NAME: USWATUN HASANAH

NIM : 180203235

GRAMMAR AND COMMUNICATION

C. GRAMMAR EXERCISES

1. Choose the best endings for these sentences.

1. I hurt my knee quite badly so

a. I had to go to hospital.

b. I didn’t have the right running shoes.

Answer: A

2. One way to improve your health is to eat more fruit and vegetables. Alternatively,

a. you could increase your risk of heart disease.

b. you could exercise more.

Answer: B

3. Humans like to form social groups. Likewise,

a. many other mammals live independently of each other.

b. many other mammals live together in small communities.

Answer: B

4. I didn’t work hard at school. Consequently,

a. I did well at university.

b. I failed most of my exams.

Answer: B

5. I believe travelling can help us to understand other cultures. Furthermore,

a. it can help you to become more independent.

b. it can be lonely experience at times.

6. In spite of the fact that learning to speak a foreign language requires a lot of time and effort,

a. many people give up after short time.

b. many people manage it successfully.

Answer: B

7. In my experience, vegetarian tend to be quite healthy. In contrast,

a. many meat-eaters do not have a healthy diet.

b. they look after their bodies well.

Answer: A

8. Fifty per cent of all newspaper readers in this country only read the sports section of the paper. In
other words,

a. many people are not interested in news.

b. sports are reported very well in the newspaper.

Answer: A

9. Sydney is the biggest city in Australia, yet

a. it isn’t the capital.

b. it is the oldest city.

Answer: A

10. You wouldn’t be allowed to drive in my country because

a. there is no point in getting a car.

b. you need to be over 21.

Answer: B

11. Studies suggest that although sales of cookery books have increased significantly in the past five
years,

a. we spend less time than ever in the kitchen.

Answer: A

12. There are delays on all trains due to the fact that

a. passengers should allow extra time.

b. there is a shortage of drives.

Answer: B

2. Underline the correct linking expressions.

It is generally accepted that smoking causes the deaths of large numbers of people. In
order to address this problem governments should ban smoking in public places. To what extent
do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Many people think that the best way to reduce deaths from smoking is to ban smoking in public
places. 1 However, / In addition, it is not as simple as that. There are several reasons why I do not
consider this approach to be suitable.

2 Alternatively, / Firstly, banning activities often increases their popularity by making them seem
more exciting. 3 Furthermore, / In contrast, most smoking takes place in the privacy of people’s
homes, and would 4 therefore / nevertheless not be affected by the ban. 5 Thirdly, / Similarly, a
ban on smoking would make extra demands on the police.

6 Although / Despite the ideas behind banning smoking in public places are good an alternative
approach needs to be taken, in my opinion Schools should lead the way in discussing the harmful
effects of smoking not only on the smokers themselves but on others around them. 7 In addition, /
Consequently, parents need to support these efforts by encouraging their children to understand
the negative aspects of smoking.

If we adopted these measures, I believe fewer people would take up smoking 8 as a result. /
moreover. To same extent these things are already happening. 9 And / Nevertheless, further efforts
are needed.

3. Fill in the gaps with the linking expressions in the box.

as a result because but firstly for example however moreover similarly

2. In times of recession people stop spending, which can have serious consequences for the
economy. For example, poor sales can lead to closures of some businesses.

3. In this talk I will outline several possible reasons for melting polar ice caps. Firstly, it could be
because of climate change. Another reason could be …

4. These days many famous musicians are getting involved in political causes. Similarly, famous
actors are often seen on television promoting some charity or other.

5. Pets can have a calming effect on their owners. However, having a pet can increase stress due to
the demands made on the owner to look after the pet properly.

6. Some people believe that we have too many public holidays, but I believe they are a good idea
because it is important to find time to celebrate traditions.

7. In my city there are too many cars on the road and there are always traffic jams. As a result, it is
difficult for people to judge how long their journeys will take.

4. Write one or two sentences with a similar meaning to the sentences below, using the words in
brackets and any other words you need.

1. Despite the rise in profits this year, our company is still losing money. (although)

Answer: Although there has been a rise in profits this year, our company is still losing money

2. The head of my department called an emergency meeting so I had to cancel all of my afternoon
appointments. (because)

Answer: I had to cancel all of my afternoon appointments because the had master of my
department called an emergency meeting.

3. It is now much cheaper to rent a DVD at home so fewer people are going to the cinema these
days. (due to)

Answer: Fewer people are going to the cinema these days due to it is now much cheaper to rent a
DVD at home.

4. The cost of basic foods has risen because petrol prices increased last month. (as a result)
Answer: Petrol prices increased last month, as a result the cost of basic foods has risen.

5. Although there are over 30 girls on this course, the boys still outnumber the girls by two to one.
(but)

Answer: There are over 30 girls on this course, but the boys still outnumber the girl by two to one

6. Although there are some advantages to the pace of modern life, it also has its disadvantages.
(however)

Answer: There are some advantages to the pace of modern life. However, it also has its
disadvantages.

7. The numbers of red deer in the wild increased slightly in the 1980s , although the increase was not
sufficient to take them off the endangered species list. (in spite of)

Answer: In spite of the numbers of red deer in the wild increased slightly in the 1980s, the increase
was not sufficient to take them off the endangered species list.