TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

(PHASE–I)

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

CONTENTS

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 27

♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 28 – 37

♦ EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 38 – 40

♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 41 – 52

♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 52 – 60

♦ EXERCISE - V ................................................................................................. 60 – 63

♦ ANSWER KEY .................................................................................................... 64

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Page # 2 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

JEE Syllabus :
Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae involving
multiple and sub-multiple angles

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, [email protected]
0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, [email protected]
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A. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

(a) sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 ; −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 ; −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R

(b) sec² θ − tan² θ = 1 ; sec θ ≥ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R
(c) cosec² θ − cot² θ = 1 ; cosec θ ≥ 1 ∀ θ ∈ R
Important Trigonometric Ratios :
(a) sin n π = 0 ; cos n π = (-1)n ; tan n π = 0 where n ∈ I

(2n + 1)π (2n + 1)π

(b) sin = (−1)n & cos = 0 where n ∈ I
2 2
Trigonometric Functions Of Allied Angles :
If θ is any angle , then − θ , 90 ± θ , 180 ± θ , 270 ± θ , 360 ± θ etc. are called ALLIED ANGLES .
(a) sin (− θ) = − sin θ ; cos (− θ) = cos θ ; tan (− θ) = – tan θ
(b) sin (90°- θ) = cos θ ; cos (90° − θ) = sin θ ; tan (90° − θ) = cot θ
(c) sin (90°+ θ) = cos θ ; cos (90°+ θ) = − sin θ ; tan (90°+ θ) = −cot θ
(d) sin (180°− θ) = sin θ ; cos (180°− θ) = − cos θ ; tan (180°− θ) = −tan θ
(e) sin (180°+ θ) = − sin θ ; cos (180°+ θ) = − cos θ ; tan (180°+ θ) = tan θ
(f) sin (270°− θ) = − cos θ ; cos (270°− θ) = − sin θ ; tan (270°− θ) = cot θ
(g) sin (270°+ θ) = − cos θ ; cos (270°+ θ) = sin θ ; tan (270°+ θ) = – cot θ

Ex.1 Express 1·2 radians in degree measure.

180 180 22
Sol. 1·2 radians = 1·2 × degrees = 1·2 × [∴ π = (approx).]
π 22 /7 7

1·2 × 180 × 7
= = 68·7272 = 68º (·7272 × 60)’ = 68º (43·63)’
22
= 68º 43’ (·63 × 60)” = 68º 43’ 37·8”

9  3π 
Ex.2 Calculate sin α if cos α = – and α ∈  π, .
11  2 

Sol. For any angle α belonging to the indicated interval sin α is negative, and therefore sin α = – 1 − cos 2 α

2
 9 2 10
= – 1−  −  =– .
 11  11

5  3π 
Ex.3 Calculate tan α if cos α = – and α ∈  π, .
5  2 
Sol. For any angle α belonging to the indicated interval tan α is positive and cos α is negative, and

− 1 − cos 2 α
therefore tan α = = 2.
cos α

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 5π 7π  α
Ex.4 Given that 5 cos2 α − 2 sin α − 2 = 0  <α<  , then find the value of cot .
 4 4 2
Sol. Making a quadratic equation in sin2 α

3  5π 7π 
(sin α + 1) (5 sin α − 3) = 0 sin α = − 1 sin α = not possible as  <α< 
5  4 4

3π α 3π 3π
α= , = ⇒ cot =1
2 2 4 4

Ex.5 Prove that 3(sin x – cos x)4 + 4(sin6x + cos6x) + 6(sin x + cos x)2 = 13

Sol. L.H.S. = 3[(sin x – cos x)2]2 + 4[(sin2 x)3 + (cos2 x)3)]

+ 6(sin2 x+ cos2x + 2 sin x cos x)
= 3 (sin2 x + cos2 x – 2 sin x cos x)2 + 4(sin2 x + cos2 x) (sin4x + cos4x – sin2 x cos2x)]
+ 6(sin2 x + cos2x + 2 sin x cos x)
= 3(1 – 2 sin x cos x)2 + 4 [(sin4 x + cos4 x ) – sin2 x cos2 x] + 6 (1 + 2 sin x . cos x)
= 3 (1 + 4 sin2x cos2x – 4 sin x cos x) + 4 [(sin2x + cos2x)2
– 2sin2 x cos2x – sin2 x cos2x] + 6 + 12 sinx cos x
= 3 + 12sin2x cos2x – 12 sin x cos x + 4 (1 – 3 sin2 x cos2x) + 6 + 12 sin x cos x
= 3 + 12 sin2x cos2x + 4 – 12sin2x cos2x + 6 = 13

cos 4 A sin4 A
Ex.6 If + = 1, Prove that sin4A + sin4B = 2 sin2 A sin2 B
cos 2 B sin2 B

cos 4 A sin4 A
Sol. Given, + = 1 = cos2 A + sin2 A
cos 2 B sin2 B

cos 4 A sin4 A
or, – cos 2
A = sin2
A –
cos 2 B sin2 B

cos2 A(cos2 A − cos2 B) sin2 A(sin2 B − sin2 A )

or, 2 =
cos B sin2 B

cos 2 A sin2 A
or, (cos 2
A – cos 2
B) = [(1– cos2 B) – (1 – cos2A)]
cos 2 B sin2 B

 cos 2 A sin2 A 
or, (cos2 A – cos2B)  −  =0
2
 cos B sin2 B 

When cos2 A – cos2 B = 0, cos2 A = cos2 B

cos2 A sin2 A
when − = 0, cos2A sin2 B = sin2 A cos2B
cos 2 B sin2 B

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or, cos 2 A (1 – cos2 B) = (1 – cos2A) cos2 B

or, cos2A – cos2 A cos2 B = cos2B – cos2A cos2B
or, cos2 A = cos2 B

cos2 A = cos2 B
Thus 
∴ 1 − sin A = 1 − sin B or, sin2 A = sin2 B
2 2

L.H.S. = sin4 A + sin4B = (sin2 A – sin2B)2 + 2 sin2 A sin2 B

= 2sin2 A sin2 B= R.H.S. [∵ sin2 A = sin2 B]

b−a
sin x
1 a
Ex.7 Simplify the expression . a + b tan 2 x where b > a > 0.
b−a  b−a 
2

1+  sin x 
 a 
 

Sol. After a few simple manipulations, this expression (for brevity denote it by P) can be rewritten

sin x a + b tan2 x sin x a + b tan2 x

P= =
a + (b − a) sin2 x a cos2 x + b sin2 x

Some students handle this as follows:

sin2 x a cos 2 x + b sin2 x

a + b tan 2 x = a + b =
cos2 x cos x

and get a wrong answer: P = tan x. In this transformation what we actually have to simplify is the

expression cos 2 x which is equal to |cos x|. And so the final result is P = sinx / |cos x|.

1
Ex.8 If tan θ = where θ ∈ (0, 2π), find the possible values of θ.
1
2+
1
2+
2 + ∞
1 1
Sol. Let tan θ = x = =
2+
1 2+x
1
2+
2 + ∞

−2± 8
x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x= = ( 2 − 1) ∵ − 2 − 1 is not b/w (0, 2π)
2
π 9π
∴ tan θ = 2 −1 ⇒ θ = or
8 8

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 Page # 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

π   3π 
cos3  + θ  cot(3π + θ) sec(θ − 3π) cosec − θ 
Ex.9 Simplify 2   2 .
tan (θ − π) sin(θ − 2π)
2

(− sin 3 θ)(cot θ)(− sec θ)(− sec θ) sin 3 θ · cos 2 θ · cos θ cos θ
Sol. =– =– = – cot θ
tan θ sin θ
2 sin θ · sin θ · cos θ · sin θ
2 2
sin θ

Ex.10 If the expression

 3π   3π 
cos  x −  + sin  + x  + sin (32π + x) – 18 cos(19π – x) + cos(56π + x) – 9 sin(x + 17π)
 2   2 
is expressed in the form of a sin x + b cos x find the value of a + b.
Sol. – sin x – cos x + sin x + 18 cos x + cos x + 9 sin x
18 cos x + 9 sin x = a sin x + b cos x
∴ a = 9, b = 18 ∴ a + b = 27 Ans.
π
Alternatively: put x = 0 and x = to get a and b directly
2

sin4 α cos 4 α 1 sin8 α cos8 α 1

Ex.11 If + = , prove that 3
+ 3
=
a b a+b a b (a + b )3

sin4 α cos 4 α 1
Sol. Given + =
a b a+b
or, b(a + b) sin4α + a(a + b) (1 – sin2α)2 = ab.
or, b(a + b) sin4α + a(a + b) (1 + sin4α – 2sin2α) = ab
or, (a + b)2 sin4α – 2a (a + b) sin2α + a2 + ab = ab
or, (a + b)2 sin4α – 2(a + b) sin2α. a + a2 = 0
or, [(a + b) sin2α – a]2 = 0
or, (a + b) sin2 α – a = 0

a b
⇒ sin2α = ∴ cos2α =
a+b a+b

sin8 α cos 8 α a4 b4
Now, + = +
a3 b3 (a + b )4 .a 3 (a + b ) 4 b 3

a b a+b 1
= 4 + 4 = 4 =
(a + b) (a + b) (a + b) ( a + b )3

π π 10 y − 10 − y
Ex.12 If – < x < and y = log10(tan x + sec x). Then the expression E = simplifies to one of the
2 2 2
six trigonometric functions. find the trigonometric function.

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 1 + sin x 
Sol. y = log10(tan x + sec x), y = log10  
 cos x 
 1 + sin x   cos x 
10 y − 10 − y  −  1 + sin2 x + 2 sin x − cos 2 x
E= =  cos x   1 + sin x  =
2 2 cos x(1 + sin x )
2

2 sin2 x + 2 sin x 2 sin x(1 + sin x )

= = = tan x
2 cos x(1 + sin x ) 2 cos x(1 + sin x )

B. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO ANGLES

(a) sin (A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB

(b) cos (A ± B) = cosA cosB ∓ sinA sinB
(c) sin²A − sin²B = cos²B − cos²A = sin (A+B) . sin (A− B)
(d) cos²A − sin²B = cos²B − sin²A = cos (A+B) . cos (A − B)

tanA ± tanB cotA cotB∓1

(e) tan (A ± B) = (f) cot (A ± B) =
1∓ tanA tanB cotB±cotA

Factorisation Of The Sum Or Difference Of Two sines Or cosines :

C+D C−D C+D C−D
(a) sinC + sinD = 2 sin cos (b) sinC − sinD = 2 cos sin
2 2 2 2

C+D C−D C+D C−D

(c) cosC + cosD = 2 cos cos (d) cosC − cosD = − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

Transformation Of Products Into Sum Or Difference Of sines & cosines :

(a) 2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B) (b) 2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) − sin(A−B)
(c) 2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B) (d) 2 sinA sinB = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B)

Ex.13 Suppose x and y are real numbers such that tan x + tan y = 42 and cot x + cot y = 49. Find the value
of tan(x + y).
Sol. tan x + tan y = 42 and cot x + cot y = 49

tan x + tan y
tan(x + y) =
1 − tan x tan y
1 1 tan y + tan x
now, cot x + cot y = 49 ⇒ + = 49 ⇒
tan x tan y tan x · tan y = 49

tan x + tan y 42 6
tan x · tan y = = =
49 49 7

42 42
tan (x + y) =
1 − (6 7) 1 7 = 294 Ans.
=

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 Page # 8 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

 2π  4 π
Ex.14 If x sin θ = y sin  θ +  = z sin  θ +  then :
 3  3
(A) x + y + z = 0 (B) xy + yz + zx = 0 (C) xyz + x + y + z = 1 (D) none

 1 3  x 3 1
Sol. x sin θ = y  − sin θ + cos θ ⇒ = cot θ −
 2 2  y 2 2

x 3 1 x x
similarly =− cot θ − ⇒ on adding + = − 1 ⇒ xy + yz + zx = 0 Ans. B
z 2 2 z y

A 5 B 20
Ex.15 In any triangle if tan = and tan = then find the value of tan C.
2 6 2 37

5 20
+
Sol.
 A B
tan  +  = 6 37 ; cot C = 185 + 120 = 305 ; tan C = 122 
∵ tan C = 2 tan C / 2 

× 222 − 100  1 − tan2 C / 2 
 2 2 1−
5 20 2 122 2 305 
6 × 37

244
305 244 × 305 244 × 305 4 × 5 20
∴ tan C = 2 = (305 − 122)(305 + 122) = 183 × 427 = 3 × 7 = 21
 122 
1−  
 305 

Ex.16 Find θ satisfying the equation, tan 15° · tan 25° · tan 35° = tan θ, where θ ∈ (0, 15°).
Sol. LHS = tan 15° · tan (30° – 5°) · tan (30° + 5°)
let t = tan 30° and m = tan 5°

t−m t+m t 2 − m2 3m − m3 1 − 3m 2
tanθ = tan 15° · · = tan (3(5°) ) · = ·
1 + tm 1 − tm 1 − t 2m2 1 − 3m 2 3 − m 2

 3 tan x − tan3 x 
m(3 − m 2 ) (1 − 3m 2 ) ∵ tan 3 x = ;
= · = m = tan 5°. Hence θ = 5°  1 − 3 tan2 x 
(1 − 3m 2 ) 3 − m 2  t = tan 30º ⇒ t 2 = 1/ 3 
 

Ex.17 If tan A & tan B are the roots of the quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0 then evaluate
a sin2 (A + B) + b sin (A + B) . cos (A + B) + c cos2 (A + B).
b c
Sol. tan A + tan B = − ; tan A . tan B =
a a

− ab b
tan (A + B) = c =
1− a c−a

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Now E = cos2 (A + B) [a tan2 (A + B) + b tan (A + B) + c]

1  a b2 b2  (c − a )2  b2  a  
=  + + c = 2 2   + 1 + c
1+ b2 (c − a ) 2
c−a b + (c − a )  c − a  c − a 
(c − a )2   

(c − a )2  b2 c 
= 2 
+ c E=c
b + (c − a )  ( c − a )
2 2


cos3 2 x + 3 cos 2 x
Ex.18 The value of the expression, wherever defined is independent of x. Without allotting
cos 6 x − sin 6 x
a particular value of x, find the value of this constant.

cos3 2 x + 3 cos 2 x cos3 2 x + 3 cos 2 x cos3 2x + 3 cos 2 x

Sol. = =
cos 6 x − sin 6 x (cos 2 x )3 − (sin 2 x )3 cos 3 2 x + 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x (cos 2x )

cos 2 2x + 3 4(cos 2 2 x + 3) 4(cos 2 2 x + 3)

cos 2 2 x + sin 2 2x 4 cos 2x + 3 − 3 cos 2 x
= 3 = 2 2 = (cos 2 2 x + 3) = 4 Ans.
4
Ex.19 Show that cos2A + cos2(A + B) + 2 cosA cos(180° + B) · cos(360° + A + B) is independent of A. Hence
find its value when B = 810°.
Sol. cos2A + cos2(A + B) – [2 cosA · cosB · cos (A + B)]
cos2A + cos2(A + B) – [ {cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) } cos (A + B) ]
cos2A + cos2(A + B) – cos2(A + B) – (cos2A – sin2B)
= sin2B which is independent of A now, sin2(810°) = sin2(720° + 90°) = sin290° = 1 Ans.

Ex.20 Simplify: cos x · sin(y – z) + cos y · sin(z – x) + cos z · sin (x – y) where x, y, z ∈ R.

Sol. (1/2)[sin(y – z + x) + sin(y – z – x) + sin(z – x + y) + sin(z – x – y) + sin(x – y + z) + sin(x – y – z)] = 0

C. MULTIPLE ANGLES AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES

θ θ
(a) sin 2A = 2 sinA cosA ; sin θ = 2 sin cos
2 2
(b) cos 2A = cos²A − sin²A = 2cos²A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin²A ;

θ θ θ θ
cos θ = cos² − sin² = 2cos² − 1 = 1 − 2sin² .
2 2 2 2
2 cos²A = 1 + cos 2A , 2sin²A = 1 − cos 2A ;

θ θ
2 cos² = 1 + cos θ , 2 sin² = 1 − cos θ .
2 2

2tanA 2tan 2θ
(c) tan 2A = ; tan θ =
1−tan2 A 1−tan 2 2θ
2tanA 1−tan 2 A
(d) sin 2A = , cos 2A = (e) sin 3A = 3 sinA − 4 sin3A
1+ tan 2 A 1+ tan 2 A
3tanA −tan3 A
(f) cos 3A = 4 cos3A − 3 cosA (g) tan 3A =
1−3tan 2 A

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 Page # 10 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Important Trigonometric Ratios

π 3 −1 5π
(i) sin 15° or sin = = cos 75° or cos ;
12 2 2 12

π 3 +1 5π
cos 15° or cos = = sin 75° or sin ;
12 2 2 12

3 −1 3 +1
t a n 15° = = 2 − 3 = cot 75° ; tan 75° = = 2 + 3 = cot 15°
3 +1 3 −1

π 2− 2 π 2+ 2 π 3π
(ii) sin = ; cos = ; tan = 2 − 1 ; tan = 2 +1
8 2 8 2 8 8

π 5 −1 π 5 +1
(iii) sin or sin 18° = & cos 36° or cos =
10 4 5 4

Ex.21 If cot θ = 1/2, then find the values of sin2θ and cos2θ.

2 tan θ 2·2 4 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − 4 3

Sol. sin 2θ = = = ; cos 2θ = = =–
1 + tan θ 1 + 4
2
5 1 + tan θ 1 + 4
2 5

tan 8θ
Ex.22 Prove that = (1 + sec2θ) (1 + sec4θ) (1 + sec8θ).
tan θ

1 + cos 2θ 1 + cos 4θ 1 + cos 8θ 2 cos 2 θ × 2 cos 2 2θ × 2 cos 2 4θ

Sol. RHS = × × =
cos 2θ cos 4θ cos 8θ cos 2θ cos 4θ cos 8θ

 sin 8θ 
cos θ
[8 cos θ cos 2θ cos 4θ] cos θ  sin θ 
= =
cos 8θ cos 8θ

cos x − cos 3x
Ex.23 If x = 7.5° then find the value of .
sin 3x − sin x
cos x − cos 3x 2 sin 2 x sin x
Sol. = = tan 2x = tan (2 × 7.5) = tan 15° = 2 – 3 Ans.
sin 3x − sin x 2 sin x cos 2 x

Ex.24 Prove the identity,

 3π 
cos  + 4 α + sin (3π − 8α) − sin (4π −12α) = 4 cos 2α cos 4α sin 6α .
 2 

Sol. LHS : sin 4α + sin 8α + sin 12α

= 2 sin 8α cos 4α + sin 8α = 2 sin 8α cos 4α + 2 sin 4α cos 4α
= 2 cos 4α [sin 8α + sin 4α] = 2 cos 4α [2 sin 6α cos 2α] = 4cos 2α cos 4α sin 6α

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 π  π
Ex.25 Calculate 4 sin 1 +  cos 1 +  .
 6  3 

 π  π   π π  π π 
Sol. 4sin 1 +  cos 1 +  = 2 sin1 + + 1 +  + sin1 + − 1 − 
 6  3    6 3  6 3 
  π  π   π  1
= 2 sin 2 +  + sin −  = 2 sin − ( −2)  −  = 2cos (–2) – 1 = 2 cos 2 – 1.
  2  6   2  2
 π  π
Thus, 4 sin 1 +  cos 1 +  = 2 cos 2 – 1.
 6  3

2 cos β − 1 α β
Ex.26 If cos α = then find the value of tan cot (0 < α < π and 0 < β < π)
2 − cos β 2 2

1 2 − cos β 1 − cos α 3(1 − cos β)

Sol. = ⇒ = (Componendo & dividendo)
cosα 2 cos β − 1 1 + cos α 1 + cos β

α β α β
⇒ tan2 = 3 tan2 ⇒ tan2 cot2 = 3 Ans. 3
2 2 2 2

α 4  3π 
Ex.27 Calculate cos if sin α = and α ∈  − ,−π  .
2 5  2 
Sol. First of all we seek cos α. Since cos α is negative for any angle α belonging to the indicated interval,

3
we have cos α = – 1 − sin2 α = – .
5

 3π  α  3π π 
Since α ∈  − ,− π  , it follows that ∈  − ,−  . For any angle α belonging to this interval cos α is
 2  2  4 2 2 2

α 1 + cos α 5 α 5
also negative, and therefore cos =– =− . Thus cos =− .
2 2 5 2 5

α 4 2  3π 
Ex.28 Calculate sin if sin α = and α ∈  π,  .
2 9  2 
Sol. Since cos α is negative for any angle α belonging to the indicated interval, we have cos α = –

7
1 − sin2 α = − .
9

 3π  α  π 3π  α
Since α ∈  π,  , it follows that ∈  ,  . For any angle sin is positive, and therefore
 2  2 2 4  2

α 1 − cos α 2 2 α 2 2
sin = = . Thus sin = .
2 2 3 2 3

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α 7  3π 
Ex.29 Calculate tan if cos 2α = and α ∈  − π,− .
2 32  4 
Sol. Since cos α is negative for an angle α belonging to the indicated interval,

1 + cos 2α 39
we have cos α = =– .
2 8

 3π  α  π 3π  α α
Since α ∈  − π,−  , it follows that ∈  − ,−  . For any angle belonging to this interval tan
 4  2  2 8  2 2

α 1 − cos α α 8 + 39
is negative, and therefore tan − ⇒ tan =– .
2 1 + cos α 2 5

Ex.30 If sin A = 12/13. Find the value of tan A/2.

Sol. sinA = 12/13 ⇒ A is in I quadrant or II quadrant
∴ cos A can be 5/13 or – 5/13
Case-I: A is in I quadrant
∴ 0 < A/2 < π/4 ∴ cos A = 5/13

A 1 − cos A 1 − (5 13) 8 4 2
∴ tan = = = = =
2 1 + cos A 1 + (5 13) 18 9 3

Case-II: A is in II quadrant
∴ π/4 < A/2 < π/2 ∴ cos A = – 5/13

A 1 − cos A 1 + (5 13) 18 9 3 A 2 3
∴ tan = = = = = ∴ tan can be or
2 1 + cos A 1 − (5 13) 8 4 2 2 3 2

Ex.31 The figure (not drawn to scale) shows a regular octagon ABCDEFGH with diagonal AF = 1. Find the
numerical value of the side of the octagon.
Sol. θ = 22.5° (∠ AOB = 45º)
A B
x 2 H C
tan 22.5° = ·
2 1 O
G D
x = tan 22.5° = 2 −1 F E

tan θ 1 cot θ
Ex.32 If = , find the value of .
tan θ − tan 3θ 3 cot θ − cot 3θ
tan θ 1
Sol. = ⇒ 3 tan θ = tan θ – tan 3θ ⇒ 2 tan θ + tan 3θ = 0
tan θ − tan 3θ 3

3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 5
2 tan θ + = 0, 2(1 – 3 tan2θ) + 3 – tan2θ = 0 ⇒ tan2θ =
1 − 3 tan 2 θ 7

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cot θ tan 3θ 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ

now, = =
cot θ − cot 3θ tan 3θ − tan θ  3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 
(1 − 3 tan 2 θ) − tan θ 
 1 − 3 tan θ
2

tan θ(3 − tan 2 θ)(1 − 3 tan 2 θ) 3 − tan 2 θ 3 − (5 7) 16 2
2(1 + tan θ) 2(1 + (5 7) ) 2 ·12 3
= = 2 = = = Ans.
tan θ(1 − 3 tan 2 θ)(3 − tan 2 θ − 1 + 3 tan 2 θ)

tan θ cot θ
Alternatively: Prove that + = 1 now proceed
tan θ − tan 3θ cot θ − cot 3θ

Ex.33 In a kite ABCD, AB = AD and CB = CD. If ∠A = 108° and ∠C = 36° then the ratio of the area of ∆ABD to

a − b tan 2 36°
the area of ∆CBD can be written in the form where a, b and c are relatively prime positive
c
integers. Determine the ordered triple (a, b, c).
Sol. Since the triangles ABD and CBD have a common base,
hence the ratio of their areas equals the ratio of their heights.
h
Since tan 36° = , then h = x tan 36°.
x
k
|||ly tan 72° = then k = x tan 72°.
x

h x tan 36° tan 36° 1 − tan 2 36°

Hence, = = =
k x tan 72° 2 tan 36° 2
1 − tan 2 36°

Then ordered triple (a, b, c) is (1,1, 2) Ans.

Ex.34 If α, β, γ and δ be the roots of the equation, 2 cos 2θ − 2 cos θ + 1 = 0, all lying in the interval [0, 2π]
then find the value of the product, cos α . cos β . cos γ . cos δ .
2± 4 + 16 1± 5
Sol. 4 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1 = 0 cos θ = =
8 4

5 +1 5 −1 π  5π π
cos θ = or cos θ = − = − sin = cos  +  = cos 6 π
4 4 10  10 10  10

π 9π 3π 7π
⇒θ= or ; or
5 5 5 5

π 3π 7π 9π 1
Hence P = cos cos cos cos =
5 5 5 5 16

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Ex.35 Find the positive integers p, q, r, s satisfying tan

π
24
= ( p− q )( r −s .)
θ 1 − cos θ π
Sol. Solving using the Identity tan = where θ =
2 sin θ 12

6+ 2
tan
π
=
1 − cos 15°
=
1−
4
=
4− 6 + 2
=
( )
[4 − ( 6 + 2 )][ 6 + 2 ]
24 sin 15° 6− 2 6− 2 4
4
4( 6 + 2 ) − (8 + 4 3 )
= = ( 6 + 2 ) – (2+ 3 )
4

= ( ) ( )
6 − 3 − 2 − 2 = 3 ( 2 − 1) − 2 ( 2 − 1) = ( 3 − 2 )( 2 − 1)
hence p = 3, q = 2; r = 2; s = 1

π y π x sin x (3 + sin 2 x )
Ex.36 If tan  +  = tan3  +  then prove that sin y = .
4 2 4 2 1 + 3 sin 2 x
π y π x
Sol. tan  +  = tan3  + 
4 2 4 2
3
cos( y 2) + sin( y 2)  cos(x 2) + sin( x 2) 
=  
cos( y 2) − sin( y 2)  cos(x 2) − sin(x 2) 
squaring both sides

1 + sin y  1 + sin x 
3
1 + sin y 1 + sin 3 x + 3 sin x + 3 sin 2 x
=   ; =
1 − sin y  1 − sin x  1 − sin y 1 − sin 3 x − 3 sin x + 3 sin 2 x
using C & D

1 + sin y − 1 + sin y 2 sin 3 x + 6 sin x sin x (sin 2 x + 3)

= ∴ sin y = hence proved.
1 + sin y + 1 − sin y 2 + 6 sin 2 x 1 + 3 sin 2 x

Ex.37 If sin x, sin22x and cos x · sin 4x form an increasing geometric sequence, find the numerical value of
cos 2x. Also find the common ratio of geometric sequence.
Sol. Given sin x, sin22x and cos x · sin 4x are in G.P. (r > 1 as G.P. is increasing)
⇒ sin42x = (sin x) (cos x) (sin 4x) ⇒ 16 sin4x cos4x = sin x cos x sin 4x
⇒ 16 sin x cos x = sin 4x
3 3 (sin x ≠ 0, cos x ≠ 0)
⇒ 16(sin x cos x)3 = 2 sin 2x · cos 2x ⇒ (sin 2x)3 = sin 2x · cos 2x
∴ sin22x = cos 2x (sin 2x ≠ 0), 1 – cos22x = cos 2x, y2 + y – 1 = 0

− 1± 5 − 5 −1 − 1+ 5
cos 2x = ; cos 2x cannot be hence rejected ∴ cos 2x =
2 2 2
5 −1
1− 5 −1
1− cos 2 x 2 3− 5
sin x = = = =
2 2 2 2 2

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5 −1 sin 2 2 x
∴ cos 2x = r= = 4 sin x cos2x = 2 sin x(1 + cos 2x)
2 sin x
5 −1 5 +1 4
r= · = = 2 Ans.
2 2 2 2

θ
Ex.38 Prove using induction or otherwise that, 2 cos = 2 + 2 + 2 + ...... 2 + 2 cos θ
2n
where R. H. S. contains n radical signs and θ ∈ (0 , π).

θ
Sol. 2 cos = 2 (1 + cos θ)
2

2 cos
θ
22
= (
2 1 + cos θ2 = ) 2 + 2 (1 + cos θ)

2 cos
θ
23
= (
2 1 + cos θ2
2 ) 2
θ
= 2 + 2 cos 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 (1 + cos θ) and so on.

θ
In the same way 2 cos = 2 + 2 + 2 + ...... + 2 + 2 cosθ
2n

θ 1 − cos nθ− 1 θ
Similarly 2 sin n = 2 2 = 2 − 2 cos
2 2 2 n −1

= 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 + ...... 2 + 2 cosθ where R. H. S. contains n radical signs

π 3π 5π 7π 4 π 3π 5π 7π
Ex.39 Prove that sin
4
+ sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4 = cos + cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4 .
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Also find their exact numerical value.

π 3π 5π 7π
Sol. LHS = sin
4
+ sin 4 + sin 4 + sin 4
8 8 8 8

 π 3π   π π  π π
2 sin 4 + sin 4  = 2 sin 4 + cos 4  = 21 − 2 sin 2 cos 2 
 8 8   8 8  8 8

 1 2 π  1 3 3
= 21 − sin  = 21 −  = 2 × =
 2 4  4 4 2
π 3π 5π 7π
RHS = cos
4
+ cos 4 + cos 4 + cos 4
8 8 8 8

 π 3π   π π  π π
2 cos 4 + cos 4  = 2 sin 4 + cos 4  = 21 − 2 sin 2 cos 2  = 21 − 1  =
3
 8 8   8 8  8 8  4 2

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 Page # 16 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

7
π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π 7π  1 
Ex.40 Show that cos cos cos cos cos cos cos =  .
15 15 15 15 15 15 15  2 

2π π π 4π 2π 2π
Sol. We have sin = 2 sin cos , sin = 2 sin cos ,
15 15 15 15 15 15

8π 4π 4π 16π 8π 8π
sin = 2 sin cos , sin = 2 sin cos .
15 15 15 15 15 15

16π π 8π 7π
Multiplying the equalities and noting that sin = – sin , cos = – cos .
15 15 15 15

π 2π 4π 7π 1
∴ cos . cos . cos . cos = 4
15 15 15 15 2

5π 1
Further cos = .
15 2

6π 3π 3π 12π 6π 6π
and sin = 2 sin cos , sin = 2 sin cos .
15 15 15 15 15 15

3π 6π 1
Hence cos . cos = 2 .
15 15 2
The rest is obvious.

Ex.41 Prove the following identities

sin(n + 1)x 1
= 2cosx – 1
sin nx 2 cos x −
2 cos x − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − 1
2 cos x
(a total of n links);

1 Pn
Sol. Put 2 cos x – =
2 cos x −
1 Qn .
2 cos x − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ − 1
2 cos x

P1
We have
Q1 = 2 cos x.

sin 2x sin x
Therefore we may put P1 = , Q1 = .
sin x sin x

P2 1 4 cos 2 x − 1
Further = 2 cos x – = .
Q2 2 cos x 2 cos x

sin 3 x sin 2x
Consequently, we may take P2 = , Q2 = .
sin x sin x
sin(n + 1)x sin nx
Let us prove that then Pn , Qn = for any n.
sin x sin x

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Assuming that these formulas are valid for subscripts not exceeding n, let us prove that they also take
place at n + 1. We have
sin(n + 1)x sin nx 1
Pn + 1 = 2 cos x − = sin (n + 2) x.
sin x sin x sin x
sin(n + 1)x Pn sin(n + 1)x
In the same way we find that Qn + 1 = , and therefore =
sin x Qn sin x
for any whole positive n.

D. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES

tanA + tanB+ tanC−tanA tanBtanC

tan (A+B+C) =
1−tanA tanB−tanBtanC−tanCtanA
If A+B+C = π then
(a) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

A B B C C A
(b) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
(c) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
A B C
(d) sinA + sinB + sinC = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
(e) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1 – 4 cos A cos B cos C

A B C
(f) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

tanA
Ex.42 If A + B + C = π , prove that ∑ = ∑ tan A − 2 ∑ cot A .
tanB.tanC

tan 2 A + tan 2 B+ tan 2 C (tanA + tanB + tanC)2 − 2∑ tanA tanB

Sol. LHS= =
tanA tanB tanC ∑ tanA

[∵ Σtan A = Π tan A]

 tan A tanB + tanBtanC + tanCtanA 

= ∑ tan A − 2 
tanA tanB tanC
 = ∑ tan A − 2 ∑ cot A]
 

Ex.43 If A + B + C = π and cot θ = cot A + cot B + cot C, show that ,

sin (A − θ) . sin (B − θ) . sin (C − θ) = sin3 θ .
Sol. Given cot θ = cot A + cot B + cot C or cot θ − cot A = cot B + cot C

sin (A − θ) sin (B + C) sin A sin 2 A

or = = or sin (A − θ) = sin θ ...........(1)
sin θ sin A sin B sin C sin B sin C sin B sin C

sin 2 B sin 2 C
similarly sin (B − θ) = sin θ ...........(2) sin (C − θ) = sin θ ...........(3)
sin C sin B sin A sin B
Multiplying (1) , (2) and (3) we get the result

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Ex.44 Find whether a triangle ABC can exists with the tangents of its interior angle satisfying, tan A = x, tan
B = x + 1 and tan C = 1 – x for some real value of x. Justify your assertion with adequate reasoning.
Sol. In a triangle ∑ tan A = ∏ tan A (to be proved)
x + x + 1 + 1 – x = x(1 + x)(1 – x)
2 + x = x – x3; x3 = – 2; x = – 21/3
Hence tanA = x < 0 and tanB = x + 1 = 1 – 21/3 < 0
Hence A and B both are obtuse. Which is not possible in a triangle. Hence no such triangle can exist.

Ex.45 Prove that

(a) sin3 A cos (B – C) + sin3 B cos (C – A) + sin3 C cos (A – B) = 3 sin A sin B sin C;
(b) sin3 A sin (B – C) + sin3 B sin (C – A) + sin3 C sin (A – B) = 0
if A + B + C = π.
Sol. (a) We have

∑ sin3 A cos (B – C) = ∑ sin2 A sin A cos (B – C) =

1
=
2
∑ sin2 A {sin (A + B – C) + sin (A – B + C)}.

But since A + B + C = π, we have

1
∑ sin3 A cos (B – C) =
2
∑ sin2 A (sin 2C + sin 2B)

= ∑ sin2 A (sin B cos B + sin C cos C) =

= sin2 A sin B cos B + sin2 A sin C cos C + sin2 B sin C cos C + sin2 B sin A cos A +
sin2 C sin A cos A + sin2 C sin B cos B
= sin A sin B (sin A cos B + cos A sin B)
+ sin A sin C (sin A cos C + cos A sin C) + sin B sin C (sin B cos C + cos B sin C)
= sin A sin B sin (A + B) + sin A sin C sin (A + C)
+ sin B sin C sin (B + C) = 3 sin A sin B sin C.
(b) We have

∑ sin3 A sin (B – C) = ∑ sin2 A sin A sin (B – C) = ∑ sin2 A sin (B + C) sin (B – C)

1
=
2
∑ sin2 A {cos 2C – cos 2B) = ∑ sin2 A(sin2 B – sin2 C)

 1 1 
= sin2 A sin2 B sin2C ∑  2 − 2
 = sin2 A sin2 B sin2 C
 sin C sin B 

 1 1 1 1 1 1 
×  2
− 2
+ 2
− 2
+ 2
− 2  =0
 sin C sin B sin A sin C sin B sin A 

Ex.46 Prove the identities

(a) sin 3A sin3 (B – C) + sin 3B sin3 (C – A) + sin 3C sin3 (A – B) = 0;
(b) sin 3A cos3 (B – C) + sin 3B cos3 (C – A) + sin 3C cos3 (A – B) = sin 3A sin 3B sin 3C
if A + B + C = π.
Sol.(a) We have sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x.

1
Therefore ∑ sin 3A sin3 (B – C) =
4
∑ sin 3A {3 sin (B – C) – sin 3 (B – C)}

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3 1
=
4
∑ sin 3 (B + C) sin (B – C) –
4
∑ sin 3 (B + C) sin 3 (B – C)

3 1
=
8
∑ {cos (2B + 4C) – cos (4B + 2C) –
8
∑ (cos 6C – cos 6B)

3
=
8
∑ {cos 2 (B + 2C) – cos 2 (C + 2B) + cos 2 (C + 2A)

– cos 2 (A + 2C) + cos 2 (A + 2B) – cos 2 (B + 2A)}

1
– {cos 6C – cos 6B + cos 6A – cos 6C + cos 6B –cos 6A}.
8
But cos (2B + 4C) = cos (2B + 4A), cos (2C + 4B) = cos (2C + 4A),
cos (2A + 4C) = cos (2A + 4B).

And so, we finally have ∑ sin 3A sin3 (B – C) = 0.

(b) Since cos 3x = 4cos3 x – 3 cos x, we have ∑ sin3A cos3 (B – C)

1
=
4
∑ sin 3 (B + C) {cos 3 (B – C) + 3 cos (B – C)}

1 3
=
4
∑ sin 3 (B + C) cos 3 (B – C) +
4
∑ sin 3 (B + C) cos (B – C)

1 3
=
8
∑ (sin 6B + sin 6C) +
8
∑ {sin (4B + 2C) + sin (2B + 4C)}

1
=
4
∑ (sin 6A + sin 6B + sin 6C) = sin 3A sin 3B sin 3C.

Ex.47 Given the product p of sines of the angles of a triangle & product q of their cosines, find the cubic
equation, whose coefficients are functions of p & q & whose roots are the tangents of the angles of
the triangle.
Sol. Given sinA sinB sinC = p ; cosA cosB cosC = q
Hence tanA tanB tanC = tanA + tanB + tanC = p/q
Hence equation of cubic is

p p
x3 – x2 + ΣtanA tan Bx – =0 ...(i)
q q
sin A sin B cos C + sin B sin C cos A + sin C sin A cos B
now ∑ tan A tan B = cos A cos B cos C
We know that A + B + C = π
cos(A+B+C) = –1; cos(A+B) cosC – sin(A+B) sinC = –1
( cosA cosB – sinA sin B) cosC – sinC (sinA cosB + cosA sinB) = –1
1+ cosA cosB cosC= sinA sinB cosC + sinB sinC cosA + sinC sinA cosB
dividing by cosA cosB cosC
1+ q
= ∑ tan A tan B
q
Hence (i) becomes qx3 – px2 + (1 + q)x – p = 0 Ans.

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E. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

(a) Min. value of a2 tan2 θ + b2 cot2θ = 2ab

(b) Max and Min. value of acosθ + bsinθ are a 2 + b 2 and – a2 + b2

(c) If f(θ) = acos(α + θ) + bcos(β + θ) where a, b, α and β are known quantities then

– a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos(α − β) ≤ f(θ) ≤ a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos(α − β)

 π
(d) If α, β ∈  0,  and α + β = σ (constant) then the maximum values of the expression
 2
cosα cosβ, cosα + cosβ, sinα + sinβ and sinα sinβ
occurs when α = β = σ/2
 π
(e) If α, β ∈  0,  and α + β = σ (constant) then the minimum values of the expression
 2
secα + secβ, tanα + tanβ, cosecα + cosecβ occurs when α = β = σ/2.
(f) If A, B, C are the anlges of a triangle then maximum value of
sinA + sinB + sinC and sinA sinB sinC occurs when A = B = C = 60º
(g) In case a quadratic in sinθ or cosθ is given then the maximum or minimum values can be interpreted
by making a perfect square

Ex.48 Find the minimum vertical distance between the graphs of y = 2 + sin x and y = cos x.
 π 7
Sol. dmin = min(2 + sin x – cos x) = min[2 + 2 sin  x − 4  ] = 2 – 2 at x = 4

Ex.49 If a sin2x + b lies in the interval [–2, 8] for every x ∈ R then find the value of (a – b).
Sol. f (x) = a sin2x + b
f (x) has a maximum value of 8 which occurs when sin2x = 1
∴ a+b=8 ....(1)
|||ly f (x) has a minimum value of – 2 which occurs where sin x = 0
∴ b=–2 ....(2)
from (1) and (2) a = 10; b = – 2 ⇒ a – b = 12 [Ans. 12]

Ex.50 Find the greatest value of c such that system of equations

x2 + y2 = 25; x + y = c has a real solution.
Sol. put x = 5 cos θ y = 5 sin θ

∴ 5(cos θ + sin θ) = c; but (cos θ + sin θ)max = 2 and (cos θ + sin θ)min = – 2
hence, c max = 5 2 Ans.

Ex.51 Find the minimum and maximum value of f (x, y) = 7x2 + 4xy + 3y2 subjected to x2 + y2 = 1.
Sol. Let x = cos θ and y = sin θ
y = f (θ) = 7 cos2θ + 4 sin θ cos θ + 3 sin2θ = 3 + 2 sin 2θ + 2(1 + cos 2θ)

= 5 + 2(sin 2θ + cos 2θ) but – 2 ≤ (sin 2θ + cos 2θ) ≤ 2

∴ ymax = 5 + 2 2 and ymin = 5 – 2 2

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Ex.52 Let f (x) = sin6x + cos6x + k(sin4x + cos4x) for some real number k. Determine
(a) all real numbers k for which f (x) is constant for all values of x.
(b) all real numbers k for which there exists a real number 'c' such that f (c) = 0.
Sol. (a) f (x) = (sin2x + cos2x)3 – 3 sin2cos2x(sin2x + cos2x) + k[(sin2 + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x]
= 1 – 3sin2x cos2x + k(1 – 2 sin2x cos2x)
f (x) = (k + 1) – sin2x cos2x (2k + 3) ....(1)

3
for f (x) to be independent of x k = – Ans.
2
(b) f (c) = (k + 1) – sin2c cos2c (2k + 3) = 0

k +1 1 k +1 4(k + 1)
∴ sin2c cos2c = ⇒ (sin22c) = ⇒ sin22c =
2k + 3 4 2k + 3 2k + 3
but 0 ≤ sin22c ≤ 1

4( k + 1)
∴ 0≤ ≤1
2k + 3
4( k + 1) (k + 1)
solving ≥ 0; ≥0
2k + 3 2k + 3

3
hence k≥–1 or k<–
2

4( k + 1) 4k + 4 4k + 4 − 2k − 3
again solving ≤ 1; – 1 ≤ 0; ≤0
2k + 3 2k + 3 2k + 3 – 3/2 – 1/2

2k + 1  1
≤0 k ∈ − 1, −
2 
Hence Ans.
2k + 3 

Ex.53 If α1, α2, ...... , αn are real numbers, show that,

(cos α1 + cos α2 + ...... + cos αn)2 + (sin α1 + ......+ sin αn)2 ≤ n2 .
Sol. L H S = (cos2 α1 + sin2 α1) + ....... + (cos2 αn + sin2 αn) + 2 Σ cos (α1 − α2)
n
C2 terms

n ( n − 1)
≤n+2 = n2
2

Ex.54 Show that the expression cosθ (sinθ + sin2 θ + sin2 α ) always lies between the values of ± 1 + sin2 α .

Sol. Let y = cosθ (sinθ + sin2 θ + sin2 α )

or, y – cosθ sinθ = cosθ ( sin 2 θ + sin 2 α )

or, (y – cosθ sinθ)2 = cos2θ (sin2θ + sin2α)
or, y2 – 2ysinθ cos θ + cos2θ = cos2θ sin2θ + cos2θ sin2α
or, y2 – 2ysinθ cos θ + cos2θ = cos2θ + cos2θ . sin2α
[Here we have added cos2θ on both sides to get 1 + sin2α]

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or, y2 – 2y sinθ cos θ + cos2 θ = cos2θ (1 + sin2α)

or, y2.sec2θ – 2y tanθ + 1 = 1 + sin2 α (dividing by cos2 θ)
or, y2tan2θ – 2ytanθ + 1 = (1 + sin2α) – y2 (sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ)
or, (ytanθ – 1) = (1 + sin α) – y
2 2 2

∵ square of a real number ≥ 0

∴ 1 + sin 2 α – y2 ≥ 0

or, y2 – ( 1 + sin2 α )2 ≤ 0 ⇒ y lies between – 1 + sin2 α and 1 + sin2 α .

F. SUMMATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC SERIES

Sum of sines or cosines of n angles

nβ
sin 2  n−1 
sin α + sin (α + β) + sin (α + 2β ) + ...... + sin (α + n − 1 β) = β sin
 α+ β
sin 2  2 

nβ
sin 2  n−1 
cos α + cos (α + β) + cos (α + 2β ) + ...... + cos (α + n − 1 β) = β cos
 α+ β
sin 2  2 

π 3π 5π
Ex.55 Find the sum of the series, cos + cos + cos + ........ upto n terms.
2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1
Do not use any direct formula of summation.

π
Sol. Let θ =
2n + 1
S = cos θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ + ........ cos (2n – 1)θ
(2 sin θ) S = 2 sin θ [cos θ + cos 3θ + cos 5θ + ........ cos (2n – 1)θ]
T1 = sin 2θ – 0; T2 = sin 4θ – sin 2θ; T3 = sin 6θ – sin 4θ;...........Tn = sin 2nθ – sin 2(n – 1)θ

2nπ
sin
(2 sin θ) S = sin2nθ; S =
2n + 1 = 1 Ans.
π 2
2 sin
2n + 1

35
m
Ex.56 Given ∑ sin 5k = tan   , where angles are measured in degrees, and m and n are relatively prime
n
k =1

m
positive integers that satisfy < 90, find the value of (m + n).
n
Sol. LHS: S = sin 5 + sin 10 + sin 15 + .......... + sin 170 + sin 175

 5 5
S  2 sin  = 2 sin [sin 5 + sin 10 + ......... + sin 175]
 2 2

5 15 15 25 345 355
T1 = cos – cos ; T2 = cos – cos .........; T35 = cos – cos
2 2 2 2 2 2

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 5 5 355 180 175 175

 2 sin  · S = cos – cos = 2 sin · sin = 2 sin
 2 2 2 2 2 2

175 175 175

sin sin sin
2 2 2  175  m
S= =  5 = = tan   = tan  
5 cos 90 −  cos 175  2  n
sin
2  2 2
∴ m = 175 and n = 2 ⇒ m + n = 177 Ans.

Ex.57 Find the sum of the series ,

cot 2 x . cot 3 x + cot 3 x . cot 4 x + ...... + cot (n + 1) x . cot (n + 2) x .
cot(n+2)x.cot(n+1)x +1
Sol. cot x = cot [ (n + 2) x − (n + 1) x ] =
cot(n+1)x −cot(n+2)x
or cot x [ cot (n + 1) x − cot (n + 2) x ] = cot (n + 2) x . cot (n + 1) x + 1
Hence cot (n + 1) x . cot (n + 2) x = cot x [ cot (n + 1) x − cot (n + 2) x ] − 1
Put n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ...... , n and adding we get sum of the series

n
= cot x [ cot 2 x − cot (n + 2) x ] −
2

∞  tan θn 
 
Ex.58 Evaluate : ∑ 2
 2 n − 1 . cos θ  .
n =1
 2n − 1 

tan θ2 sin θ 2 sin2 θ 2 (1 − cos θ) 2 1

2 2
Sol. T1 = = θ = = = −
cos θ cos cosθ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ sin θ
2

1 1 1 1 2 1
Similarly T2 = − ; Tn = – ⇒ Ans. : −
sin θ 2 sin θ 2 n−2
sin θ θ
2n−1 sin n−1 sin2θ θ
2 2n − 2
2

∞
2x x
Ex.59 Let f (x) denote the sum of the infinite trigonometric series, f (x) = ∑ sin 3n sin 3n .
n =1

Find f (x) (independent of n) also evaluate the sum of the solutions of the equation f (x) = 0 lying in the
interval (0, 629).
∞
2x x 1 ∞ 2x x 1 ∞  x x 
Sol. f (x) = ∑ sin 3n sin 3n = ∑
2 n =1
2 sin n sin n = ∑ cos n − cos n −1 
2 n =1  3 3 
n =1 3 3
now substituting n = 1, 2, 3, 4........

1 x  1 x x 1 x x 1 x x 
f (x) =  cos − cos x  + cos 2 − cos  + cos 3 − cos 2  .......... + cos n − cos n −1 
2 3  2 3 3 2 3 3  2 3 3 

1 x  1
f (x) = Lim  cos n − cos x  = [1 – cos x] now f (x) = 0 ⇒ cos x = 1 x = 2nπ, n ∈ I
n→∞ 2 3  2
sum of the solutions in (0, 629), S = 2[π + 2π + 3π + ....... + 100π] = 2 · 5050π = 10100π Ans.

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89
1
Ex.60 Evaluate ∑ 1 + (tan n°) 2 .
n =1

1 1 1 1 1
Sol. S= + + + ........ + +
1 + (tan 1°) 2
1 + (tan 2°) 2
1 + (tan 3°) 2
1 + (tan 88°) 2
1 + (tan 89°) 2
reversing the sum
1 1 1 1
S= + + .............................. + +
1 + (cot 1°) 2
1 + (cot 2°) 2
1 + (cot 88°) 2
1 + (cot 89°) 2
89 89
1 (tan n °) 2
2S =
1 1
∑ 1 + (tan n°)2 + 1 + (cot n°) 2 = ∑ 1 + (tan n°) 2 + 1 + (tan n°) 2
n =1 n =1

89
= ∑ 1 = 1 + 1 + ....... + 1 = 89 ∴ S = 44.5 Ans.
n =1

G. ELIMINATION

Ex.61 Eliminate θ between the equation a secθ + b tanθ + c = 0 and p secθ + q tanθ + r = 0.
Sol. Given a secθ + b tanθ + c = 0 ...(1)
and p secθ + q tanθ + r = 0 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2) by cross multiplication method, we have

sec θ tan θ 1
= = ∵ sec2θ – tan2 θ = 1
br − qc pc − ar aq − pb
2 2
 br − qc   pc − ar 
∴   −   = 1
 aq − pb   aq − pb 
or, (br – qc)2 – (pc – ar)2 = (aq – pb)2

Ex.62 If θ is eliminated from the equations, a cos θ + b sin θ = c & a cos2 θ + b sin2 θ = c, show that the
eliminant is, (a − b)2 (a − c) (b − c) + 4 a2 b2 = 0 .
Sol. a cos θ + b sin θ = c ..............(1)
a cos θ + b sin θ = c
2 2
..............(2)

c−a b−c
From (2) sin2 θ = and cos2 θ =
b−a b−a
Now squaring (1) a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ + 2 ab sin θ cos θ = c2

b−c c−a b−c c−a

a2 + b2 − c2 = − 2 ab
b−a b−a b−a b−a

or a2 (b − c) + b2 (c − a) − c2 (b − a) = − 2 ab b−c c−a

(a − b) (b − c) (c − a) = 2 ab b−c c−a
(a − b)2 (b − c)2 (c − a)2 = 4 a2 b2 (b − c) (c − a)
(a − b)2 (b − c) (c − a) = 4 a2 b2 ⇒ Result

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Ex.63 Eliminate θ and ϕ from the relations

m2 tan2θ + n2 tan2 ϕ = 1, m2 cos2 θ + n2 sin2 ϕ = 1, m sin θ = n cos ϕ.
and find the relationship between m and n.
Sol. In order to be able to take advantage of the third relation, rewrite the second so that it embodies the
products m sin θ and n cos ϕ.
m2 sin2θ + n2 cos2 ϕ = m2 + n2 – 1
Then, taking into account the third given equation, we get 2n2 cos2ϕ = m2 + n2 – 1
Further more, from the third relation we have

n2  m 2 + n2 − 1  m 2 − n2 + 1
 
cos θ = 1 – sin θ = 1 – 2 cos2ϕ = 1 –
2 2
 2  =
m  2m  2m2

Now rewrite the first of the given relation in the form

 1   1 
m2  − 1 + n2
 − 1 = 1

 cos ϕ 
2
 cos2 θ 
and substitute the expressions found for cos2θ and cos2ϕ to obtain a relation between m and n:
2m 4 2n 4
+ = m2 + n2 + 1
m 2 − n2 + 1 m2 + n2 − 1

Miscellaneous Questions
π 3π 5π 7π
Ex.64 Form a biquadratic equation whose roots are , cos , cos , cos , cos .
9 9 9 9
Sol. Let x1 = cos 20º ; x2 = cos 60º ; x3 = cos 100º ; x4 = cos 140º
Hence the equation is, x4 − (Σ x1) x3 + (Σ x1 x2) x2 − (Σ x1 x2 x3) x + x1 x2 x3 x4 = 0

1
Now Σ x1 = + cos 20º − cos 40º − cos 80º
2

1 1
= + cos 20º − (2 cos 60º cos 20º) =
2 2

1 1
x1 x2 x3 x4 = cos 20º cos 40º cos 80º =
2 16
Σ x1 x2 = cos 60º (cos 20º + cos 100º + cos 140º) + cos 20º cos 100º + cos 20º cos 140º
+ cos 100º cos 140º

1 1
= (zero) + [ cos 120º + cos 80º + cos 160º + cos 120º + cos 120º + cos 40º ]
2 2

1  3  3
=  − + cos 80° − cos 20° + cos 40°  = −
2  2  4

 1 1 1 1 
Σ x1 x2 x3 = cos 20º cos 60º cos 100º cos 140º  + + + 
 cos 60° cos 20° cos 100° cos 140° 

1  1  1 1  1  1  cos 40° + cos 80°  

= 2 + − +  = 2 + − 
16  cos 20°  cos 80° cos 40°   16  cos 20°  cos 40° cos 80°  

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1  1 cos 20°  1  cos 40° cos 180° − cos 2 20° 

=  2+ − = 2 + 
16  cos 20° cos 40° cos 80°  16  cos 20° . cos 40° . cos 80° 

 1 (cos120° + cos 40° ) −  1 + cos 40°   

1  2  2  1 − 1 + 1 cos 40° − 1 − 1 cos 40°  1  3 8 1
= 2 + = 2 + 4 2 2 2 = 2 − .  =–
16  1/ 8 
 16  4 1
 1/ 8  16  
4
 
1 3  3 2  1 1
Hence the required equation is, x4 − x +−  x −−  x + =0
2  4  4 16
⇒ 16 x4 − 8 x3 − 12 x2 + 4 x + 1 = 0

π 2π 3π
Ex.65 Prove that tan . tan . tan = √7
7 7 7
π
Sol. Let θ = ∴ 7θ = π
7
or, 4θ + 3θ = π or, tan(4θ) = tan(π – 3θ) or, tan4θ = –tan3θ

4 tan θ − 4 tan3 θ  3 tan θ − tan3 θ 

 
or, =–  1 − 3 tan 2 θ 
1 − 6 tan2 θ + tan 4 θ  

4 z − 4 z3  3z − z 3 
or, = −   [where tan θ = z (suppose)]
1 − 6z 2 + z 4  1 − 3z 2 
 
or, (4 – 4z2) (1 – 3z2) = –(3 – z2)(1 – 6z2 + z4) or 12z4 – 16z2 + 4 = –(–z6 + 9z4 – 19z2 + 3)
or, z6 – 21z4 + 35z2 – 7 = 0 ...(1)
π 2π 3π
This is cubic equation in z2 i.e. in tan2θ, the roots of this equation are therefore tan2 , tan2 and tan2
7 7 7
From (1), product of the roots = 7
π 2π 3π π 2π 3π
⇒ tan2 . tan2 . tan2 =7 ⇒ tan . tan . tan = √7 Hence the result.
7 7 7 7 7 7

2π
Ex.66 If θ = , prove that tanθ tan2θ + tan2θ tan4θ + tan4θ tanθ = –7.
7
Sol. We have to prove that
(tanθ tan2θ + 1) + (tan2θ tan4θ + 1) + (tan4θ tanθ + 1) = –4

 sin θ sin 2θ   sin 2θ sin 4θ   sin 4θ sin θ 

or,  + 1 +  + 1 +  + 1 = – 4
 cos θ cos 2θ   cos 2θ cos 4θ   cos 4θ cos θ 

cos θ cos 2θ cos 3θ

or, + + = –4
cos θ cos 2θ cos 2θ cos 4θ cos θ cos 4θ

1 1 1  2π 
or, + + = –4 ∴ 3θ = 2π − 4θ as θ = 7 
cos 2θ cos 4θ cos θ  

cos θ cos 4θ + cos 2θ cos θ + cos 4θ cos 2θ

or, = –4
cos θ cos 2θ cos 4θ
or, 2cosθ cos4θ +2cos2θ cosθ + 2cos4θ cos2θ = – 8cosθ cos2θ cos4θ

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or, cos5θ + cos3θ + cos3θ + cosθ + cos6θ + cos2θ = – 8cosθ cos2θ cos4θ
or, cosθ + cos2θ + cos3θ + cos4θ + cos5θ + cos6θ = – 8cosθ cos2θ cos3θ
[∴ 3θ = 2π – 4θ ∴ cos3θ = cos4θ]
or, 2cosθ + 2cos2θ +2cos3θ = –8cosθ cos2θ cos3θ
[∵ 6θ = 2π – θ, 5θ = 2π – 2θ and 4θ = 2π – 3θ]

2π 4π 6π 2π 4π 6π
or, cos + cos + cos = – 4cos cos cos
7 7 7 7 7 7

2π 4π 6π 1
Now, L.H.S. = cos + cos + cos =–
7 7 7 2

2π 4π 6π 1
Also cos . cos cos =
7 7 7 8

1 1
∴ R.H.S. = – 4. = – . Hence the result.
8 2

sin A + sin B + sin C 3

Ex.67 In a triangle ABC prove that ≤ .
cot A + cot B + cot C 2

sin A + sin B + sin C

Sol. Let y = .
cot A + cot B + cot C

We know that in a triangle ABC, ∑ cot A cot B = 1

1
⇒ (cot A + cot B + cot C)2 = ∑ cot 2
A+2=
2
∑ (cot A − cot B) 2
+3

⇒ (cot A + cot B + cot C)2 ≥ 3 ⇒ cot A + cot B + cot C ≥ 3

3 3
Also sin A + sin B + sin C ≤
2
⇒ y is maximum whose denominator is minimum and numerator is maximum simultaneously.

⇒ y ≤3 3 ≤3.
2 3 2

Ex.68 In triangle ABC, cos A . cos B + cos B . cos C + cos C . cos A = 1 – 2 cos A . cos B . cos C. Prove that
it is possible if and only if ∆ABC is equilateral.
Sol. Σ cos A . cos B = 1 – 2 cos A . cos B . cos C = 1 – cos C (cos (A+ B) + cos (A – B) )
= 1 – cos C (cos (A – B) – cosC) = 1 + cos (A + B) cos (A – B) +cos2 C
= 1 + cos2 A – sin2 B + cos2C = cos2 A + cos2 B +cos2C = Σ cos2A.
Thus we have, 2Σ cos2 A – 2 Σ cos A . cos B = 0
⇒ (cos A – cos B)2 + (cos B – cos C)2 + (cos C – cos A)2 = 0 ⇒ cos A = cos B = cos C ⇒ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C
Thus triangle ABC is equilateral

π 3
Now if ∆ is equilateral ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ⇒ Σ cosA cos B = and 1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C
3 4
2 3
=1– = . Hence the given expression is true if and only if ∆ ABC is equilateral.
8 4

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EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

5. The expression
1. If tan α+cot α=a then the value of tan α+cot α =
4 4
  3π    π  
3 sin  2 − α  + sin (3π + α ) –2 sin  2 + α  + sin (5π + α )
4 4 6 6
(A) a4 + 4a2 +2 (B) a4 – 4a2 + 2
       
4 2
(C) a – 4a – 2 (D) None of these
is equal to
Sol.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) sin 4α + sin 6α
Sol.

2. If a cos θ + b sin θ = 3 & a sin θ – b cos θ = 4 then

a2 + b2 has the value =
(A) 25 (B) 14 (C) 7 (D) None of these 6. cos (540º – θ) – sin (630º – θ) is equal to
Sol. (A) 0 (B) 2 cos θ (C) 2 sin θ (D) sinθ–cosθ
Sol.

3. The value of tan 1º tan 2º tan 3º ..... tan 89º is 7. The value of sin(π + θ) sin (π − θ) cosec2θ is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) ∞ (D) 1/2 (A) –1 (B) 0 (C) sin θ (D) None of these
Sol. Sol.

8. If sin α sin β – cos α cos β + 1 = 0, then the value

of 1 + cot α tan β is
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
 π  3π   7π  Sol.
tan x −  cos + x  − sin3  − x
4.  2   2   2 
 π  3π 
cos x − . tan + x
 2  2 
when simplified reduces to :
(A) sinx cosx (B) – sin2x (C) –sinx cosx (D) sin2x
Sol.

sin 24º cos 6º − sin 6º sin 66º

9. The value of is
sin 21º cos 39º − cos 51º sin 69º
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
Sol.

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13. If tan A – tan B = x and cot B – cot A = y, then

α+β cot (A – B) is equal to
tan
2
10. If 3 sinα = 5 sinβ, then α − β is equal to 1 1 1 1 1 1
tan (A) − − +
2 y x (B) x y (C) x y (D) None of these
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol.
Sol.

tan 155º − tan 115º

14. If tan 25º=x, then is equal to
1 + tan 155º tan 115º
11. If tan A and tan B are the roots of the quadratic 1− x2 1+ x2 1+ x2 1− x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
equation x2 – ax + b = 0, then the value of sin2 (A + B) 2x 2x 1− x2 1+ x2
Sol.
a2 a2
(A) 2 (B) 2
a + (1 − b)2 a + b2
a2 a2
(C) (D)
(b + c )2 b 2 (1 − a)2
Sol.

15. If A + B = 225º, then the value of

 cot A   cot B 
 .  is
 1 + cot A   1 + cot B 
(A) 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 3 (D) 1/3
Sol.

12. In a triangle ABC if tan A < 0 then :

(A) tan B . tan C > 1 (B) tan B . tan C < 1
(C) tan B . tan C = 1 (D) None of these
Sol.

16. The value of tan 3A – tan 2A – tan A is equal to

(A) tan 3A tan 2A tan A
(B) – tan 3A tan 2A tan A
(C) tan A tan 2A – tan 2A tan 3A – tan 3A tan A
(D) None of these

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Sol. 21. If cos A = 3/4, then the value of

16cos2 (A/2) – 32 sin (A/2) sin (5A/2) is
(A) –4 (B) –3 (C) 3 (D) 4
Sol.

17. tan 203º + tan 22º + tan 203º tan 22º =

(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
Sol.

1 − tan 2 15º
18. The value of is
1 + tan 2 15º
3
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) (D) 2 22. The value of the expression
2
Sol.  π  3π  7π  9π 
1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos 1 + cos  is
 10  10  10  10 
(A) 1/8 (B) 1/16 (C) 1/4 (D) 0
Sol.
19. If A lies in the third quadrant and 3 tan A – 4 = 0,
then 5 sin 2A + 3 sinA + 4 cosA is equal to
24 24 48
(A) 0 (B) – (C) (D)
5 5 5
Sol.

cos 20 º +8 sin 70 º sin 50 º sin 10º

20. is equal to
sin2 80 º
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3/4 (D) None of these
Sol.

23. The numerical value of sin 12º . sin 48º . sin 54º
is equal to
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/16 (D) 1/8

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Sol. Sol.

π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
26. cos0+cos +cos +cos +cos +cos +cos =
7 7 7 7 7 7
(A) 1/2 (B) –1/2 (C) 0 (D) 1
Sol.

24. If A = tan 6º tan 42º and B = cot 66º cot 78º, then
(A) A = 2B (B) A = 1/3 B (C) A = B (D) 3A = 2B
Sol.

27. A regular hexagon & a regular dodecagon are

inscribed in the same circle. If the side of the
dodecagon is ( 3 –1), then the side of the hexagon is
3 +1
(A) 2 +1 (B) (C) 2 (D) 2
2
Sol.

25. If α + β + γ = 2π, then

α β γ α β γ
(A) tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
α β β γ γ α
(B) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
α β γ α β γ
(C) tan + tan + tan = – tan tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2
α β β γ γ α
(D) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

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Sol.
28. In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2 2
times the perpendicular drawn from the opposite
vertex. Then the other acute angles of the triangle are
π π π 3π π π π 3π
(A) & (B) & (C) & (D) &
3 6 8 8 4 4 5 10
Sol.

 C C
31. If A + B + C = π & sin  A +  = k sin ,
 2 2
A B
then tan tan =
2 2
k −1 k +1 k k −1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
k +1 k −1 k +1 k
Sol.

π 
29. If α ∈  , π then the value of
2 

1 + sin α – 1 − sin α is equal to

α α
(A) 2 cos (B) 2 sin (C) 2 (D) None of these
2 2
Sol.

32. The value of cot x + cot(60º + x) + cot (120º + x)

1 1
30. + = is equal to
cos 290 º 3 sin 250 º (A) cos 3x (B) tan 3x

2 3 4 3 3 − 9 tan2 x
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) None of these (C) 3 tan 3x (D)
3 3 3 tan x − tan3 x

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Sol. 34. In any triangle ABC, which is not right angled

Σ cos A . cosec B . cosec C is equal to
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
Sol.

35. If 3 cos x + 2 cos 3x = cos y, 3 sin x + 2 sin 3x =

sin y, then the value of cos 2x is
(A) –1 (B) 1/8 (C) –1/8 (D) 7/8
Sol.

cos 6 x + 6 cos 4 x + 15 cos 2x + 10

36. The expression
cos 5 x + 5 cos 3 x + 10 cos x
is equal to
(A) cos 2x (B) 2 cos x (C) cos2 x (D) 1 + cos x
Sol.

 3π 
33. If x ∈  π,  then
 2 
37. If cos (A – B) = 3/5 and tan A tan B = 2,
π x
4 cos2  −  + 4 sin 4 x + sin 2 2x is always equal to 1 2
 4 2 (A) cosA cosB = – (B) sinA sinB = –
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) None of these 5 5
Sol. 1 4
(C) cos (A + B) = – (D) sin A cos B =
5 5
Sol.

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38. If cos α + cos β = a, sin α + sin β = b and α − β = 2θ, Sol.

cos 3θ
then =
cos θ
(A) a2 + b2 – 2 (B) a2 + b2 – 3
(C) 3 – a2 – b2 (D) (a2 + b2) /4
Sol.

1
4 2 . If 0 < x < π and cos x + sin x = , then tan x is
2

(4 − 7 ) (4 + 7 )
(A) (B) –
3 3

(1 + 7 ) (1 − 7 )
(C) (D)
3π 4 4
39. If A + B + C = , then cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C
2 Sol.
is equal to
(A) 1–4cos A cosB cosC (B) 4 sinA sinB sinC
(C) 1+2 cosA cosB cosC (D) 1–4 sinA sinB sinC
Sol.

43. Let α, β be such that π < α − β < 3π.

40. If A + B + C = π & cos A = cos B . cos C then 21 27
If sin α + sin β = – and cos α + cos β = – , then
tan B . tanC has the value equal to 65 65
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 2 (D) 3 α −β
Sol. the value of cos is
2
3 3 6 6
(A) – (B) (C) (D) –
130 130 65 65
Sol.

π π sin θ + sin 2θ
41. For – <θ< , lies in the interval
2 2 1 + cos θ + cos 2θ
(A) (–∞, ∞) (B) (–2, 2) (C) (0, ∞) (D) (–1, 1)

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π π
47. The value of tan + 2 tan + 4 is equal to
16 8
π π π
(A) cot (B) cot (C) cot –4 (D) None of these
8 16 16
Sol.

π 3π 5π 17π
48. The value of cos +cos +cos +...+ cos
19 19 19 19
is equal to
(A) 1/2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
Sol.

44. The value of the expression

cos 1° cos 2° ......... cos 179° equals

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 1/ 2 (D) – 1

Sol.

45. Which is correct one ?

(A) sin 1° < sin 1 (B) sin 1° = sin 1
π
(C) sin 1° > sin 1 (D) sin 1° = sin
180
Sol.
3π 1
49. If < α < π, then 2 cot α + is equal to
4 sin2 α
(A) 1 +cot α (B) –1 – cot α
(C) 1 – cot α (D) –1 + cot α
Sol.

46. The value of cos 10° – sin 10° is

(A) Positive (B) Negative (C) 0 (D) 1
Sol.

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50. If f(θ) = sin4 θ + cos2 θ, then range of f(θ) is

3
53. If 0° < x < 90° & cos x = , then the value of
1  1 3 3  10
(A)  ,1 (B)  ,  (C)  ,1 (D) None of these
2  2 4 4  log10 sin x + log10 cos x + log10 tan x is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) None of these
Sol.
Sol.

51. If 2 cos x + sin x = 1, then value of 7 cos x + 6 sin 1

x is equal to 54. If cot α + tan α = m and – cos α = n, then
cos α
(A) 2 or 6 (B) 1 or 3 (C) 2 or 3 (D) None of these
(A) m (mn2)1/3 – n(nm2)1/3 = 1
Sol. (B) m(m2n)1/3 – n(nm2)1/3 = 1
(C) n (mn2)1/3 – m(nm2)1/3 = 1
(D) n(m2n)1/3 – m(mn2)1/3 = 1
Sol.

11
52. If cosec A + cot A = , then tan A is
2
21 15 44 117
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22 16 117 43
Sol. 55. If 2 sec2 α – sec4 α – 2 cosec2 α + cosec4 α = 15/4,
then tan α is equal to
(A) 1/ 2 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/2 2 (D) 1/4
Sol.

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Sol.

sin A 3 cos A 5
56. If = and = , 0 < A, B < π/2,
sin B 2 cos B 2
then tan A + tan B is equal to
 2π   4π 
(A) 3 / 5 (B) 5 / 3 (C) 1 (D) ( 5 + 3 ) / 5 59. If f(θ) = sin2 θ + sin2  θ +  + sin2  θ + ,
 3   3 
Sol.  π 
then f   is equal to
 15 
2 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 3 2
Sol.

57. If 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5 then 4 sin x – 3 cos x is

equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 5 (D) None of these
Sol.

tan3 θ cot 3 θ
58. If sin 2θ = k, then the value of +
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + cot 2 θ
is equal to

1− k2 2 − k2
(A) (B) (C) k2 + 1 (D) 2 – k2
k k

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 Page # 38 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

sin x + cos x 4. If tan2 θ = 2 tan2 φ + 1, then the value of

1. The value of
cos3 x
= cos 2θ + sin2 φ is
(A) 1+tanx + tan2x –tan3x (B) 1+tan x+tan2x+tan3x (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) –1 (D) Independent of φ
(C) 1–tanx + tan2x +tan3x (D) (1 + tan x) sec2x Sol.
Sol.

2. If (sec A + tan A) (sec B + tan B) (sec C + tan C) π 2π 4π 8π 16π

5. The value of cos cos cos cos cos is
= (sec A – tan A) (sec B – tan B) (sec C – tan C) 10 10 10 10 10
then each side is equal to
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) None of these 10 + 2 5 cos(π / 10 )
(A) (B) –
Sol. 64 16

cos(π / 10 ) 10 + 2 5
(C) (D) –
16 64
Sol.

(cos 11º + sin 11º )

3. The value of is
(cos 11º − sin 11º )
(A) –tan 304º (B) tan 56º (C) cot 214º (D) cot 34º
Sol.

6. If x + y = z, then cos2 x + cos2 y + cos2 z – 2 cos x

cos y cos z is equal to
(A) cos2 z (B) sin2 z (C) cos (x + y – z) (D) 1

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Sol. Sol.

10. If the sides of a right angled triangle are

{cos2α + cos2β + 2cos(α + β)} and
{sin2α + sin2β + 2sin(α + β)},then the length of the
hypotneuse is
(A) 2 [1 + cos(α − β)] (B) 2 [1 – cos(α − β)]
α −β α+β
(C) 4 cos2 (D) 4 sin2
2 2
Sol.

7. If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A . tan B . tan C, then

(A) A, B, C may be angles of a triangle
(B) A + B + C is an integral multiple of π
(C) sum of any two of A, B, C is equal to third
(D) None of these
Sol.

11. For 0 < θ < π/2, tan θ + tan 2θ + tan 3θ = 0 if

(A) tan θ = 0 (B) tan 2θ = 0
(C) tan 3θ = 0 (D) tan θ tan 2θ = 2
Sol.

8. In a triangle tan A + tan B + tan C = 6 and tan A

tan B = 2, then the values of tanA, tan B and tan C are
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 2, 1, 3
(C) 1, 2, 0 (D) None of these
Sol.

12. (a+2) sin α + (2a – 1) cos α = (2a+1) if tan α =

9. An extreme value of 1 + 4 sin θ + 3 cos θ is 2a 2a
(A) 3/4 (B) 4/3 (C) (D)
(A) – 3 (B) – 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 a +1
2
a −1
2

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Sol. Sol.

15. The equation sin6x + cos6x = a2 has real solution if

(A) a ∈ (–1,1) (B) a ∈ (–1, –1/2)

 1 1
(C) a ∈  −  (D) a ∈ (1/2, 1)
 2 2
2b Sol.
13. If tan x = , (a ≠ c)
a−c
y = a cos2x + 2b sin x cos x + c sin2x
z = a sin2x – 2b sin x cos x + c cos2x, then
(A) y = z (B) y + z = a + c
(C) y – z = a – c (D) y – z = (a – c)2 + 4b2
Sol.

16. If 3 sin β=sin (2α+β), then tan (α+β) – 2 tan α is

(A) independent of α (B) independent of β
(C) dependent of both α and β
(D) independent of α but dependent of β
Sol.

n n
 cos A + cos B   sin A + sin B 
14.   + 
 sin A − sin B   cos A − cos B 
A −B A −B
(A) 2 tann (B) 2 cotn : n is even
2 2
(C) 0 : n is odd (D) None of these

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EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Prove that 1 1 1 1
(i) (cosec θ – sin θ) (sec θ – cos θ) (tan θ + cot θ) = 1 (ii) − = −
sec α − tan α cos α cos α sec α + tan α
Sol. Sol.

2 sin θ tan θ(1 − tan θ) + 2 sin θ sec 2 θ 2 sin θ

(ii) =
(1 + tan θ) 2
(1 + tan θ)

Sol.
cos 3 A + sin3 A cos 3 A − sin3 A
(iii) + =2
cos A + sin A cos A − sin A
Sol.

1 − sin A
(iii) = | sec A – tan A |
1 + sin A
Sol.
3. Eliminate θ from the relations a sec θ = 1 – b tan θ,
a2 sec2θ = 5 + b2 tan2θ
Sol.

2. Prove that
cos A cos ecA − sin A sec A
(i) = cosec A – sec A
cos A + sin A
Sol.

4. Prove that :
π π π 1
(i) sin2 + cos2 – tan2 =–
6 3 4 2
Sol.

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π 7π π
(ii) 2 sin2 + cosec cos2 =0 cos( π + θ) cos( −θ)
6 6 3 6. Prove that : = cot2 θ.
π 
Sol. sin( π − θ) cos + θ 
Sol. 2 

7. If tan θ = –5/12, θ is not in the second quadrant,

sin(360 º −θ) + tan( 90 º + θ) 181
then show that =
π 2π π 29 − sec( 270 º + θ) + cos ec( −θ) 338
(iii) 3 cos2 + sec + 5 tan2 =
4 3 3 2 Sol.
Sol.

5. Prove that :
π 5π π
(i) cot2 + cosec + 3 tan2 =6
6 6 6
Sol.

8. Show that :
(i) sin 20º . cos 40º + cos 20º . sin 40º = 3 /2
3π π π Sol.
(ii) 2 sin2 + 2 cos2 + 2 sec2 = 10
4 4 3
Sol.

(ii) cos 100º . cos 40º + sin 100º . sin 40º = 1/2
Sol.

2 π π 3
(iii) cos + sin2 =
5 10 4
Sol.
9. Show that :
(i) sin2 75º – sin2 15º = 3 /2
Sol.

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(ii) sin2 45º – sin2 15º = 3/4

Sol.

π A π A  1 
10. Show that : sin2  +  –sin2  −  =   sin A
8 2  8 2   2 
Sol.
1 1
13. Prove that − = cot 2α.
tan 3α − tan α cot 3α − cot α
Sol.

11. Show that :

θ 9θ 5θ
cos 2 θ cos – cos 3 θ cos = sin 5 θ sin .
2 2 2
Sol.
14. Prove that
sin2 A − sin2 B
(i) = tan (A + B)
sin A cos A − sin B cos B
Sol.

12. Prove that

 2 α − π  
1 − cot  4  α 
   + cos cot 4α  sec 9α = cosec 4α.
 
1 + cot 2  α − π  2  2
  4 cos 2A
 4   (ii) cot (A + 15º) – tan (A – 15º) =
Sol. 1 + 2 sin 2A
Sol.

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15. Prove than Sol.

sec 8 A − 1 tan 8 A
(i) =
sec 4 A − 1 tan 2A
Sol.

cos3 A − cos 3 A sin3 A + sin 3 A

18. Prove that + =3
cos A sin A
Sol.

cos A + sin A cos A − sin A

(ii) – = 2 tan 2A
cos A − sin A cos A + sin A
Sol.

19. Find the value of

16. If A+B=45º, prove that (1+tan A) (1+tan B) = 2 (i) 4 sin 18º cos 36º
1º Sol.
and hence deduce that tan 22 = 2 −1
2
Sol.

(ii) cos2 72º – sin2 54º

Sol.

17. If 0 < θ < π/4, then show that 20. Prove that
tan θ tan (60º + θ) tan (60º – θ) = tan 3θ and hence
2 + 2(1 + cos 4θ) = 2 cos θ. deduce that tan 20º tan 40º tan 60º tan 80º = 3.

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Sol. Sol.

23. Prove that

2π 4π 6π 1
(i) cos cos cos =
7 7 7 8
Sol.

21. Prove that 4(cos3 20º+cos3 40º)=3(cos 20º+cos 40º)

Sol.

π 2π 3π 4π 5π 1
(ii) cos cos cos cos cos =
11 11 11 11 11 32
Sol.

22. Prove that

tan 3 x 2 cos 2x + 1
(i) =
tan x 2 cos 2x − 1
Sol.

2 sin x tan x
(ii) + =1
sin 3 x tan 3 x

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Sol.
24. Prove that
n sin nθ cos(n + 1)θ
sin2θ+sin22θ+sin23θ+....+sin2 nθ= –
2 2 sin θ
Sol.

27. If x + y = π + z, then prove that

sin2x + sin2y – sin2z = 2 sin x sin y cos z.
Sol.

28. If A + B + C = 2S then prove that

cos (S – A) + cos(S – B) + cos (S – C) + cos S = 4
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
Sol.
25. If φ is the exterior angle of a regular polygon of n
sides and θ is any constant, then prove that
sin θ + sin (θ + 2φ) + ....... up to n terms = 0
Sol.

π
26. If x + y + z = show that,
2 29. If A + B + C = 0º then prove that
sin 2x + sin 2y + sin 2z = 4 cosx cosy cosz. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = –4 sin A sin B sin C.

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Sol. 32. Prove that, sin3x . sin3 x + cos 3 x . cos3 x = cos3 2x.
Sol.

30. Find the extreme values of

 2π   2π 
cos x cos  + x  cos  − x tan α + tan γ
 3   3  33. If tan β = , prove than
1 + tan α. tan γ
Sol.
sin 2α + sin 2 γ
sin 2β = .
1 + sin 2α. sin 2 γ
Sol.

31. Find the maximum and minimum values of

(i) cos 2x + cos2 x
Sol.

π 
(ii) cos2  + x  (sin x – cos x)2
4 
Sol.

34. Show that :

1º 1º
(i) cot 7 or tan 82 = ( 3 + 2 )( 2 + 1)
2 2
or 2+ 3+ 4+ 6

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Sol.

1º
(ii) tan 142
2
=2+ 2− 3− 6.
Sol.

36. Calculate the following without using trigonometric

tables :
(i) tan 9º – tan 27º – tan 63º + tan 81º
Sol.

35. If sin x + sin y = a & cos x + cos y = b, show that,

2ab x−y 4 − a2 − b2
sin (x + y) = and tan = ± .
a2 + b2 2 a2 + b2
Sol.

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(ii) cosec 10º – 3 sec 10º

Sol.

 sec 5º cos 40 º 
(iii) 2 2 sin10º  + − 2 sin 35 º 
 2 sin 5º 
Sol.

−3
37. If cos (β − γ) + cos (γ − α) + cos (α − β) = ,
2
prove that
cos α + cos β + cos γ = 0, sin α + sin β + sin γ = 0
Sol.

(iv) cot 70º + 4 cos 70º

Sol.

ax by ax sin θ by cos θ
38. If + = a2 – b2, − = 0.
(v) tan 10º – tan 50º + tan 70º cos θ sin θ cos2 θ sin2 θ
Sol. Show that (ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = (a2 – b2)2/3
Sol.

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39. If Pn = cosnθ + sinnθ and Qn = cosnθ – sinnθ, then

show that Pn – Pn – 2 = – sin2θ cos2θ Pn – 4
Qn – Qn–2 = –sin2θ cos2θ Qn – 4 and hence show that
P4 = 1 – 2 sin2θ cos2θ
Q4 = cos2θ – sin2θ
Sol.

41. If A + B + C = π, Prove that

tanB tanC+tanC tanA+tanA tanB=1+secA . sec B . secC.
Sol.

40. If sin (θ +α) = a & sin (θ + β) = b (0 < α, β, θ < π/2)

then find the value of cos2 (α − β) – 4 ab cos (α − β)
Sol.

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42. If tan2 α+2 tanα . tan 2β=tan2β+2 tanβ . tan2α, 45. If the arcs of the same length in two circles subtend
then prove that each side is equal to 1 or angles 75° and 120° at the centre, find the ratio of
tan α = ± tan β. their radii.
Sol. Sol.

3 3π
46. If tan x = ,π<x< , find the value of
4 2
x x
sin and cos .
2 2
Sol.

 π
43. For all θ in 0,  show that cos (sin θ) > sin (cos θ)
2 
Sol.
47. Prove that :
(i) sec4 A (1 – sin4 A) – 2 tan2 A = 1
Sol.

cot 2 θ(sec θ − 1) 1 − sin θ

(ii) = sec2 θ.
1 + sin θ 1 + sec θ
Sol.

44. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius

10 cm which subtends an angle of 45° at the centre.
Sol.

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48. In a ∆ABC, prove that

A B C π−A π−B π −C
sin +sin +sin =1+4sin  4  sin  4  sin  4 
2 2 2      
Sol.

EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Prove that : cos²α + cos² (α + β) − 2cos α cos β π 3π 5π 7π 3

cos (α + β) = sin²β (b) sin
4
+sin4 +sin4 +sin4 =
16 16 16 16 2
Sol. Sol.

2. Prove that : cos 2α = 2 sin²β + 4cos (α + β) sin α

sin β + cos 2(α + β)
Sol.

4. Calculate without using trigonometric tables :

(a) 4 cos 20°− 3 cot 20º
Sol.

3. Prove that :
(a) tan 20° . tan 40° . tan 60° . tan 80° = 3
Sol.

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7π 
  π   3π 
5. If X = sin  θ +  + sin  θ −  + sin θ + ,
 12   12   12 
 7π   π   3π 
Y = cos  θ +  + cos  θ −  + cos θ + 
 12   12   12 
X Y
then prove that − = 2 tan 2θ.
Y X
2cos40°−cos20° Sol.
(b)
sin20°
Sol.

π 3π 5π 7π
(c) cos6 + cos6 + cos6 + cos6
16 16 16 16
Sol.

6. Find the positive integers p, q, r, s satisfying

π
tan = ( p − q )( r − s) .
24
Sol.

(d) tan 10º – tan 50º + tan 70º

Sol.

7. If m tan (θ - 30°) = n tan (θ + 120°) , show that

m+n
cos 2 θ =
2(m−n) .

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Sol. 10. (a) If y = 10 cos²x − 6 sin x cos x + 2 sin²x ,

then find the greatest & least value of y.
Sol.

(b) If y = 1 + 2 sin x + 3 cos2 x , find the maximum &

minimum values of y ∀ x ∈ R.
Sol.

4 5
8. If cos (α + β) = ; sin (α - β) = & α , β lie
5 13
π
between 0 & , then find the value of tan 2 α.
4
Sol.

(c) If = y = 9 sec2x + 16 cosec2x, find the minimum

value of y ∀ x ∈ R.
Sol.

9. Simplify the expression

b−a
sin 2x
1 a
f(x)= a + b tan 2 x . for b> a>0.  π
b−a  b−a 
2
(d) Prove that 3cos  θ +  +5cosθ +3 lies from –4 & 10.
1 +  sin x   3
 a  Sol.

Sol.

11. If A + B + C = π, prove that

 tan A 
∑  tan B tan C  = ∑ (tan A ) − 2∑ (cot A ) .
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Sol.

12. Let A1, A2,.....,An be the vertices of an n-sided

regular polygon such that ;
1 1 1
= +
A1 A 2 A1 A 3 A1 A 4 . Find the value of n.
Sol.

14. If α + β = γ , prove that

cos² α + cos² β + cos² γ = 1 + 2 cos α cos β cos γ.
Sol.

π
15. If α+ β+ γ = , show that
2

 α  β  γ
1 − tan 1 − tan 1 − tan 
 2  2  2  sinα +sinβ+sinγ −1
= .
 α  β  γ  cosα +cosβ+cosγ
1 + tan 1 + tan 1 + tan 
 2  2  2
Sol.

1 + sin A cosB 2 sin A − 2 sinB

13. Show that cos A + = .
1 − sinB sin(A − B) + cos A − cosB
Sol.

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Sol.

18. Given that (1+tan 1º)(1+tan 2º)...(1+tan 45º)=2n,

find n.
π 3π 5π 17 π Sol.
16. If P = cos + cos +cos +.....+ cos
19 19 19 19
2π 4π 6π 20π
and Q = cos + cos + cos +..... + cos ,
21 21 21 21
then find P – Q.
Sol.

19. Given that 3 sin x + 4 cos x = 5 where x ∈ (0, π/2).

Find the value of 2 sin x + cos x + 4 tan x.
Sol.

17. In A, B, C denote the angles of a triangle ABC

then prove that the triangle is right angled if and only
if sin4A + sin4B + sin4C = 0

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sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x 1 Sol.

20. Show that, + + = (tan27x– tanx).
cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x 2
Sol.

5
rπ 5
rπ
21. Let x1= ∏ cos 11 andx = ∑ cos 11 , then show that
r =1
2
r =1

1  cos ec π − 1
x1 .x2=  ,
64  22 
where Π denotes the continued product.
Sol.

23. Let k = 1º, then prove that

88
1 cos k
∑ cos nk. cos(n + 1)k = sin
n =0
2
k
.

Sol.

2π
22. If θ = , prove that
7
tan θ . tan 2 θ + tan 2 θ . tan 4 θ + tan 4 θ . tan θ = − 7.

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24. If cos A = tan B, cos B = tan C and cos C = tan A,

then prove that sin A = sin B = sin C = 2 sin 18º.
Sol.

26. Prove that the triangle ABC is equilateral if ,

cot A + cot B + cot C = 3.
Sol.

25. If (1 + sin t)(1 + cos t) = 5/4.

Find value of (1 – sin t)(1 – cos t).
Sol.

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27. Prove that the average of the numbers Sol.

nsinnº, n = 2, 4, 6,...180, is cot 1º.
Sol.

30. If A+B+C = π (A , B , C > 0) , prove that

A B C 1
sin . sin . sin ≤ .
2 2 2 8
Sol.

( ) ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
28. Prove that : 4 sin 27° = 5 + 5 − 3− 5 .

Sol.

29. If A+B+C = π ; prove that

A B C
tan² + tan² + tan² ≥ 1.
2 2 2

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31. Show that elliminating x & y from the equations, 32. If x and y are real number such that x2 + 2xy – y2 = 6,
sin x + sin y = a ; cos x + cos y = b & tan x + tan y = c find the minimum value of (x2 + y2)2.
8ab Sol.
gives = c.
(a +b 2 )2 −4a 2
2

Sol.

EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

1. (a) Let f(θ) = sin θ (sin θ + sin 3θ). Then f(θ) : (b) In any triangle ABC, prove that,
[JEE 2000 (Scr.), 1] A B C A B C
(A) ≥ 0 only when θ ≥ 0 (B) ≤ 0 for all real θ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot .
2 2 2 2 2 2
(C) ≥ 0 for all real θ (D) ≤ 0 only when θ ≤ 0.
[JEE 2000 (Mains), 3]
Sol.
Sol.

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π
2. (a) Find the maximum and minimum values of 3. If α + β = and β + γ = α then tanα equals
cos 2x sin 2x 2
27 . 81 . [JEE 2001 (Scr.), 1]
Sol. (A) 2(tanβ + tanγ) (B) tan β + tan γ
(C) tan β + 2tan γ (D) 2tanβ + tan γ
Sol.

(b) Find the smallest positive values of x & y 4. If θ and φ are acute angles sin θ = 1/2, cos φ = 1/3,
then θ + φ ∈ [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
π
satisfying, x–y= , cot x+cot y=2. [REE 2000, 3]
4  π π  π 2π   2π 5 π   5π 
(A)  ,  (B)  ,  (C)  ,  (D)  , π 
Sol.  3 2 2 3   3 6   6 
Sol.

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 Page # 62 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

tan θ cot θ
5. In an equilateral triangle, 3 coins of radii 1 unit 6. Let θ ∈ (0, π/4) and t1 =(tan θ) , t2 =(tan θ) ,
tan θ cot θ
each are kept so that they touch each other and also t3 = (cot θ) , t4 = (cot θ) , then [JEE 2006, 3]
the sides of the triangle. Area of the triangle is (A) t1 > t2 > t3 > t4 (B) t4 > t3 > t1 > t2
A [JEE 2005 (Scr.)] (C) t3 > t1 > t2 > t4 (D) t2 > t3 > t1 > t4
(A) 4 + 2 3 (B) 6 + 4 3 Sol.

7 3 7 3
B C (C) 12 + (D) 3 +
4 4
Sol.

One or more than one is/are correct : [Q.7 (a) & (b)]
sin4 x cos 4 x 1
7. (a) If + = , then [JEE 2009, 4+4]
2 3 5
2 2 sin8 x cos8 x 1
(A) tan x = (B) + =
3 8 27 125
2 1 sin8 x cos8 x 2
(C) tan x = (D) + =
3 8 27 125
Sol.

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(b) For 0 < θ < π/2, the solution(s) of 8. The maximum value of the expression

1
6 is [JEE 2010]
 (m − 1) π  mπ  sin θ + 3 sin θ cos θ + 5 cos2 θ
2
∑ cos ec  θ +
 4
 cosec  θ +
 
 = 4 2 is (are)
4 
m =1 Sol.
(A) π/4 (B) π/6 (C) π/12 (D) 5π/12
Sol.

9. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the

1 1 1
equation = +
π  2π   3π  is [JEE 2011]
sin   sin   sin  
n  n   n 

Sol.

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 Page # 64 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES

Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. B 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. D
9. A 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. A
17. C 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. C
25. A 26. D 27. D 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. A 32. D
33. B 34. B 35. A 36. B 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. C
41. A 42. B 43. A 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48. A
49. B 50. C 51. A 52. C 53. C 54. A 55. A 56. D
57. A 58. B 59. B

Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. BD 2. AB 3. ABCD 4. D 5. BD 6. CD 7. AB 8. AB
9. BD 10. AC 11. CD 12. BD 13. BC 14. BC 15. BD 16. AB

Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1 1
3. a2b2 + 4a2 = 9b2 19. (i) 1 (ii) – 5 /4 30. – , 31. (i) 2, –1 (ii) 2, 0
4 4
5π
36. (i) 4 (ii) 4 (iii) 4 (iv) 3 (v) 3 40. 1 – 2a2 – 2b2 44. cm
2
x 3 x 1
45. r1 : r2 = 8 : 5 46. sin = and cos =−
2 10 2 10

Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

5 56 sin 2x
4. (a) −1, (b) 3 , (c) 4 , (d) 3 6. p = 3, q = 2; r = 2; s = 1 8. 9.
33 | cos x |

13
10. (a) ymax = 11, ymin = 1; (b) ymax = , ymin = –1; (c) 49 12. n = 7 16. 1
3
13
18. n = 23 19. 5 25. – 10 32. 18
4

Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS

5 –5 5π π
1. (a) C 2. (a) max. = 3 & min. = 3 ; (b) x = ;y= 3. C 4. B 5. B
12 6
6. B 7. (a) A, B ; (b) C, D 8. 2 9. 7

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