THE PAPER OF SEMINAR I

TOEFL AND TOEIC

BY : Group 5
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. The Background

TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language which is the most important thing for
someone who wants to continue their higher education or to apply for a job and register for school
abroad. TOEFL as a reference to find out whether the person is proficient in English or not.

The types of TOEFL available are PBT, CBT and iBT. For the PBT (paper-based test) version,
since 1998, it has been held online using a computer (Computer-based Testing / CBT) and since 2005
it has been called iBT (Internet-based Test). In places that cannot implement CBT or iBT because
there are no computer facilities and internet networks, the TOEFL is still held manually using paper
and pencil (paper-based test). Varied TOEFL questions and psychological factors that are not ready
to face TOEFL due to lack of practice, of course, will indirectly make the TOEFL score obtained is
not optimal. To get a good and maximum TOEFL test score, it is necessary to practice as often as
possible in facing the test. The more often you practice, the easier it will be to do the test.

2. Formulation of the problem.

Based on the background of the problem, the following problem formulations can be made:

1) What is meant by TOEFL?

2) What are the different types of TOEFL?
3) What are the types of TOEFL questions?
4) What is meant by TOEIC?
5) What are different types TOEIC?
6) What are the form of TOEIC?

3. Purpose of the Problem.

Based on the formulation of the problem to aim as follows:
1) Understand about TOEFL.
2) Know the types of TOEFL.
3)Understand about TOEIC.
 4) Know the types of TOEIC.

4. Writing purpose.

The purpose of writing this paper is as a group assignment, Seminar 1 subject. Apart from being
a task, I hope this paper is useful for readers.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. TOEFL.
1.1 Definition of the TOEFL.
TOEFL stands for Test of English as a Foreign Language, which is organized by an institution in
the United States called ETS (Educational Testing Service). TOEFL is important for friends who
want to study or study abroad to study abroad. The TOEFL is an indicator to ensure friends who
are not from countries that use English, so they can attend lectures well in countries that use
English. The TOEFL is used to ensure:
 Ensure that these students understand the descriptions given by the lecturer in English
(listening skills).
 Students understand the required textbooks (reading skills).
 Students are able to make scientific writing with correct grammar (writing & grammar
skills).
To be accepted in Western countries, prospective students must have a standard TOEFL score
that has been set by each university in these Western countries. For example, the minimum
TOEFL score for countries in Europe is 500 (minimum), the TOEFL score for Australia is 500
(minimum), while the TOEFL score for countries in America is 550 (minimum) required.

1.2 Expansion of Use and Development of the TOEFL.

Over time, even countries whose mother tongue is not English, such as Japan, Korea,
India, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc., require a certain TOEFL Score for prospective students, both
those who come from within the country, especially if they come from abroad. In Indonesia, the
TOEFL is even used for:
 Requirements for the admission of new employees in government agencies, government
and private companies.
 Requirements for new student admissions for the Masters and Doctoral levels.
 Requirements for applying for scholarships, both from the government and the private
sector.
The TOEFL itself has undergone several improvements by the organizing institution, ETS.

1.3 Purpose of the TOEFL Test

TOEFL has two general objectives: Academic and General.
 1) The academic objectives of the TOEFL are for educational, research purposes or those related
to academic activities abroad, or in Indonesia. For postgraduate students, usually the minimum
score is 550 while for S1 it is 500.
2) General purpose (general) is generally used in the field of work, promotion or work assignments.
Many companies put standard English for their employees by looking at the TOEFL score.
Generally, the minimum TOEFL score is 500 for standard promotion.

2. Types of TOEFL
2.1 Types of TOEFL
1) PBT or Paper-Based Test (which is now being deleted).
Even if it is still there, very few people still use it and even then it is only for practice.
Internationally PBT cannot be used to apply for work and / or study abroad.). Is a type of TOEFL
test that is based on paper or in other words, this type of TOEFL uses paper as a means or tool
during the test. The TOEFL was first recognized by the world community in 1964 and has been
used as a form of language proficiency test at that time. After the times, internationally this type
of TOEFL is rarely found. However, there are still some countries that still use the TOEFL PBT
to test their English language skills, one of these countries is Indonesia. In total, there are around
60 institutions spread across 48 major cities in Indonesia that hold the TOEFL PBT test.
In Indonesia, TOEFL PBT is also commonly known as TOEFL ITP or Institutional
Testing Program. The point is that this type of TOEFL is held by an institution or language
center in schools and universities to test the English language skills of participants who are
students of the university. Besides that, this type of TOEFL only applies to the local area in
terms of its use and how to participate.
In the ITP TOEFL, there are several English skills or abilities tested, including:
Listening, structure and written expression, reading. The TOEFL ITP exam takes 2 - 2.5 hours
with a score range of 310 - 677.

2) CBT or Computer-Based Test (which is now also being phased out).

Is a computer-based type of TOEFL test. The point is that the TOEFL test uses a
computer as a means or tool during the exam. TOEFL CBT is a type of test as a development of
the TOEFL PBT which was first recognized by the public in 1998. However, for now this type of
TOEFL is no longer held, because it is considered less valid in its implementation both in terms
of material and the scores obtained.
At the CBT TOEFL there are several English language skills tested, including Listening,
reading and writing. This type of TOEFL exam lasts 2 - 2.5 hours. Regarding the range of scores
on the TOEFL CBT, it is different from the TOEFL PBT, which is 0 - 300.
3) IBT or Internet-Based Test.
(So, if you can use this one to apply for work and / or study abroad.) It is a TOEFL test based on
the Internet or in other words, during the exam process, the internet is the means of
implementation. Besides that, this type of test also uses a computer as a medium. However, in
this type of test there is an internet connection that differentiates it from TOEFL CBT.
TOEFL IBT is the newest type of TOEFL launched by ETS (Educational Testing Service) as a
test to test the ability of the world community in speaking English. TOEFL IBT was first issued
by ETS in 2005, but was first implemented in Indonesia in 2006.
As with other types of TOEFL, in the TOEFL IBT there are also several abilities (skills) tested,
such as: Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing. TOEFL IBT lasts 4 hours with a score range
of 0-120.

2.2 Types of TEOFL Exam

a) Reading
In the Reading Session there are 4 - 6 university level texts which you should read carefully,
before answering multiple choice questions. The aim is that you can understand the text, main
ideas, language vocabulary, conclusions, meanings and types of rhetoric.
b) Listening
In the Listening Session there are 2-3 types of conversations and 4-6 types of lectures / lectures
that you must listen to, before answering multiple choice questions. You have to pay attention to
important details, conclusions, intonation, to the vocabulary of the language.
c) Speaking
This session is only available for the TOEFL iBT type. You will speak into the microphone.
Your voice will be recorded for the rater to hear when finished. Two questions are general topics,
where you have to describe things you know in general, such as the city you live in or your
favorite teacher for example. The next two questions are summaries of information from the text
you read and the conversations you hear that you have to create. Don't forget to add your
opinion. The next two questions are summaries of information from the short conversations you
overheard.
d) Writing
You must write two short essays. One for your opinion on general topics, such as where is it
better to live - town or country and why? Another one is a summary of information from the text
and lecture / lecture, where they intersect each other. You have to compare and contrast, then
present conflicting information.
2.3 DIFFERENCES TOEFL IBT and TOEFL ITP
There are differences in scores in the IBT and ITP. For those who want to know what's the
difference, even though both are TOEFL? In terms of format, it is different, considering that for
TOEFL ITP, what will be tested are listening comprehension, structure & writtern expression,
and reading comprehension. Meanwhile, for the TOEFL iBT, what will be tested are reading
comprehension, listening, writing and speaking. As previously explained. Even in the TOEFL
ITP there are two different levels, namely: intermediate and advanced for those who are more
skilled. Meanwhile, there is no level division on the TOEFL iBT. According to its function and
purpose, IBT is held in major cities of various countries, including in this case Jakarta.
Meanwhile, TOEFL ITP is only held domestically.

2.4 Parts of the TOEFL

a. Listening Comprehension (50 questions, 30-40 minutes)
This section tests how much you can listen to conversations in English. This conversation
consists of short conversations (short conversations), long conversations (long conversations),
and speeches.
In a short conversation, you will hear a dialogue between two people which then ends
with several questions accompanied by answer choices (A, B, C, and D) for you to choose from.
The same thing happens in long conversations.
Meanwhile, in the speech section, you will hear several speeches, lectures, or lectures
given by someone with a duration of 200 words. Each speech ends with a number of questions
along with answer options for you to choose from.
b. Structure and Written Expression (40 questions, 25 minutes)
In this section, you will find problems related to grammar. The goal is to test your ability
to understand grammar and common expressions in English. The way to answer this is by
choosing one of the four answer options provided (A, B, C, and D).
c. Reading Comprehension (50 questions, 55 minutes)
Reading comprehension tests your ability to understand various types of scientific
reading. Usually, you will be given a minimum of five readings accompanied by a number of
questions about the topic, content, meaning of words, meaning of word groups, and related
information. You are asked to choose the correct answer from the four available answer choices
(A, B, C, and D).

3. Types of TOEFL Questions

3.1  Listening Comprehension
3.1.1 Short Conversation 
(Man) : I am trying to find a book by author Sterling Watson. Do you    know where I should
look?
(Woman) : He's a fiction writer, isn't he? Log on to this computer. Click on fiction, and then
search by author name. See? Oh, he has written quite a few books, although I've never heard of
him.
(Man)    : His books were never in the top ten, but I like his style. I took a class from him at the
University of Florida.
Narrator :  What does the man say about Sterling Watson?
Tulisan dalam buku test Anda:
A.  He is required to read one of his books but does not like his writing.
B.  He has never read any of his works previously.
C.  He appreciates his writing style.
D.  He learned about his books from a computer.
Jawaban :  (C) He appreciates his writing style.
Keyword : I like his style
Pembahasan : "His books were never in the top ten, but I like his style" yang dinyatakan oleh
laki-laki tersebut jelas bahwa buku-buku pengarang tersebut tidak pernah pada urutan sepuluh
terbaik tetapi dia menyukainya yang berarti bahwa laki-laki tersebut menghargai tulisan sang
penulis.

3.1.2 Long Conversation

(Man)       : I can't believe we have to read this entire book by Monday.
(Woman) : Some teachers think you have nothing else to do besides prepare for their class.
(Man)       : Well, my boss thinks the same thing about my job — that it's the only thing I have to
do.
(Woman) : Oh, I didn't know you were working. What do you do?
(Man)       : I do bookkeeping work for a small company on Saturdays. This weekend, I have to
prepare end of the quarter reports to give to the accountant on Monday.
(Woman) : You'd better start reading soon.
Narrator : 1. What does the man imply about the assignment?
                  2. What does the man imply about some teachers?
                  3. What does the woman suggest that the man do?
                  4. What does the man say about his work?
Tulisan dalam buku test Anda:
1.  A. It is too much to read in such a short time.
    B. He has already read the material.
    C. He can read at work.
    D. The teacher knows that he has a job.

2. A. They are understanding.

    B. They give thought-provoking assignments.
    C. They act like taking their class is the only thing a student has to do.
    D. They are unprepared.

3. A. Skip work
    B. Begin work on the assignment as soon as possible
    C. Quit the class
    D. Stay up all night

4. A. He does manual labor.

    B. He dislikes his job.
    C. His employer is very understanding.
    D. He works with figures.

Pembahasan untuk soal-soal di atas adalah:

1. Jawab : (A)     It is too much to read in such a short time
    Keyword : can't believe
    Pembahasan :  Ungkapan "can't believe" mengindikasikan bahwa yang diungkapkan tersebut
suatu hal yang luar biasa/ memberatkan.
2. Jawab : (C) They act like taking their class is the only thing a student has to do
 Key word : Some teachers think you have nothing else to do besides prepare for their class
 Pembahasan : Kalimat pada kata kunci mengimplikasikan bahwa para guru tidak terlalu peduli
pada kesibukan para siswa, dan para guru berfikir bahwa para siswa
tersebut hanya mengikuti kelas mereka.

3. Jawab : (B) Begin work on the assignment as soon as possible

    Key word :  You'd better start reading soon.
    Pembahasan : Kalimat pada kata kunci mengindikasikan bahwa sebaiknya sang laki-laki
segera memulai pekerjaannya secepat mungkin.
4. Jawab : (D) He works with figures
    Keyword :  my boss thinks the same thing about my job
    Pembahasan :  Dari yang diucapkan laki-laki tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa dia bekerja
pada orang lain.
3.1.3 Talk
Script Suara Ceramah pada Part C
The reason we're meeting today is to introduce the plan for our new office layout. Starting next
month, instead of cubicles, we will have an open office. There will be no cubicle walls or
partitions. Instead, desks will be arranged in clusters for each department. The desks in each
department will be facing each other in clusters of four or six. We feel this will facilitate better
communication between workers in each departments. It will also create a more welcoming
environment for clients.
The department managers will still have their own offices, but each will have large windows and
glass doors, to make employees and clients feel welcome to come inside. We're also going to
paint the walls and put in new carpeting. The project will start on the first of next month and
should take about three weeks to complete. We will be moving to the third floor during that
period.
Script Suara Pertanyaan Narrator
1.      What is the speaker mainly discussing ?
2.      What does the speaker say about the new layout?
3.      What is NOT true about plans for the office?
Tulisan dalam buku tes Anda:
1.  A. An office renovation
     B. Building construction
     C. A marketing campaign
     D. New carpeting
2.  A. The desks will be facing away from each other.
     B. Department managers will sit in cubicles.
     C. It will increase the number of sales to clients.
     D. It will improve employee communication.
3.  A. The walls will be painted.
     B. New carpeting will be installed.
     C. Work will begin next year.
     D. The work will take three weeks.
Jawaban yang tepat untuk soal-soal di atas adalah:
1. Jawab : (A) An office renovation
    Keyword : our new office layout
    Pembahasan : Dari kata kunci bisa diketahui bahwa kantor tersebut akan direnovasi.
2. Jawab : (D) It will improve employee communication.
    Key word : will facilitate better communication
    Pembahasan : Frase "better communication" bermakna sama dengan "improve
communication"
3. Jawab : (C) Work will begin next year
    Keyword : not true; start on the first of next month
    Pembahasan : Karena permulaannya bulan berikutnya dan membutuhkan waktu kira-kira tiga
 minggu, jadi pernyataan yang tidak benar adalah bahwa pekerjaan akan
dimulai tahun depan.
3.2   Structure & Written Expression
1. _____ the demands of aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic
new metallic substances.
    (A) Meet
    (B) Being met are
    (C) To meet
    (D) They are meeting

2. _______ James A. Bland, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of
Virginia in 1940.
    (A) Was written b
    (B) His writing was
    (C) He wrote the
    (D) Written by

3. Mary Garden, ______ the early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her
time.
    (A) a soprano was popular
    (B) in a popular soprano
    (C) was a popular soprano
    (D) a popular soprano in

4. In the realm of psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
    (A) who she believed
    (B) who believed
    (C) believed
    (D) who did she believe
Pembahasan Soal dan Jawaban
1. Jawab            : (C) To meet
    Keyword        : the demands of aerospace
    Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive. Kalimat tersebut
menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive phrase. Sehingga pilihan phrase
yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.

2. Jawab              : (D) Written by

    Keyword         : James A. Bland
 Pembahasan  : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda
“Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”.Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa
disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah
sebuah ajektif.

3. Jawab            : (D) a popular soprano in

    Keyword        : Mary Garden
    Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan
appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat
adalah a popular soprano in.

4. Jawab            : (B) Who believed

    Keyword        : a dualist
    Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V). Untuk menerangkan kata benda a
dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.

3.3  Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-5
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had taken to heart
the admonition that form should follow function and who thought of buildings not as separate
architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community, and
the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New England and some of the southern
plantations had been functional, but Wright was the first architect to make functionalism the
authoritative principle for public as well as for domestic buildings. As early as 1906 he built the
Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such
miscellaneous structures as houses, schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the
famous Larkin Building in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company building in
Racine, Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A)  Taken seriously
(B)  Criticized
(C)  Memorized
(D)  Taken offence
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
(A)  They were built on a larger scale.
(B)  Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C)  They looked more like private homes.
(D)  Their designs were based on how they would be used.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
(A)  was Wright’s first building
(B)  influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C)  demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D)  was the largest church Wright ever designed
4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
(A)  factories
(B)  public buildings
(C)  offices
(D)  southern plantations
5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural
principles?
(A)  Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B)  Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C)  A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D)  The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary
Terjemahan
Arsitektur khas Amerika dimulai oleh Frank Lloyd Wright, yang telah dikenal bahwa bentuk
harus mengikuti fungsi dan siapa yang berpikir bangunan tidak dipisahkan oleh arsitektur tetapi
sebagai bagian keseluruhan organik yang termasuk tanah, masyarakat, dan kumpulan
masyarakat. Dalam cara yang sangat nyata ,rumah-rumah kolonial New England dan beberapa
perkebunan Selatan telah berfungsi, tetapi Wright adalah arsitek pertama yang membuat
fungsionalisme prinsip otoritatif untuk umum juga domestik. Sejak 1906, ia membangun
Persatuan Candi di Oak Park, Illinois, gereja-Gereja yang pertama dari yang melakukan begitu
banyak merevolusi arsitektur gereja di Amerika Serikat. Kemudian menggunakan kejeniusannya
untuk struktur yang berbeda-bedaseperti rumah, sekolah, bangunan perkantoran dan pabrik-
pabrik, di antaranya Gedung Larkin terkenal di Buffalo, New York, dan perusahaan bangunan
Johnson Wax di Racine, Wisconsin.
1. The phrase “taken to heart” in line 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
Jawab : A → Taken seriously
Pembahasan : Frasa taken to heart adalah bentuk ungkapan idiomatik dan memiliki arti
“melakukan dengan sepenuh hati/serius”.
2. In what way did Wright’s public buildings differ from most of those built by earlier architects?
Jawab :  D → Their designs were based on how they would be used.
Pembahasan : Pada kalimat “…that form should follow function…” menunjukkan bahwa desain
seharusnya berdasarkan pada fungsinya, untuk apa nantinya bangunan itu digunakan dan
jawaban yang demikian ditemukan di pilihan D.
3. The author mentions the Unity Temple because, it
Jawab :  B → influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
Pembahasan :  Pada kalimat “…the first of those churches that did so much to revolutionize
ecclesiastical architecture in the United States” menyatakan bahwa bangunan itu sangat
mempengaruhi desain bangunan-bangunan selanjutnya. Jawaban yang mengandung ide serupa
ada pada pilihan B.
4. The passage mentions that all of the following structures were built by Wright EXCEPT
Jawab :  D → southern plantations
Pembahasan :  Pada kalimat terakhir jelas bahwa offices, factories dan public building, termasuk
churches adalah karyanya. Sedangkan South Plantations bukanlah hasil karyanya karena sudah
didesain oleh orang terdahulu seperti yang disebutkan dalam bacaan.
5. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architectural
principles?
Jawab : C → A building should fit into its surroundings.
Pembahasan : Kalimat “…as parts of an organic whole that included the land, the community,
and the society” menyatakan bahwa bangunan seharusnya dianggap sebagai bagian dari
keseluruhan lingkungan dan masyarakat sekitarnya sehingga dengan kata lain bangunan tersebut
harus sesuai dengan lingkungannya.

Questions 6-16
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with little regard
for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole continents,
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered
with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over
the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in southern
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering
Greenland and Antarctica. Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but
covers less than 50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare
nowadays, there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen
Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that
controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows
outward in several directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice
cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain
and thus does not have the domelike shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell.
St. Elias, and Chugach mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque
and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a
characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys,
curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)  Where major glaciers are located
(B)  How glaciers shape the land
(C)  How glaciers are formed
(D)  The different kinds of glaciers
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A)  huge
(B)  strange
(C)  cold
(D)  recent
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
(A)  They are confined to mountain valleys.
(B)  They cover large areas of land.
(C)  They are thicker in some areas than in others.
(D)  They have a characteristic circular shape.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
(A)  covering an entire continent
(B)  buried within the mountains
(C)  spreading into the ocean
(D)  filling deep valleys
10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
(A)  Alaska
(B)  Greenland
(C)  Alberta
(D)  Antarctica
11. The word “rare” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A)  small
(B)  unusual
(C)  valuable
(D)  widespread
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in which of the
following ways?
(A)  Their shape
(B)  Their flow
(C)  Their texture
(D)  Their location
13. The word “it” in line 16 refers to
(A)  glacier
(B)  cap
(C)  difference
(D)  terrain
14. The word “subtle” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A)  slight
(B)  common
(C)  important
(D)  measurable
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
(A)  cirque glaciers
(B)  ice caps
(C)  valley glaciers
(D)  ice fields
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to illustrate the two basic types
of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
(A)  Ice fields and cirques
(B)  Cirques and alpine glaciers
(C)  Ice sheets and ice shelves
(D)  Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Terjemahan
Ada dua jenis dasar gletser, yang mengalir ke luar dalam semua arah dengan kurang
memperhatikan setiap daerah yang mendasari dan orang-orang yang dibatasi oleh medan untuk
suatu jalan tertentu.
Kategori pertama gletser mencakup selimut yang besar yang mencakup seluruh benua, tepat
disebut lembaran es. Harus ada lebih dari 50.000 kilometer persegi tanah yang ditutupi dengan es
untuk gletser untuk memenuhi syarat sebagai lembar es.
Ketika bagian dari lembaran es menyebar samudera, mereka membentuk es rak. Sekitar 20.000
tahun yang lalu Cordilleran es lembar meliputi hampir semua pegunungan di Alaska Selatan,
Kanada Barat dan barat Amerika Serikat. Itu adalah sekitar 3 kilometer yang mendalam pada
titik tertebal di northern Alberta. Sekarang yang ada hanya dua lembar yang tersisa di dunia,
orang-orang yang meliputi Greenland dan Antartika.
Badan domelike es yang juga mengalir keluar di segala penjuru tetapi mencakup kurang
dari 50.000 kilometer persegi yang disebut topi es. Meskipun ice caps langka saat ini, ada
beberapa di timur laut Kanada, Baffin Island, dan di Kepulauan Ratu Elizabeth. Kategori kedua
gletser termasuk orang-orang dari berbagai bentuk dan ukuran yang umumnya disebut gunung
atau alpine gletser. Gunung gletser biasanya diidentifikasi dengan bentang alam yang
mengendalikan aliran mereka. Salah satu bentuk gunung gletser yang menyerupai topi es yang
mengalir ke luar dalam beberapa arah disebut medan es. Perbedaan antara medan es dan topi es
halus. Pada dasarnya, arus medan es agak dikendalikan oleh daerah sekitarnya dan dengan
demikian tidak memiliki bentuk seperti topi. Ada beberapa bidang es di Wrangell. St Elias, dan
pegunungan Chugach di Alaska dan British Columbia Utara.
Kurang spektakuler daripada besar es bidang yang paling umum jenis gunung gletser: cirque dan
lembah gletser. Cirque gletser ditemukan dalam depresi di permukaan tanah dan memiliki bentuk
melingkar yang khas. Es lembah gletser, terikat oleh daerah, mengalir ke lembah, kurva yang
disudut-sudut mereka dan jatuh diatas tebing.

6. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Jawab  : D → The different kinds of glaciers
Pembahasan : Ide pokok teks di atas dapat ditemukan pada paragraf pertama kalimat pertama
yang menjelaskan dua jenis gletser yang berbeda dan selanjutnya masing-masing dijelaskan lebih
lanjut pada paragraf berikutnya.
7. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
Jawab :  A → huge
Pembahasan :  Padanan kata massive adalah huge (sangat besar).
8. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
Jawab  : B → They cover large areas of land.
Pembahasan : Frasa whole continents pada kalimat those massive blankets that cover whole
continents appropriately called ice sheet menunjukkan bahwa daratan yang tertutup gletser
mencakup wilayah yang sangat luas, hampir keseluruhan daratan.
9. According to the passage, ice shelves can be found
Jawab :  C → spreading into the ocean
Pembahasan :  Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada kalimat terakhir paragraf kedua bahwa jika ice
sheet tersebar (spread out) di lautan akan terbentuk ice shelves.
10. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest?
Jawab : C → Alberta
Pembahasan : Jawaban dapat ditemukan pada baris ke-8: it was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta.
11. The word “rare” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
Jawab  :  B → unusual
Pembahasan :  Rare berarti jarang atau tidak biasa ditemukan sehingga jawaban yang paling
mendekati arti dari rare adalah unusual.
12. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in which of the
following ways?
Jawab : B → Their flow
Pembahasan : Kalimat Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls
their flow dan dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada kalimat One form of mountain glacier that resembles
an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field menunjukkan bahwa
pembentukan ice caps dipengaruhi oleh alirannya (their flow).
13. The word “it” in line 15 refers to
Jawab  :  A → glacier
Pembahasan :  It pada kalimat di atas merujuk pada mountain glacier atau gletser.
14. The word ”subtle” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
Jawab  :  A → slight
Pembahasan :  Padanan kata subtle adalah slight yang keduanya memiliki arti “tipis, halus, atau
sedikit”.
15. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
Jawab :  B → ice caps
Pembahasan :  Jenis alpine/mountain glacier adalah ice fields, cirque glaciers dan valley glaciers
yang semuanya dipengaruhi oleh aliran dan tidak memiliki domelike cap seperti ice caps.
16. Which of the following types of glaciers does the author use to illustrate the two basic types
of glaciers mentioned in line 1?
Jawab : D → Ice sheets and mountain glaciers
Pembahasan : Ada dua jenis gletser yaitu ice sheet yang mengalir keluar ke segala arah dan
mountain glacier yang arah alirannya terbatas hanya di aliran tertentu.
4. TOEIC
4.1 Definition of TOEIC
The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) is an international standardized test of
English language proficiency for non-native speakers. It is intentionally designed to measure the everyday
English skills of people working in an international environment.

4.2.The Purpose of TOEIC

The TOEIC tests are English language proficiency tests for people whose native language is not English.
The tests assess the everyday English skills of people in the global workplace who may communicate in
English both with other non-nativespeakers and those from English-speaking cultures.

4.3. TOEIC Bridge

(Test of English for International Communication) is a tests English just as the regular TOEIC test does,
but TOEIC Bridge is used for people with lower level English skills: beginner to lower-intermediate level
range.

4.4 The difference if TOEIC and TOEIC Bridge.

Basically, TOEIC is a bit harder than TOEIC Bridge. TOEIC Bridge is a simple version of
TOEIC usually used by institutions looking for a starter test for new English beginner. TOEIC
Bridge last one hour and the content focuses on everyday English with family and friends which
are basic communication.

4.5 Forms of TOEIC test

There are different forms of the exam: The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test consists of two equally
graded tests of comprehension assessment activities totaling a possible 990 score; There are also the
TOEIC Speaking and Writing Tests. The TOEIC speaking test is composed of tasks that assess
pronunciation, intonation and stress, vocabulary, grammar, cohesion, relevance of content and
completeness of content. The TOEIC Writing test is composed of tasks that assess grammar, relevance of
sentences to the pictures, quality and variety of sentences, vocabulary, organization, and whether the
opinion is supported with reason and/or examples. Both assessments use a score scale of 0 – 200

a. TOEIC Listening & Reading Test

The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test lasts two hours [45 minutes for Listening, and 75 minutes
for Reading]. It consists of 200 multiple-choice items evenly divided between the listening and
reading comprehension section. Each question is worth five scores. So each candidate receives
independent scores for listening and reading comprehension on a scale from 0 to 495 points. The
total score adds up to a scale from 0 to 990 points. The TOEIC certificate exists in five colors,
corresponding to achieved results:
 orange (0–219)
 brown (220–469)
 green (470–729)
 blue (730–859)
 gold (860–990)

b. TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test[edit]

The TOEIC Speaking & Writing Tests were introduced in 2006. Test takers receive separate
scores for each of the two tests, or they can take the Speaking test without taking the Writing test
and vice versa. The Speaking test assesses pronunciation, intonation and stress, vocabulary,
grammar, cohesion, relevance of content and completeness of content, while the Writing test
assess grammar, relevance of sentences to the pictures, quality and variety of sentences,
vocabulary, organization, and whether the opinion is supported with reason and/or examples.
The tests are designed to reflect actual English usage in the workplace, though they do not
require any knowledge of specialized business terms. The TOEIC Speaking Test takes
approximately 20 minutes to complete; the TOEIC writing test lasts approximately 60 minutes.
Each test has a score range between 0-200, with test takers grouped into eight proficiency levels
for Speaking and nine proficiency levels for Writing.

4.6. TOEIC Test Sample

TOEIC Practice - Part 1: Photographs
In Part 1 of the TOEIC you will look at ten photographs. For each photograph you will hear four
statements. You will have to choose which statement has the best description of the picture.
Example 1:
First you will look at a photograph:
Next you will listen to four statements. Choose the one that best describes what you see in the
picture.
Explanation 1:
 Choice A is incorrect because the glasses are on the table. Placementof objects is a
common distractor in Part I.
 Choice B is incorrect because the note is on the monitor not the keyboard.
 Choice D is incorrect because the lamp is beside the computer. Prepositions are very
common distractors found in Part I. Make sure to review your prepositions of location for
the TOEIC.
The correct answer is C.
Transcript:
A) The woman is wearing glasses.
B) There is a note on the keyboard.
C) The woman is facing the monitor.
D) There is a lamp above the computer.

TOEIC Practice - Part 2: Question-Response

In Part 2 of the TOEIC you will be tested on your ability to respond to a question. It is very
important that you can understand and identify wh-questions. You will listen to three possible
responses. Only one of the responses is correct.
Example 1:
First you will hear a question. Then you will hear three answer choices.
Explanation 1:
 Choice A has a distractor called a related word. When you hear the words, "how many"
your brain automatically looks for a response with a number in it. This is an error that the
test maker expects you to make. Also, the response is in the past tense, but the question
asks about the future.
 Choice B is a distractor called a repeated word. The word "coming" is in the question
but the answer B does not make sense.This is another common error that the test maker
expects you to make.
The correct answer choice is C.
Transcript:

How many people are coming to the conference?

A) There were 70 people there.

B) I don't think she is coming.
C) At least 150 people.

TOEIC Practice - Part 3: Short Conversations

In this part of the test you will listen to a short conversation between a man and a woman. After
the conversation, you will answer three questions about the dialogue. There will be four possible
answers for each question. Typical questions include, who, what, where, when, why, and how.
You may also be asked to make an inference.
Example 1:
First you will hear a short conversation:
Next you will read three questions with four possible answers:
1. What are the man and woman mainly discussing?

A) A vacation
B) A budget
C) A company policy
D) A conference

2. How is the woman traveling?

A) By plane
B) By bus
C) By taxi
D) By car

3. Why aren't the man and woman going together?

A) The woman needs to arrive earlier.

B) The man has to work overtime.
C) The woman dislikes air travel.
D) The man has to go to the bank first.
Explanation 1:
 Choice A is mentioned, but the man is asking if she needs to take a "vacation day". In
Part III there is often one or two choices that are mentioned but are not correct.
 Choice B is related to saving money for the company, but this is not the main topic of the
conversation. Be careful with main subject questions, because incorrect choices may be
small details from the conversation.
 Choice C repeats the word "company," but no policy is mentioned. In Part III there is
often one choice that includes a word from the conversation. You may have heard the
word, but it is not the correct choice.
The correct answer is D.
Explanation 2:
 Choice A is how the man is getting to the conference. In Part III there is often one or two
choices that are mentioned but are not correct.
 Choice C is how the man is getting to the airport. "Taxi" is mentioned but is not correct.
 Choice D is not mentioned. In Part III there is often one choice that is not mentioned at
all.
The correct answer is B.
Explanation 3:
 Choice A confuses the idea of "leaving earlier" and "arriving earlier".
 Choice B repeats the word "overtime", but it was the woman who did overtime last week.
  Choice D uses the homonym bank, but in this conversation the term "bank" means to
store up for later use, not a financial institution. In Part III there are often homonyms as
distractors.
The correct answer is C.
Transcript:

Man: Do you want to share a taxi to the airport? We can save on expenses that way, and as you
know the company is trying to cut costs.
Woman: Actually I'm not flying. I'm going to the conference by bus. I have to leave tomorrow
because it's going to take two days to get there.
Man: That's right. I forgot that you are afraid of flying. Are you taking a vacation day tomorrow?
Woman: Well, I worked some overtime last week, so I just banked it instead of wasting a holiday
day.

TOEIC Practice - Part 4: Short Talks

In Part 4 you will listen to a short talk. It might be an announcement, a radio advertisement, or a
telephone recording. You will listen to the talk and read a few questions about it.
Example 1:
First you will hear a short talk:
Next you will read a few questions with four answer choices:
1. What should the passengers do before exiting the ship?

A) Welcome the visitors

B) Check the time
C) Collect their personal items
D) Take a picture
2. What does the speaker imply?

A) The water was rough.

B) The weather was poor yesterday.
C) The tour went faster than usual.
D) There is only one way to exit.
3. What will happen in five minutes?

A) The ship will arrive at the dock.

B) The passengers will go shopping.
C) The passengers will take photos of the ship.
D) The market will open.
Explanation 1:
 Choice A has the word "welcome". This is a repeated word. This choice does not make
sense because the visitors and passengers are the same people.
 Choice B distracts you because of the association you automatically make between time
and "five minutes".
 Choice D is the wrong choice for two reasons. Firstly, because they are going to have a
picture taken (passive). Secondly, because this will happen after they get off the ship.
The correct answer is C.
Explanation 2:
 Choice A is related to cruising on a ship, but is not mentioned.
 Choice C is related to time. The recording mentions that there is "five minutes" until
docking, but there is no indication that the ship is docking early.
 Choice D is incorrect because the speaker suggests exiting to the right, implying that
there is also an exit at the left.
The correct answer is B.
Explanation 3:
 Choice B will happen, but not in five minutes. The time is confused.
 Choice C confuses the passengers getting off the ship and taking photos of the ship.
 Choice D repeats the word "market" but does not answer the question.
The correct answer is A.
Transcript:

Good morning ladies and gentleman. This is your tour guide speaking. I hope you have enjoyed
the cruise of the inner harbour today. We certainly had a nice day for it, especially compared to
yesterday. The ship will be docking in approximately five minutes. Once we are docked, please
collect all of your belongings and exit the ship. As a reminder, our group will be exiting to the
right. Follow the north ramp all the way to the far end of the platform. Before heading to the
farmer's market we will gather under the ferry terminal Welcome Sign for a group photo.
TOEIC Practice - Part 5: Incomplete Sentences
Part 5 marks the beginning of the reading skills section. In this section you will read a sentence
that has one blank spot. There will be four choices of words or phrases to choose from. You will
have to choose the one that you think completes the sentence. When the sentence is complete it
must be grammatically correct.
Example 1:
First you will read a sentence with a blank.
Despite having four years of experience in software programming, Mr. Jones hadn't used a word
processing program __________.
Next you will read four choices. Choose the word or phrase that best fits into the blank.
A) prior
B) advanced
C) previous
D) before
Explanation 1:
 Choices A is an adjective.(I have a prior engagement.)
 Choice B is a verb.(I advanced the money to her.)
 Choice C is an adjective.(That was my previous job.)
The correct answer is D. The sentence requires an adverb.

TOEIC Practice - Part 6: Text Completion

In Part 6 you will read four passages of text, such as an article, a letter, a form and an e-mail. In
each reading passage there will be three blanks to fill in. You will read four possible choices for
each blank. You should read the entire passage to make sure you choose the correct choice in
context.
Example 1: Letter
Sid's Stationery
2 Smythe St, Toronto, Canada M1B 5T6
Tel: (416) 295-1725
December 1st, 20--
Kerry Michaels
1 Stevens Rd.
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada M1E 4H7
Dear Ms. Michaels:
Holiday Sale
Seasons Greetings. As a _______ customer, we wanted you to be among the first to know about
our upcoming holiday sale. All craft paper, specialty printer paper, and decorative envelopes will
be reduced by 50% for the month of December.
1.
(A) value
(B) valued
(C) valid
(D) validate
As per tradition at Sid's Stationery, we will be having a Christmas raffle. This year the grand
prize is a 2-night stay for two at the Meridian Inn _______ Toronto Island. The winner will
receive a free double occupancy stay in the penthouse suite as well as a free dinner on the
moonlit patio.
2.
(A) through
(B) on
(C) over
(D) at
Money from ticket sales will be _______ to The Family Foundation, a local organization that
provides food and clothing to those who need it most this Christmas.
3.
(A) purchased
(B) donated
(C) funded
(D) collected
We look forward to seeing you this Christmas season.
Yours truly,
Sid and Sandy Chester
Explanation 1:
 Choice A is a noun.
 Choice C is an adjective that does not fit logically in context. This letter is from a
stationery store, so anyone can purchase items there. Something that is "valid"
is allowed or permitted.
 Choice D is a verb.
The correct answer is B. An adjective is necessary. A "valued customer" is one who shops
somewhere often.
Explanation 2:
 Choice A is a preposition that indicates going from one end to another. (I went through a
tunnel.)
 Choice C is a preposition used when one is passing something to reach another thing. (I
went over the bridge.)
 Choice D is a preposition used with times or specific venues. (I went at ten o'clock. We
met at the mall.)
The correct answer is B. The preposition "on" is used with geographic places such as "island" or
mountain.
Explanation 3:
 Choices A and C are incorrect because you can't "purchase" or "fund" money.
 Choice D is incorrect because "collected" is followed by the word "from" not "to".
The correct answer is B. "Donated" is the correct passive verb form used to describe money or
items given to a good cause.

TOEIC Practice - Part 7: Reading Comprehension

In Part 7 you will read passages in the form of letters, ads, memos, faxes, schedules, etc. The
reading section has a number of single passages and 4 double passages. You will be asked 2-4
questions about each single passage, and 5 questions for each double passage. Sometimes you
will be asked for specific details. Other times you will be asked about what the passage implies.
In the paired passages you will also be asked to make connections between the two related texts.
On the real test you will not have time to read every word. You need to practice scanning and
reading quickly for details.
Example 1: Memo
Memorandum
To: Supervisors
From: Judy Linquiest, Human Resource Manager
Sub: Probation periods
As of January 1st all new employees will be subject to a 3 month probationary period. Medical,
holiday, and flextime benefits will not apply to new staff members until the full 3 months have
expired. After the three months have been completed, please contact your employees and inform
them that their probationary period has ended. The HR department will contact you by email 2
days in advance to remind you of the date. Thank you for your cooperation.
1. What is the main purpose of this memo?
A) To inform all employees of a new expiration date.
B) To put staff members on probation.
C) To introduce the HR department.
D) To inform supervisors of a change in policy.
Explanation 1:
 Choice A is incorrect because the memo is only for supervisors and the subject is
probationary periods.
 Choice B is incorrect because it is only new employees that go on probation.
 Choice C is who will send the notice to remind supervisors of the date.
The correct answer is D.
2. When does the change come into effect?
A) Today.
B) In 2 days.
C) In 3 months.
D) On January 1st.
Explanation 2:
 Choice A is not mentioned.
 Choice B confuses "2 days in advance" (which is when the supervisors will get their
notice) with "in 2 days".
 Choice C is how long the probationary period is.
The correct answer is D.

TOEIC Practice - Speaking

The speaking section of the TOEIC takes approximately 20 minutes to complete. You will be
asked 11 speaking questions. Different types of speaking skills are evaluated including
pronunciation, intonation, grammar, vocabulary, content, and cohesion.
Try the following speaking question examples. After you try to give your own response, listen to
the recorded sample responses provided. Keep in mind that these are only examples. Your
responses may be different.
Questions 1 and 2: Read Aloud
In Questions 1 and 2 you will be asked to read a piece of text out loud. You will be scored based
on your pronunciation and intonation. Take a deep breath and try to read at a natural pace.
Preparation time: 45 seconds
Response time: 45 seconds

Example reading: A radio commercial

You don't need to spend all of your hard earned money on bakery bread. Making your own bread
at home is easy with the new Double Duty Dough Mixer by Berring. Unlike other bread
machines that can be difficult to clean and store, the Double Duty Dough Mixer breaks down
into five parts that can go directly into your dishwasher. This stainless steel appliance will mix
dough for you in a fraction of the time it takes to knead dough by hand. The automated delay
feature at the beginning of the mix cycle gives your ingredients time to reach room temperature,
ensuring that your breads will rise as high as bakery bread. We guarantee that the accompanying
Berring Best Breads recipe book will be a family favourite.

Read the text out loud:

Listen to the sample response:
Question 3: Describe a Photo
In question 3 you will be asked to describe a picture. You need to provide as many details about
the picture as you can in the time allowed. Describe the basic picture and then break down the
details in a logical manner.
Preparation time: 30 seconds.
Response time: 45 Seconds
Describe the photo:
Sample response (transcript):
This is an image of a busy street in an Asian country. As well as bicycles there are motor
vehicles on this street, so it is obviously a high traffic area. A few of the cyclists have bicycles
attached to their baskets. This suggests that bicycles may be their primary source of
transportation. From the architecture it appears to be a tourist or shopping district. There are two
tall buildings in the distance, which is likely where the business district is located. There seems
to be some confusion about direction of traffic flow. The cyclists are travelling on both sides of
the centre line and are going in the same direction. The cars, on the other hand, are going two
different ways.
Exam nerves can cause you to make silly speaking mistakes (for example "bicycles attached to
their baskets" rather than "baskets attached to their bicycles"). The examiner is more concerned
about clear speech. He or she will be looking for common errors, rather than nervous mistakes
that are like typos. Use your 30 seconds to plan a descriptive answer with plenty of details.
Practise with background noise.

TOEIC Practice - Writing

The writing section of the TOEIC takes approximately one hour to complete. You will have 8
questions to answer including one essay. Different types of writing skill are evaluated including
grammar, vocabulary, organization, structure and content.
Try the following writing question examples. After you try to write your own answers, read the
sample responses provided. Keep in mind that the sample answers are just ideas. Your answers
may be very different.
Questions 1-5: Pictures
In questions 1-5 you will be asked to write sentences based on pictures. Each picture will have
two words that you must use in your sentence. You can change the forms of the words. You will
be scored on grammar as well as on the relevance of the sentence to the picture.
Question 1: fishing, at

Type a sentence: 

Question 2: together, table

Type a sentence:

Question 3: beside, chatting

Type a sentence: 

Question 4: frame, but

Type a sentence: 

Question 5: baggage, open

Type a sentence: 

Example Responses:
1. The men stare out at the lake as they take a fishing break.
2. Three employees have gathered together around an oval table to discuss their concerns of
the day.
3. She is chatting on her cell phone while sitting beside a colleague in the taxi.
4. The frame of the building is almost done but construction has been called off.
5. When she got to the arrivals department, the tourist noticed that her belongings were
falling out of her open baggage.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion
TOEFL is an English language test to measure English proficiency which is commonly
used for those who want to continue their study abroad or apply for jobs. There are different
types that can be done there are reading comprehension, listening comprehension, and written
expression & structure. And there are 3 tests that can be done paper-based, computer-based, and
internet-based tests.

3.2 Suggestions
This paper is far from a perfect word. As a writer, I really accept criticism and
suggestions from readers to make this paper better.
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Ananta Galih. (2018). Scream and Learn. Diambil dari

http://asharemore.blogspot.co.id/2013/06/pengertian-dan-kegunaan-test-toefl-test.html
belajarbahasainggris.net. (2016). pengertian test TOEFL dan jenisnya. Diambil dari
http://belajarbahasainggrisonline.net/pengertian-test-toefl-dan-jenis-jenisnya/
Belajaringgris.net. (2018). belajar bahasa inggris cepat. Diambil dari
http://www.belajaringgris.net/pengertian-toefl-dan-perkembangannya-5760.html
Genius TOEFL. (2018a). Contoh Soal Pembahasan Reading Comprehension Tes TOEFL.
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comprehension/contoh-soal-pembahasan-reading-comprehension-tes-toefl
Genius TOEFL. (2018b). Contoh Soal TOEFL Listening Comprehension. Diambil dari
http://www.geniustoefl.com/artikel-ilmu-kunci-toefl/artikel/listening-comprehension/contoh-
soal-toefl-listening-comprehension
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online.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/pengertian-toefl-dan-tujuan-test-toefl.html
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itu-toefl/
TOEFL, G. (2018). Contoh Soal TOEFL Structure and Written Expression. Diambil dari
http://www.geniustoefl.com/artikel-ilmu-kunci-toefl/artikel/structure-and-written-
expression/contoh-soal-toefl-structure-and-written-expression
TOEFL, K. (2016). apa itu TOEFL dan manfaatnya. Diambil dari http://kursustoefl.com/apa-itu-
toefl-dan-manfaat-mengikutinya.html
https://global-exam.com/blog/en/what-are-the-differences-between-toeic-and-toeic-bridge/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOEIC

https://www.englishclub.com/esl-exams/ets-toeic-practice.htm