CLASS IX

CHAPTER - 2 POLYNOMIALS

POLYNOMIAL : An algebraic expression with one variable and having exponents

as whole numbers is called a polynomial.

• Degree of a polynomial : Highest power of the variable in a polynomial is called

the degree of the polynomial.
• Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic
polynomials respectively.
• Degree of a non- zero constant polynomial is zero.
• Degree of a zero polynomial is not defined.
 TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS
On the basis of number of terms in On the basis of degree of the
the polynomial polynomial
(i)Monomial: (i)Linear:
Polynomial having one term Polynomial having degree 1
One

(ii)Binomial: (ii)Quadratic:
Polynomial having two terms Polynomial having degree 2
(iii)Trinomial: (iii)Cubic:
Polynomial having three terms Polynomial having degree 3

Note that 5,6,-9 etc are called non-zero constant polynomials and 0 is called
zero polynomial.

SAMPLE QUESTION
Which one of the following is a polynomial?

Solution:

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½ which is not a whole number.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS :
1. Which one is not a polynomial?

(a) 4x2 + 2x – 1 (b) (c) x3 – 1 (d) y2 + 5y + 1

2. Identify the polynomial

(a) x–2 + x–1 + 5 (b) (c) (d) 3x2 + 7

ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL

• A zero of a polynomial p(x) is a number c such that p(c) =0.

• A linear polynomial has one and only one zero.

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 • A polynomial can have more than one zero.
• A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
• 0 may be a zero of a polynomial.

SAMPLE QUESTION
Q.1Find the zeroes of the polynomial in each of the following,
(i) p(x)=x – 4 (ii) g(x)= 3 – 6x
(iii) q(x) = 2x – 7 (iv) h(y) = 2y
Solution:
(i) Given, polynomial is
p(x) = x- 4
For zero of polynomial, put p(x) = x-4 = 0
=> x= 4
Hence, zero of polynomial is 4.
(ii) Given, polynomial is
g(x) = 3-6x
For zero of polynomial, put g(x) = 0
3-6x= 0 => 6x =3 => x=1/2.
Hence, zero of polynomial is ½.
(iii) Given, polynomial is q(x) = 2x -7 .
For zero of polynomial, put q(x) = 2x-7 = 0
2x= 7 => x =7/2
Hence, zero of polynomial is 7/2.
(iv) Given polynomial h(y) = 2 y.
For zero of polynomial, put h(y) = 0
2y= 0
Hence, the zero of polynomial is 0

Q.2 Find the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 + 7x – 4 .

Solution:
(b) Let p (x) = 2x2 + 7x-4
= 2x2 + 8x-x-4 [by splitting middle term]
= 2x(x+ 4)-1(x+ 4)
= (2x-1)(x+ 4)
For zeroes of p(x), put p(x) = 0=> (2x -1) (x + 4) = 0
=> 2x-1 = 0 and x+4 = 0
=> x = ½ and x = -4
Hence, zeroes of the polynomial p(x) are ½ and -4.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS :
Q.1 Find value of p(x) =2x+3 at x=2
Q.2 Check p(1) =0 or not, where p(x) =3x-3
Q.3 Verify whether 2 and 0 are zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 2x .
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REMAINDER THEOREM
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or
equal to one and let a be any real number. If p(x) is divided by the linear
polynomial x – a, then the remainder is p(a).

SAMPLE QUESTION

Q.1 Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3, when x = – 1

Solution:
Let p (x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3 …(i)
On putting x = -1 in Eq. (i), we get
p(-1) = 5(-1) -4(-1)2 + 3= -5-4+3 = -6
Q.2By remainder theorem, find the remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x)
(i) p(x) = x3-2x2-4x-1, g(x)=x + 1
(ii) p(x) = x3 -3x2 + 4x + 50, g(x)= x – 3

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q.1 By remainder theorem, find the remainder when p(x) is divided by g(x)
p(x) = x3 – 12x2 + 14x -3, g(x)= 2x – 1
Q.2 If f(x) =x3 +x2 -2x +3 ,then find f(1).
Q.3 If f(x) =x3 -x2 +2x +3 ,then find f(-1).
Q.3 Find remainder by long division method when x4+ x3 -2x2 +x +1 is divided by x-2.
Also find remainder using Remainder Theorem.

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FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS

FACTOR THEOREM : If p(x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and
‘a’ be any real number, then
If (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) =0
If p(a) =0 then (x - a) is a factor of p(x).

SAMPLE QUESTION

Q.1 Show that x + 3 is a factor of 69 + 11x – x2 + x3 .

Solution:

Q.2 Check whether p(x) is a multiple of g(x) or not

(i) p(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 4x – 3, g(x) = x – 2.
(ii) p(x) = 2x3 – 11x2 – 4x+ 5, g(x) = 2x + l

Method to solve the question:

Firstly, find the zero of g(x) and then put the value of x in p(x) and simplify it.
(ii) lf p(a) = 0 then p(x) is a multiple of g(x) and If p(a) # 0 then p(x) is not a
multiple of g(x) where ‘a’ is a zero of g (x).

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 Solution:

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Q.1 Check whether, x – 3 is a factor of x + 2x3 -9x2 +12.
Q.2 Without actual division, prove that 2x4 – 5x3 + 2x2 – x+ 2 is divisible by x – 2.

ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

• ( a+ b )2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
• ( a - b )2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
• a2 - b2 = (a – b) ( a + b)
• (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + ( a + b) x + ab
• ( a+ b + c )2 = a2 + b2 + c2 +2ab + 2bc +2ac
• ( a + b )3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b )
• ( a – b )3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b )
• a3 - b3 = (a – b) ( a2 + b2 + ab)
• a3 + b3 = ( a +b) ( a2 + b2 - ab)
• a3+ b3+c3 -3abc = (a+b+c) (a2 + b2+c2 –ab –bc - ac)
• If a+b+c = 0 ,
Then a3+ b3+c3 = 3abc

SAMPLE QUESTION
Q.1 Expand the following
(i) (4a-b + 2c)2
(ii) (3a – 5b – c)2
(iii) (-x + 2y-3z)2

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Solution:

FACTORIZATION OF A CUBIC POLYNOMIAL

1. Find any one factor of the given polynomial by hit and trial method.
2. By long division method, find the quotient when the given polynomial is divided by
this factor.
3. Factorize the quotient by splitting the middle term.

SAMPLE QUESTION

Q.1 Factorise : 2x3 - 3x2 -17x + 30

Q.2 Factorise the following

(i) 9x2 +4y2 + 16z2 +12xy-16yz -24xz

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Solution:

Q.3 Without finding the cubes, factorise (x- 2y)3 + (2y – 3z)3 + (3z – x)3.
Solution:
We know that,
a3+ b3+c3 -3abc = (a+b+c) (a2 + b2+c2 –ab –bc - ac)
Also if a+b+c = 0 ,
Then a3+ b3+c3 = 3abc
Here, we see that (x-2y) +(2y-3z)+ (3z-x) = 0
Therefore, (x- 2y)3 + (2y – 3z)3 + (3z – x)3 = 3(x-2y)(2y-3z)(3z-x).

PRACTICE QUESTIONS :
Q.1 Factorize x2 - 8x + 15
Q.2 Factorize x2 - 4x - 12
Q.3 How many linear factors does a cubic polynomial have?
Q.4 Factorise
(i) x3 -6x2 +11 x-6
(ii) x3 + x2 – 4x – 4
Q.5 Factorise the following
(i) 25x2 + 16y2 + 4z2 – 40xy + 16yz – 20xz
(ii) 16x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 16xy – 12yz + 24xz

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