MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA

Integrated Curriculum For Secondary Schools

Curriculum Specifications

SCIENCE
Year 6

Curriculum Development Centre

Ministry of Education Malaysia
2006
Copyright © 2007 Curriculum Development Centre
Ministry of Education Malaysia
Kompleks Kerajaan Parcel E
62604 Putrajaya

First published 2007

Copyright reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilisation of this work in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, and recording is
forbidden without the written permission from the Director of the Curriculum Development Centre, Ministry of
Education Malaysia.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

The National Philosophy v

National Philosophy of Education vii
National Science Education Philosophy ix
Preface xi
Introduction 1
Aims and Objectives 1
Scientific Skills 2
Thinking Skills 3
Scientific Attitudes and Noble Values 7
Teaching and Learning Strategies 7
Content Organisation 9

Investigating Living Things

Learning Area: 1. Interaction among living things 11

Investigating Force and Energy

Learning Area: 1. Force 17
2. Movement 21
Investigating Materials
Learning Area: 1. Food Preservation 22
2. Waste Management 25

Investigating The Earth and the Universe

Learning Area: 1. Eclipses 28

Investigating Technology
Learning Area: 1. Machine 30

Acknowledgements 33

Panel of Writers 34

v
 THE NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY

Our nation, Malaysia, is dedicated to achieving a greater unity of all her peoples; to maintaining a
democratic way of life; to creating a just society in which the wealth of the nation shall be equitably
shared; to ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural traditions; to building a
progressive society which shall be oriented towards modern science and technology;

We, the people of Malaysia, pledge our united efforts to attain these ends guided by these principles:

BELIFE IN GOD
LOYALTY TO KING AND COUNTRY
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
RULE OF LAW
GOOD BEHAVIOUR AND MORALITY
vii
 NATIONAL PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a
holistic and integrated manner, so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually,
emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious based on a firm belief in and devotion to God.
Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent,
who possess high moral standards and who are responsible and capable of achieving a high level of
personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, society and the
nation at large.
ix
 NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION PHILOSOPHY

In consonance with the National Education Philosophy,

science education in Malaysia nurtures a
science and technology culture by focusing
on the development of individuals who are competitive,
dynamic, robust and resilient and able to
master scientific knowledge and technological competency.
PREFACE

The aspiration of the nation to become an industrialised In a recent development, the Government has made a
society depends on science and technology. It is decision to introduce English as the medium of instruction
envisaged that success in providing quality science in the teaching and learning of science and mathematics.
education to Malaysians from an early age will serve to This measure will enable pupils to keep abreast of
spearhead the nation into becoming a knowledge society developments in science and technology in contemporary
and a competitive player in the global arena. Towards this society by enhancing their capability and know-how to tap
end, the Malaysian education system is giving greater the diverse sources of information on science written in the
emphasis to science and mathematics education. English language. At the same time, this move would also
provide opportunities for pupils to use the English
The Science curriculum has been designed not only to language and hence, increase their proficiency in the
provide opportunities for pupils to acquire science language. Thus, in implementing the science curriculum,
knowledge and skills, develop thinking skills and thinking attention is given to developing pupils’ ability to use
strategies, and to apply this knowledge and skills in English for study and communication, especially in the
everyday life, but also to inculcate in them noble values early years of learning.
and the spirit of patriotism. It is hoped that the educational
process en route to achieving these aims would produce The development of this curriculum and the preparation of
well-balanced citizens capable of contributing to the the corresponding Curriculum Specifications have been the
harmony and prosperity of the nation and its people. work of many individuals over a period of time. To all those
who have contributed in one way or another to this effort,
may I, on behalf of the Ministry of Education, express my
The Science curriculum aims at producing active learners.
sincere gratitude and thanks for the time and labour
To this end, pupils are given ample opportunities to
expended.
engage in scientific investigations through hands-on
activities and experimentations. The inquiry approach,
incorporating thinking skills, thinking strategies and
thoughtful learning, should be emphasised throughout the
teaching-learning process. The content and contexts
(MAHZAN BIN BAKAR AMP)
suggested are chosen based on their relevance and
Director
appeal to pupils so that their interest in the subject is
Curriculum Development Centre
enhanced.
Ministry of Education Malaysia

xi
 INTRODUCTION AIMS

The aim of the primary school science curriculum is to develop

As articulated in the National Education Policy, education in
pupils’ interest and creativity through everyday experiences and
Malaysia is an on-going effort towards developing the potential of
investigations that promote the acquisition of scientific and
individuals in a holistic and integrated manner to produce
thinking skills as well as the inculcation of scientific attitudes and
individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and
values.
physically balanced and harmonious. The primary and secondary
school science curriculum is developed with the aim of producing
such individuals.
OBJECTIVES
The Level Two Primary School Science curriculum is
designed to stimulate pupils’ curiosity and develop their interest as
The Level Two Primary School Science Curriculum aims to:
well to enable pupils to learn more about themselves and the
1. Stimulate pupils’ curiosity and develop their interest about
world around them through pupil-centered activities.
the world around them.
2. Provide pupils with opportunities to develop science
The curriculum is articulated in two documents: the
process skills and thinking skills.
syllabus and the curriculum specifications. The syllabus presents
3. Develop pupils’ creativity.
the aims, objectives and the outline of the curriculum content for a
4. Provide pupils with basic science knowledge and concepts.
period of 3 years for Level Two Primary School Science. The
5. To provide learning opportunities for pupils to apply
curriculum specifications provides the details of the curriculum,
knowledge and skills in a creative, critical and analytical
which includes the aims and objectives of the curriculum, brief
manner for problem solving and decision-making.
descriptions on thinking skills and thinking strategies, scientific
6. Inculcate scientific attitudes and positive values.
skills, scientific attitudes and noble values, teaching and learning
7. Foster the appreciation on the contributions of science and
strategies, and curriculum content. The curriculum content covers
technology towards national development and well-being
the learning objectives, suggested learning activities, learning
of mankind.
outcomes, notes and vocabulary.
8. Be aware of the need to love and care for the environment.

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SCIENTIFIC SKILLS Making a forecast about what
Predicting will happen in the future based
Science emphasises inquiry and problem solving. In inquiry and on prior knowledge gained
problem solving processes, scientific and thinking skills are through experiences or collected
utilised. Scientific skills are important in any scientific investigation data.
such as conducting experiments and carrying out projects.
Communicating Using words or graphic symbols
Scientific skills encompass science process skills and such as tables, graphs, figures
manipulative skills. or models to describe an action,
object or event.
Science Process Skills
Using space-time Describing changes in
Science process skills enable pupils to formulate their questions relationship parameter with time. Examples
and find out the answers systematically. of parameters are location,
direction, shape, size, volume,
Descriptions of the science process skills are as follows: weight and mass.

Observing Using the sense of hearing, Interpreting data Giving rational explanations
touch, smell, taste and sight to about an object, event or pattern
find out about objects or events. derived from collected data.

Classifying Using observations to group Defining Defining concepts by describing

objects or events according to operationally what must be done and what
similarities or differences. should be observed.

Measuring and Making quantitative Controlling Naming the fixed variables,

Using Numbers observations by comparing to a variables manipulated variable and
conventional or non- responding variable in an
conventional standard. investigation. The manipulated
variable is changed to observe
Making Using past experiences or its relationship with the
Inferences previously collected data to draw responding variable. At the
conclusions and explain events. same time, the fixed variables
are kept constant.

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 THINKING SKILLS
Making Making a general statement
Hypotheses about the relationship between a Thinking is a mental process that requires an individual to
manipulated variable and a integrate knowledge, skills and attitude in an effort to understand
responding variable to explain the environment.
an observation or event. The
statement can be tested to One of the objectives of the national education system is to
determine its validity. enhance the thinking ability of pupils. This objective can be
achieved through a curriculum that emphasises thoughtful
Experimenting Planning and conducting learning. Teaching and learning that emphasises thinking skills is
(design a fair test) activities to test a hypothesis. a foundation for thoughtful learning.
These activities include
collecting, analysing and Thoughtful learning is achieved if pupils are actively
interpreting data and making involved in the teaching and learning process. Activities should be
conclusions. organised to provide opportunities for pupils to apply thinking skills
in conceptualisation, problem solving and decision-making.

Manipulative Skills Thinking skills can be categorised into critical and creative
thinking skills. A person who thinks critically always evaluates an
Manipulative skills in scientific investigation are psychomotor skills idea in a systematic manner before accepting it. A person who
that enable pupils to: thinks creatively has a high level of imagination, is able to
generate original and innovative ideas, and modify ideas and
• Use and handle science apparatus and substances. products.
• Handle specimens correctly and carefully.
• Draw specimens and apparatus. Thinking strategies are higher order thinking processes
• Clean science apparatus. that involve various steps. Each step involves various critical and
• Store science apparatus. creative thinking skills. The ability to formulate thinking strategies
is the ultimate aim of introducing thinking activities in the teaching
and learning process.

3
Critical Thinking Skills

A brief description of each critical thinking skill is as follows:

Attributing Identifying characteristics, Analysing Examining information in detail

features, qualities and by breaking it down into
elements of a concept or an smaller parts to find implicit
object. meanings and relationships.

Comparing and Finding similarities and Detecting Bias Identifying views or opinions
Contrasting differences based on criteria that have the tendency to
such as characteristics, support or oppose something
features, qualities and in an unfair or misleading way.
elements of a concept or
event. Evaluating Making judgements on the
quality or value of something
Grouping and Separating objects or based on valid reasons or
Classifying phenomena into categories evidence.
based on certain criteria such
as common characteristics or Making Making a statement about the
features. Conclusions outcome of an investigation
that is based on a hypothesis.
Sequencing Arranging objects and
information in order based on
the quality or quantity of
common characteristics or
features such as size, time,
shape or number.

Prioritising Arranging objects and

information in order based on
their importance or priority.

4
Creative Thinking Skills

A brief description of each creative thinking skill is as follows:

Generating Ideas Producing or giving ideas in a Synthesising Combining separate elements

discussion. or parts to form a general
picture in various forms such
Relating Making connections in a as writing, drawing or artefact.
certain situation to determine a
structure or pattern of Making Making general statements
relationship. Hypotheses about the relationship between
manipulated variable and
Making Using past experiences or responding variable to explain
Inferences previously collected data to an observation or event. The
draw conclusions and explain statements can be tested to
events. determine their validity.

Predicting Making a forecast about what Making Analogies Understanding an abstract or

will happen in the future based complex concepts by relating it
on prior knowledge gained to simpler or concrete
through experiences or concepts with similar
collected data. characteristics.

Making Making a general conclusion Inventing Producing something new or

Generalisations about a group based on adapting something already in
observations on, or existence to overcome
information from, samples of problems in a systematic
the group. manner.

Visualising Recalling or forming mental

images about a particular idea,
concept, situation or vision.

5
Relationship between Thinking Skills and
Science Process Skills Science Process Skills Thinking Skills

Science process skills are skills that are required in the process of Predicting Relating
finding solutions to a problem or making decisions in a systematic Visualising
manner. It is a mental process that promotes critical, creative,
analytical and systematic thinking. Mastering of science process Using Space-Time Sequencing
skills and the possession of suitable attitudes and knowledge Relationship Prioritising
enable pupils to think effectively.
Interpreting data Comparing and contrasting
The mastering of science process skills involves the Analysing
mastering of the relevant thinking skills. The thinking skills that are Detecting bias
related to a particular science process skill are as follows: Making conclusions
Generalising
Evaluating
Science Process Skills Thinking Skills
Defining operationally Relating
Making analogy
Observing Attributing Visualising
Comparing and contrasting Analysing
Relating
Controlling variables Attributing
Classifying Attributing Comparing and contrasting
Comparing and contrasting Relating
Grouping and classifying Analysing

Measuring and Using Relating Making hypotheses Attributing

Numbers Comparing and contrasting Relating
Comparing and contrasting
Making Inferences Relating Generating ideas
Comparing and contrasting Making hypotheses
Analysing Predicting
Making inferences Synthesising

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 • Dare to try.
Science Process Skills Thinking Skills • Thinking rationally.
• Being confident and independent.

Experimenting All thinking skills The inculcation of scientific attitudes and noble values generally
occurs through the following stages:
Communicating All thinking skills
• Being aware of the importance and the need for scientific
attitudes and noble values.
• Giving emphasis to these attitudes and values.
SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES AND NOBLE VALUES • Practising and internalising these scientific attitudes and noble
values.
Science learning experiences can be used as a means to
inculcate scientific attitudes and noble values in pupils. These
attitudes and values encompass the following: Inculcating Patriotism
• Having an interest and curiosity towards the environment. The science curriculum provides an opportunity for the
• Being honest and accurate in recording and validating data. development and strengthening of patriotism among pupils. For
• Being diligent and persevering. example, in learning about the earth’s resources, the richness and
• Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others, and the variety of living things and the development of science and
environment. technology in the country, pupils will appreciate the diversity of
• Realising that science is a means to understand nature. natural and human resources of the country and deepen their love
• Appreciating and practising clean and healthy living. for the country.
• Appreciating the balance of nature.
• Being respectful and well-mannered.
• Appreciating the contribution of science and technology. TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES
• Being thankful to God.
• Having critical and analytical thinking.
• Being flexible and open-minded. Teaching and learning strategies in the science curriculum
• Being kind-hearted and caring. emphasise thoughtful learning. Thoughtful learning is a process
• Being objective. that helps pupils acquire knowledge and master skills that will help
• Being systematic. them develop their minds to the optimum level. Thoughtful
learning can occur through various learning approaches such as
• Being cooperative.
inquiry, constructivism, contextual learning, and mastery learning.
• Being fair and just.
Learning activities should therefore be geared towards activating

7
pupils’ critical and creative thinking skills and not be confined to The following are brief descriptions of some teaching and learning
routine or rote learning. Pupils should be made aware of the methods.
thinking skills and thinking strategies that they use in their
learning. They should be challenged with higher order questions Experiment
and problems and be required to solve problems utilising their
creativity and critical thinking. The teaching and learning process An experiment is a method commonly used in science lessons. In
should enable pupils to acquire knowledge, master skills and experiments, pupils test hypotheses through investigations to
develop scientific attitudes and noble values in an integrated discover specific science concepts and principles. Conducting an
manner. experiment involves thinking skills, scientific skills, and
manipulative skills.
Inquiry-discovery emphasises learning through
experiences. Inquiry generally means to find information, to In the implementation of this curriculum, besides guiding
question and to investigate a phenomenon that occurs in the pupils to carry out experiments, where appropriate, teachers
environment. Discovery is the main characteristic of inquiry. should provide pupils with the opportunities to design their own
Learning through discovery occurs when the main concepts and experiments. This involves pupils drawing up plans as to how to
principles of science are investigated and discovered by pupils conduct experiments, how to measure and analyse data, and how
themselves. Through activities such as experiments, pupils to present the results of their experiment.
investigate a phenomenon and draw conclusions by themselves.
Teachers then lead pupils to understand the science concepts Discussion
through the results of the inquiry. Thinking skills and scientific
skills are thus developed further during the inquiry process. A discussion is an activity in which pupils exchange questions and
However, the inquiry approach may not be suitable for all teaching opinions based on valid reasons. Discussions can be conducted
and learning situations. Sometimes, it may be more appropriate before, during or after an activity. Teachers should play the role of
for teachers to present concepts and principles directly to pupils. a facilitator and lead a discussion by asking questions that
stimulate thinking and getting pupils to express themselves.
The use of a variety of teaching and learning methods can
enhance pupils’ interest in science. Science lessons that are not Simulation
interesting will not motivate pupils to learn and subsequently will
affect their performances. The choice of teaching methods should In simulation, an activity that resembles the actual situation is
be based on the curriculum content, pupils’ abilities, pupils’ carried out. Examples of simulation are role-play, games and the
repertoire of intelligences, and the availability of resources and use of models. In role-play, pupils play out a particular role based
infrastructure. Different teaching and learning activities should be on certain pre-determined conditions. Games require procedures
planned to cater for pupils with different learning styles and that need to be followed. Pupils play games in order to learn a
intelligences. particular principle or to understand the process of decision-
making. Models are used to represent objects or actual situations

8
so that pupils can visualise the said objects or situations and thus Computer simulation and animation can be presented through
understand the concepts and principles to be learned. courseware or Web page. Application tools such, as word
processors, graphic presentation software and electronic
Project spreadsheets are valuable tools for the analysis and presentation
of data.
A project is a learning activity that is generally undertaken by an
individual or a group of pupils to achieve a particular learning
objective. A project generally requires several lessons to CONTENT ORGANISATION
complete. The outcome of the project either in the form of a report,
an artefact or in other forms needs to be presented to the teacher
and other pupils. Project work promotes the development of The science curriculum is organised around themes. Each theme
problem-solving skills, time management skills, and independent consists of various learning areas, each of which consists of a
learning. number of learning objectives. A learning objective has one or
more learning outcomes.
Visits and Use of External Resources
Learning outcomes are written in the form of measurable
The learning of science is not limited to activities carried out in the behavioural terms. In general, the learning outcomes for a
school compound. Learning of science can be enhanced through particular learning objective are organised in order of complexity.
the use of external resources such as zoos, museums, science However, in the process of teaching and learning, learning
centres, research institutes, mangrove swamps, and factories. activities should be planned in a holistic and integrated manner
Visits to these places make the learning of science more that enables the achievement of multiple learning outcomes
interesting, meaningful and effective. To optimise learning according to needs and context. Teachers should avoid employing
opportunities, visits need to be carefully planned. Pupils may be a teaching strategy that tries to achieve each learning outcome
involved in the planning process and specific educational tasks separately according to the order stated in the curriculum
should be assigned during the visit. No educational visit is specifications.
complete without a post-visit discussion.
The Suggested Learning Activities provide information on
Use of Technology the scope and dimension of learning outcomes. The learning
activities stated under the column Suggested Learning Activities
Technology is a powerful tool that has great potential in enhancing are given with the intention of providing some guidance as to how
the learning of science. Through the use of technology such as learning outcomes can be achieved. A suggested activity may
television, radio, video, computer, and Internet, the teaching and cover one or more learning outcomes. At the same time, more
learning of science can be made more interesting and effective. than one activity may be suggested for a particular learning
Computer simulation and animation are effective tools for the outcome. Teachers may modify the suggested activity to suit the
teaching and learning of abstract or difficult science concepts. ability and style of learning of their pupils. Teachers are

9
encouraged to design other innovative and effective learning
activities to enhance the learning of science.

10
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1. Interaction among living things
1.1 Understanding Pupils view a video on Pupils solitary –
that some animals that live in groups menyendiri
animals live in and in solitary. • state that some animals safety-keselamatan
groups and live in groups. cooperation-
others live in Pupils gather information bekerjasama
solitary and give examples of • state that some animals competition-
animals that live in group live in solitary. persaingan
and in solitary.
• give examples of animals
Pupils discuss why animals that live in groups.
live in groups, e.g.
a) for safety, • give examples of animals
b) for food. that live in solitary.
Pupils observe how ants live • explain why animals live Teacher can prepare a
together in a vivarium. in groups. vivarium of an ant
colony two weeks
Pupils discuss why animals before the lesson.
• explain why animals live
live in solitary, e.g.
in solitary.
a) to avoid competition for
food,
b) to avoid competition for
space. • state that cooperation is a
form of interaction among
animals.

11
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1.2 Understanding Pupils view video on Pupils The video should interaction-interaksi
that competition interaction among living include various types competition-
is a form of things in various habitats. • state that living things of interaction such as persaingan
interaction interact with one another competition and limited resources-
among living Pupils discuss and give in the environment coorperation. sumber terhad
things examples of interaction territory-wilayah
among living things. breeding-
pembiakan
Pupils discuss that • state that competition is a mate-pasangan
competition is a form of form of interaction. defend-
interaction. mempertahankan
space-ruang
Pupils view video or shelter-tempat
computer simulation of perlindungan
competition among
animals.

Pupils discuss and list the • list the factors that

factors that animals animals compete for.
compete for:
a) food,
b) water,
c) mate,
d) shelter,
e) territory/space.

Pupils carry out activities to

observe animals competing
for food, e.g. fish or bird.
• give reasons why animals
Pupils discuss that animals compete.
compete because of:

12
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
a) limited food resources,
b) limited water resources,
c) trying to get a mate for
breeding,
d) defending or looking for
territory,
e) defending or looking for
shelter.

Pupils view a video or These activities can be

pictures of plants in the prepared earlier
forest. Based on the video because they may
or pictures pupils discuss take some time to
why plants in the forest have show results.
different heights. Suggestion:
a) green beans,
Pupils carry out activities to b) maize.
observe competition among
plants.

Pupils discuss that plants

compete for: • list factors that plants
a) sunlight, compete for.
b) water,
c) space,
d) nutrient.

Pupils discuss and • give reasons why plants

conclude that plants compete with each other.
compete because of:
a) limited sunlight that can

13
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
reach them,
b) limited water resources,
c) limited space,
d) limited nutrient.

1.3 Understanding Pupils view a video or Pupils rafflesia- bunga

the responsibility pictures of animals that are pakma
of human beings extinct, e.g. dinosaurs. • give examples of hornbill-burung
in protecting extinct animal. enggang
endangered Pupils view a video or • give examples of conservation-
species pictures of endangered endangered animal. pemuliharaan
animals and plants, e.g. • give examples of protection-
tiger, turtle, orang utan, endangered plant. pelindungan
panda, rhinoceros and endangered-
rafflesia and pitcher plant. terancam
extinct-pupus
Pupils discuss and conclude • explain why certain excessive-
that certain animals and animals or plants are berleluasa
plants are facing the threat facing the threat of threat- ancaman
of extinction because of extinction. logging-
human activities such as pembalakan
illegal or excessive: consume-
a) logging, menggunakan
b) hunting, enforcement-
c) development. penguatkuasaan

Discuss ways to prevent • suggest ways to

animals and plants from prevent animals and
extinction, e.g. plants from extinction.
a) campaign against

14
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
excessive logging,
b) educating the public
about the importance of
protecting and conserving
animals and plants,
c) avoid consuming or
buying products made
from endangered
species,
d) enforcing the law.

1.4 Knowing the Pupils view video or see Pupils balance of nature-
impact of human pictures of environmental keseimbangan
activities on destructions caused by • give examples of alam
environment human activities, e.g. environmental destruction illegal logging-
a) erosion, caused by human. pembalakan haram
b) landslide, illegal hunting-
c) flash-flood, pemburuan haram
d) water pollution, landslide-tanah
e) air pollution. runtuh
• explain how human flash-flood-banjir
Pupils view a video and activities cause kilat
discuss human activities environmental pollution-
that cause destruction to the destruction. pencemaran
environment, e.g. erosion-hakisan
a) illegal and excessive disaster-bencana
logging, destruction-
b) illegal and excessive kemusnahan
hunting,
c) improper management of
development.

15
Investigating Living Things Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss what will
happen to the Earth if • predict what will happen
human activities that caused to the Earth if human
environmental destructions activities are not
are not controlled. controlled.

Pupils prepare a scrap book

on environmental
destruction caused by
human activities and steps
taken to reduce its effects.

16
Investigating Force and Energy Year 6- Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1. Force
1.1 Understanding Pupils push and pull each Pupils pull-tarikan
that push and pull other’s palms to feel the push-tolakan
are forces effect of forces. • state that push and force-daya
pull are forces. palm-tapak tangan
Pupils discuss and
conclude that push and pull
are forces.

Based on the above activity

pupils discuss and • state that force cannot
conclude that a force be seen but its effects
cannot be seen but its can be observed.
effects can be observed.

1.2 Understanding Pupils carry out activities Pupils speed – kelajuan

the effects of a and discuss the effects of stationary–pegun
force pushing • state that a force can moving –
a) a stationary ball, move a stationary bergerak
b) a moving ball. object. twist-pulas
• state that a force can press- tekan
Pupils press, twist or change the motion of
squeeze objects such as an object.
plasticine, sponge and • state that a force can
spring. change the shape of
an object.
Pupils observe and discuss
the effects of forces.

17
Investigating Force and Energy Year 6- Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss and
conclude that a force can:
a) move the stationary
object,
b) stop a moving object,
c) change the direction of
a moving object,
d) make an object move
faster or slower,
e) change the shape of an
object.

1.3 Analysing Pupils observe an object Pupils friction – geseran

friction such as a book or a coin aerodynamic-
sliding on a surface. • state that friction is a aerodinamik
type of force. oppose –
Pupils discuss that friction bertentangan
slows down a moving object effect – kesan
and conclude that friction is reduce –
a force. kurangkan
increase –
Pupils carry out activities menambahkan
that involve friction, e.g. surfaces in contact
a) open the lid of a jar with – permukaan yang
dry hands, bersentuhan
b) open the lid of a jar with
oily hands.

Pupils discuss and conclude

that it is easier to open the
lid of a jar with dry hands

18
Investigating Force and Energy Year 6- Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
because of greater friction.

Pupils carry out activities • describe the effects of

that involve friction, e.g. friction.
a) rubbing their palms,
b) pulling a heavy object,
c) rubbing an eraser
against a surface.

Based on the above

activities pupils explain the
effects of friction:
a) their palms become
warmer because friction
produces heat,
b) it is difficult to move the
object because friction
opposes motion,
c) the eraser becomes
smaller because friction
causes wear and tear.

Pupils list and discuss the Friction can be

effects of friction in everyday reduced by using:
life. a) using roller, marbles
b) using talcum
Pupils compare the effects • describe ways to powder, oil, wax,
of friction by rubbing their reduce friction. grease, air cushion,
palms: • describe ways to c) smoothening the
a) without oil, increase friction. surfaces in contact.
b) with oil.

19
Investigating Force and Energy Year 6- Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss and conclude
that oil reduces friction.

Pupils suggest various ways

to reduce friction.

Pupils carry out activities to

test their suggestions.

Pupils gather information on • state the advantages

the advantages and of friction.
disadvantages of friction in
everyday life. • state the
disadvantages of
Pupils discuss various friction.
situations where friction • conclude that friction
occurs and conclude that occurs when two
friction is produced when surfaces are in
surfaces are in contact with contact.
one another.
• design a fair test to
Pupils plan and carry out an find out how different
experiment to investigate types of surfaces
how different types of affect the distance a
surfaces affects the distance trolley moves by
a trolley moves. deciding what to
change, what to keep
the same and what to
measure.

20
Investigating Force and Energy Year 6- Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
2. Movement
2.1 Understanding Pupils carry out activities Pupils
speed to:
a) compare the distances • state that an object
travelled in a given time which moves faster
by two moving objects, travels a longer
b) compare the time taken distance in a given
by two moving objects to time.
travel a given distance.
• state that an object
Pupils discuss and conclude which moves faster
that: takes a shorter time to
a) an object which moves travel a given distance.
faster travels a longer
distance in a given time,
b) an object which moves
faster takes a shorter
time to travel a given
distance.

Pupils conclude that: • state what speed is.

a) speed is a measurement
of how fast an object
moves,
b) speed can be calculated
by using the formula • solve problems using
speed = distance/time. the formula.
Pupils solve problems using
the formula.

21
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1. Food preservation
1.1 Understanding Pupils observe samples of Pupils medium - keadaan
food spoilage spoilt food. Food used in the
• describe what spoilt food is. activity should not be
Pupils discuss and conclude tasted.
that spoilt food is unsafe to
eat.
• identify characteristics of
Pupils conclude that spoilt spoilt food.
food has one or more of the
following characteristics:
a) unpleasant smell,
b) unpleasant taste,
c) changed colour,
d) changed texture,
e) mouldy.

Pupils carry out an activity • state that microorganisms

to observe that food turns can spoil food.
bad by leaving a slice of
bread in the open for a few
days.

Pupils discuss and conclude

that microorganisms can
spoil food.

Pupils gather information • state the conditions for

and conclude that microorganisms to grow.
microorganisms need
certain conditions to grow:

22
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
a) air,
b) water,
c) nutrient,
d) suitable temperature,
e) suitable acidity.

1.2 Synthesisng the Pupils find information Pupils drying-

concept of food about ways to preserve pengeringan
preservation food and examples of food • describe ways to preserve pickling-
for each type of food. penjerukan
preservation, i.e. • give examples of food for heating -
a) drying, each type of food pemanasan
b) boiling, preservation. vacuum packing-
c) cooling, pembungkusan
d) vacuum packing, vakum
e) pickling, cooling-
f) freezing, pendinginan
g) bottling/canning, freezing-penyejuk
h) pasteurising, bekuan
i) salting, bottling-
j) smoking, pembotolan
k) waxing. canning-
pengetinan
Pupils discuss and explain • give reasons why each way smoking- salai
why the above ways are of food preservation is salting- pengasinan
used to preserve food. used.

23
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils view a video or visit
food factory to observe how
food is processed and
preserved.

Pupils discuss that food • state what food

preservation is a process of preservation is.
slowing down the food from Food given can be:
becoming bad. a) tapioca,
• design and carry out a b) banana,
Pupils carry out a project on project to preserve a given c) egg,
food preservation to food. d) mango,
preserve a given food. e) chili.

1.3 Realising the Pupils discuss and give Pupils

importance of reasons why we need to
preserving food preserve food, e.g. • give reasons why we need
a) the food will last longer, to preserve food.
b) the food is easy to store,
c) to reduce wastage of
food.

24
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
2. Waste management
2.1 Understanding Pupils observe various Pupils harmful effects-
the effects of waste in a rubbish bin, e.g. kesan buruk
improper plastic, glass, chemical • identify types of waste waste disposal -
disposal of waste, organic waste and in the environment. pembuangan
waste on the metal. bahan buangan
environment • identify sources of
Pupils view a video on waste.
various waste from factories,
food stalls and market. • state the improper
ways of waste
Pupils gather information disposal.
on:
a) sources of waste, • state the proper ways
b) various ways of waste of waste disposal.
disposal.
• describe the harmful
Pupils discuss and classify effects of improper
the proper and improper waste disposal.
ways of waste disposal.

Pupils discuss the harmful

effects of improper waste
disposal, e.g.
a) air pollution,
b) water pollution,
c) sickness and diseases,
d) acid rain,
e) flash-flood.

25
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils gather information on • describe how waste is
how waste in a local area is disposed in a local
disposed. area.

Pupils discuss and suggest • suggest ways to

ways to improve waste improve waste
disposal in a local area. disposal.

Pupils visit a waste

management centre or listen
to a talk to gather
information on how waste is
treated.

2.2 Understanding Pupils view videos and time- Pupils Biodegradable decay-reput
that some waste lapse clippings about waste materials are materials harmful-merbahaya
can decay that decay and waste that • state that certain that can be decayed separate- asingkan
do not decay. waste can decay. by microorganisms.

Pupils separate waste in a • give examples of Certain plastics are

rubbish bin according to the waste that can decay. biodegradable.
categories such as
vegetables, paper, glass, • give examples of
plastics and wood. waste that do not
decay.
Put each type into separate
thick plastic bags. Place
these bags in the open and
observe the changes over a
period of time.

26
Investigating Materials Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss and give
examples of waste that:
a) decay,
b) do not decay.
• state that
Pupils discuss and conclude microorganisms can
a) some microorganisms cause waste materials
caused waste to decay, to decay.
b) during the decaying
process nutrients are
returned to the soil, in this
way they can be used
again.

Pupils gather information • state the advantages

and discuss the advantages of waste decaying.
and disadvantages of decay • state the
of waste. disadvantages of
waste decaying.

Pupils discuss and predict • predict what will

what will happen to human happen to human and
and the environment if the environment if
waste do not decay. waste do not decay.

27
Investigating The Earth and The Universe Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1. Eclipses

1.1 Understanding Pupils use models to Pupils eclipse-gerhana

the eclipse of the simulate the movement of position-kedudukan
moon the Earth, the Moon and the • state what eclipse of the partial eclipse-
Sun. moon is. gerhana separa
total eclipse-
Pupils view a video or • state the position of the gerhana penuh
computer simulation about Moon, the Earth and the
partial and total eclipse of Sun during the eclipse of
the moon. the moon.

Pupils discuss and conclude • explain why eclipse of the

that eclipse of the moon moon occurs
occurs because:
a) the Earth is between the
Moon and the Sun, and
b) the Earth, the Moon and
the Sun are positioned in
a straight line.

Pupils draw diagrams to

show the position of the
Moon, the Earth and the
Sun during the eclipse of the
moon.

1.2 Understanding Pupils use models to Pupils

the eclipse of the simulate the movement of
sun the Earth, the Moon and the • state what eclipse of the
Sun. sun is.

28
Investigating The Earth and The Universe Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss that the
eclipse of the sun occurs
during daytime.

Pupils view videos or

computer simulations about
partial and total eclipse of
the sun.

Pupils discuss and conclude • state the position of the

that eclipse of the sun Moon, the Earth and the
occurs because: Sun during the eclipse of
a) the Moon is between the the sun.
Earth and the Sun,
b) the Earth, the Moon and • explain why eclipse of the
the Sun are positioned in sun occurs.
a straight line.

Pupils draw diagrams to

show the position of the
Moon, the Earth and the
Sun during the eclipse of the
sun.
Pupils discuss and predict • predict the scenario on
the scenario on the Earth the Earth during the
during the eclipse of the eclipse of the sun.
sun.

29
Investigating Technology Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
1. Machine
1.1 Understanding Pupils try to remove the lid Pupils lid- penutup
simple machines of a tin using wheel and axle-
a) bare hands, • explain what simple roda dan gandar
b) spoon. machine is. lever-tuas
wedge-baji
Pupils compare the pulley-takal
difficulty to complete the gear-gear
task and discuss the inclined plane-
function of the tool. satah condong
screw-skru
Pupils discuss that a simple
machine is a device that
allows us to use less force
to make work easier or
faster.

Pupils examine and • state types of simple

manipulate the following machines
simple machines:
a) wheel and axle, • give an example for each
b) lever, type of simple machine.
c) wedge,
d) pulley,
e) gear,
f) inclined plane,
g) screw.

Pupils discuss types and

examples of simple
machines.

30
Investigating Technology Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils walk around the
school compound and
identify various types of
simple machines.

1.2 Analysing a Pupils identify the simple Pupils wheel barrow-

complex machines in a bicycle or a kereta sorong
machine wheel barrow. • identify simple machines
in a complex machine.
Pupils discuss and conclude
that a complex machine is a • conclude that a complex
machine made up of more machine is made up of
than one simple machine. more than one simple
machine.

Pupils prepare scrap books • give examples of complex

on examples of complex machines.
machines.

1.3 Appreciating the Pupils carry out simulation Pupils Encourage pupils to
invention of to find out how life would be reuse materials and
machines that without machines. • predict how life is without recycle materials.
make life easier machines.
Pupils discuss and predict
how life would be without
machines.

31
Investigating Technology Year 6-Science

Learning Suggested Learning Learning Outcomes Notes Vocabulary

Objectives Activities
Pupils discuss and explain • explain how machines
how machines make our can make our lives
lives easier. easier.

Pupils identify a problem • design a machine to solve

and design a machine to a problem.
solve the problem.

32
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Advisors Dr. Haili bin Dolhan Director

Curriculum Development Centre

Mahzan Bakar SMP, AMP Director

Curriculum Development Centre (until February 2007)

Maznah bt Abdul Hamid Deputy Director

Curriculum Development Centre

Zulkifly Wazir Deputy Director

Curriculum Development Centre (until August 2006)

Editorial Advisors Cheah Eng Joo Principal Assistant Director (Science and Mathematics)
Curriculum Development Centre

Ho Heng Ling Assistant Director (Head of Core Science Unit)

Curriculum Development Centre

Zaidah Mohd Yusoff Assistant Director (Head of Elective Science Unit)

Curriculum Development Centre

Yeap Chin Heng (Ph.D) Assistant Director (Head of Core Science Unit)
Curriculum Development Centre (until July 2005)

Editor Zainon Abd Majid Assistant Director

Curriculum Development Centre

33
 PANEL OF WRITERS

Cheah Eng Joo Curriculum Development Centre Lim Yoon Khim SJKC Kwang Hwa, P. Pinang
Ho Heng Ling Curriculum Development Centre Linda Cheng Lean Bee SK Hutchings, P. Pinang
Zaidi Yazid Curriculum Development Centre Lim Siew Peng SK(P) Methodist, Melaka
Yeap Chin Heng (Ph.D) Curriculum Development Centre Makrin Sudi SK Sampir, Sabah
Zainon Abd Majid Curriculum Development Centre Marzita Omar SK Permatang Bertam, P.P
Aizatul Adzwa M. Basri Curriculum Development Centre Munisamy a/l Sengodan SJKT Ladang Henrietta, Kedah
Ahmad Salihin Mat Saat Curriculum Development Centre Misiah Sanusi SK Merbau Sempak, Selangor
Lanita Mohd Yusof Curriculum Development Centre Mahendran a/l Subramaniam SK(L) Methodist, K.L
Salbiah Mohd Som Curriculum Development Centre Mohd Fauzi Hashim SK Paya, Perlis
Salina Hanum Osman M Curriculum Development Centre Mohd Nashuha Jamidin (Ph.D) MP Sultan Abd Halim, Kedah
Yusof Ismail Curriculum Development Centre Normah Abd Wahab SK Air Terjun, Terengganu
Zaidah Mohd Yusof Curriculum Development Centre Nordin Ambak SK Rasau Kerteh, Terengganu
Zainusham Yusof Curriculum Development Centre Noor Iemah Ismail SK Sg Behrang, Perak
Zulkifli Baharudin Curriculum Development Centre Nor Laili Hj. Shoed SK Port Dickson, N.Sembilan
Abd Wahab Abd Aziz SK Bukit Lintang, Melaka Normah Baharom SK Sultanah Asma, Kedah
Ariffin Jaafar SK Kemahang 2, Kelantan Ooi Chong Nam SJKC Yang Koa,
Abdullah Ibrahim SK Wakaf Bharu, Kelantan Rohani Ahmad SK Methodist, Perak
Ahmad Hasan SK Kuala Perlis, Perlis Rosanani Ghazali SK Seri Biram, Pahang
Abu Jalil Hasan IPDA Jitra, Kedah Rais Abd Aziz SK Batu Lanchang, P.Pinang
Azizah Ngah Tasir MP Teknik, Kuala Lumpur Rohaya Ahmad SK Sg. Rambai,
Ettin ak Lambat SK St. Faith, Sarawak Rohana Hussein SK Jln. 2, Bangi, Selangor
Fuad Hashim SK P Sultan Ibrahim, Johor Rosnah Johari MP Batu Rakit , Terengganu
Faridah Salleh SK Jijan,Negeri Sembilan Siti Norfaridah Chai Abdullah SK Agama Miri, Sarawak
Fatimah Yusoff MPP Melayu, Melaka Shamsuria Ebni SK St Annes, Wp Labuan
Fadzillah Ab Rahman SK Seri Budiman II, Terengganu Suriakumari a/lp Palaniyandi SJKT Paya Rumput, Melaka

34
Hasanor Said Mohd Sabri SK Taman Melati, Kl Saat Ariffin SK Pulau Kundur, Kelantan
Ibrahim Abdullah SK Penghulu Ahmad, Kedah Siti Fauziah Ridzuan SK Batu Hampar, Kedah
Indon Sulong SK Mergong II, Kedah Teh Malihah Hussain SK Simpang Empat, Perak
Jagajothy a/p Selvarasah SK Convent Green Lane, Venancy Angela Suimen SRK St. Aloysius Limbanak, Sabah
Jaffri Johan Zanudin SK Batu Hampar, Kedah Wong Poh Teck SK Semabok, Melaka
Ku Norgayah Ku Sulong SK Tasik Apong, Kedah Zainuddin Abdullah SK Batang Melaka, Melaka

35
Curriculum Development Centre
Ministry of Education
2007