = 0
−5 2 0
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 Determinant

Example
 
 2 4 0 −1  
  4 0 −1
 1 1 −2 1   
1   = (1)1+3 . 1 −2 1  = −11
1 0 0 0  
  0 −1 2 
−1 0 −1 2 
 
 21 −4 0 −1
 
 12 1 0 1 
 11 15 0 64  = 0
2  
 
−11 4 0 26 
 
2 0 0   
  4 0 
1 −2 = 2.4.(−2) = −16
3 2 4 0  = 2.  
 
1 1 −2

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 Determinant

Remark
1 If A has at least 2 proportional rows (columns), then
|A| = 0.
2 If A has at least one zero row (column), then |A| = 0
3 The determinant of a triangular matrix equals the
product of diagonal entries.

Effect of Elementary Row Operations on

Determinant
r →αr
1 A −i−−→
i
B ⇒ |B| = α|A|
ri →ri +αrj
2 A −−−−−→ B ⇒ |B| = |A|
ri ↔rj
3 A −−−→ B ⇒ |B| = −|A|
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 Determinant

Example
   
 −2 0 4 
1
2 1 4 1
 
 1 −2 0 4  2 1 4 1 
|A| =  = − 
 −3 1 1 −1 

−3
 1 1 −1
−1 −5 −4 2  −1 −5 −4 2 
 
r2 → r2 − 2r1 1 −2 0 4  


  5 4 −7 
r3 → r3 + 3r1 0 5 4 −7   
−   = − −5 1 11 
r4 → r4 + r1 0 −5 1 11



−7 −4 6 

= 0 −7 −4 6 
 
5 4 −7 
r2 → r2 + r1  
= − 51 0 5 4 
r3 → 5r3 + 7r1 0 8 −19
= − 51 5.(5.(−19) − 4.8) = 127
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 Determinant

Properties of the determinant

1 |In | = 1
2 |AT | = |A|
3 |AB| = |A|.|B|
4 |An | = |A|n
5 |αA| = αn |A|
6 In general, |A + B| =
6 |A| + |B|

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 The determinant and the rank of a matrix

The determinant and the rank of a mtrix

rank(A) = r ⇔ There exists a nonzero r −order
subdeterminant
Every r0 − order (r0 ≥ r + 1) subdeterminant of A equals 0

Example
 
1 0
0 4
2 1
0 1
A=  We have |A| = 0 (Since h1 and h4
−3 1 −1
1
−1 0 −4
0
 
 1 0 0
 
are proportional) Moreover,  2 1 0 = 1.1.1 = 1 6= 0
−3 1 1
then r (A) = 3
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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Adjugate Matrix (The adjoint, adjunt)

is the transpose of its cofactor matrix PA = C T ,
C = (Aij ), where Aij is i, j cofactor of A.

Theorem
∀A ∈ Mn , we have A.PA = |A|.In (Remark: A doesn’t
need to be invertible)

Finding inverse of a matrix using determinants

A is invertible ⇔ |A| =
6 0. If A is invertible, then
PA
A−1 =
|A|

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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Example
 
1 −3
A= ⇒ |A| = 14
4 2
 
2 3
T 
−4 1
 
2 −4 2 3 PA
PA = = ⇒ A−1 = =
3 1 −4 1 |A| 14
 1 3
= −27 14
1
7 14

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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Example
   T
1 −2 0 1 1 2
A = −1 1 0 |A| = −1 PA = 2 1 5 
−3 1 1 0 0 −1
 
−1 −2 0
P A
⇒ A−1 = = −1 −1 0
|A|
−2 −5 1

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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Properties:
1
1 |A−1 | =
|A|
2 |PA | = |A|n−1

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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Example
1 Find m such that A is invertible.
1 −2 1
A = −1 1 0 
−2 1 m
A is invertible ⇔ |A| =
6 0 ⇔ 1 − m 6= 0 ⇔ m 6= 1
2 Find m such that
 A.B isinvertible. Given
1 0 0 0 0 m
A = −1 1 2 , B =  0 1 2 
−2 1 5 −2 1 5
AB is invertible ⇔ |AB| = 6 0 ⇔ |A|.|B| = 6 0
⇔ m 6= 0

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Determinant September 4, 2018 16 / 18

 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Example
1 Given A ∈ M3 , |A| = 2. Define |P3A |
|P3A | = |3A|2 = (33 .|A|)2 = 542 = 2916
2 Given A ∈ M3 , |A| = 2, |B| = 3. Evaluate
|(B T .P2A )−1 |
1 1 1
|(B T .P2A )−1 | = T = =
|B ||P2A | |B||2A|2 |B|(23 |A|)2
1 1
= =
3.(8.2)2 768

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 Using determinants to find the inverse of a matrix

Thank you for your attention

(Phan Thi Khanh Van) Determinant September 4, 2018 18 / 18