acer planets on the Sun

Paul D. Jose, a scientist active in Aerospace Research, known for his observation
of motion of the sun around the barycentre. His work inspired many other
scientists.
Periods of repeating patterns
The positions of the external planets of the solar system are repeated with a
period of about 180 years, more precisely about 178.7 years (Jose 1965). This
period is one of many possible approximations of common synodic multiples of period
of outer planets.

R.M. Wood's (1975) compared the synodic periods of the planets with solar activity
periods.

Jupiter and Saturn make in conjunction with Uranus a period of about 139.0 years =
7 * (J, S), in conjunction with Neptune, about 218.5 years = 11 * (J, S). The
period 178.7 years = 9 * (J, S) makes three loops with a return to a similar
configuration (Gary J. Morris, 1997).

An analysis of the synodic periods of the outer planets comes with two basic
cycles: A = 178.95 (177.50-181.00) and B = 317.75 (317.45- 319.55), followed by
their linear combinations (2A, A + B, 3A, 2A + B, 3A + B, ...) (357.90, 498.50,
536.85, 677.45, 856.40, ...). The period of about 500 years is supported by the
synodic period (Neptune, Pluto), 676 years is the Mayan period of 13 calendar
rounds (13*52 years, "oxalajuj tiku") and 855 years is twice the Babylonian period
(427 years).

In a number of periods over a thousand years, the Mayan refer periods 2582 years
and 5125 years. Fairly accurate is the period c.2224.10 years (double the
G.L.Siscoe period, 1020-1030 years), and c.2403.05 years (the period observed by
I.Charv�tov�) and especially their sum of 4627.15 years.

However, we can never find any reliable pattern (J. Cech, 2007). The new patterns
emerge similarly when moving to a higher resolution level like higher numbers in
chain fragments ... This pitfall recalls the introduction of a 12-tone system in
music. In both cases it is a good approximation to real-world relationships with a
simplest system (180 years < 4627 years, 12 tones < 53 tones, etc.).

Theodor Landcheidt , 1927-2004, German (amateur) climatologist. He dealt with the

analysis and the possibility of predicting various natural phenomena - extremes of
solar activity, occurences of El-Ni�o, etc.
Changes of torque
Some theories derive solar activity from changes in angular momentum of (outer)
planets. The maximum moment is at the time of conjunction of planets (the center of
gravity is shifted from the Sun to the planets) The minimum moment is at the time
of the opposition (the center of gravity is near the center of the Sun).

In both cases, the torque change is minimal and therefore a minimum activity is
expected. The maximum activity should be about 60� at the distance of the planets,
ie 2 maxima per 1 minimum!? (According to these assumptions, the minimum activity
would also be around the year 1992 - which did not occur).

P.D.Jose (1964, 1965) observed the rate of change in the angular momentum of the
sun and deflection of the Sun by the planets Jupiter and Saturn with respect to the
barycentre.

According to Theodor Landcheidt (1983), the "torque" changes are the changes T =
dL/dt of angular momentum (torque) L and "impulses of torque" (IOT) changes
d2L/d2t. In 1988, he found an IOT signal in the time series of solar rotations
(Mt.Wilson).

James Shirley , American scientist (NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory), co-author of

the Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences.
He deals with the movement and rotation of the Sun, solar activity, the atmosphere
of Mars, Jupiter's moon Europa, geophysics, seismology, ...
He pointed to a certain correlation of the occurrence of the earthquakes, the solar
cycle and the moon's motion.
J. Shirley (1990) analyzed in detail instrumentally acquired data of solar
radiation intensities of different frequencies. He deduced that the data do not
contradict the results of previous observations (De La Rue, Stewart a Loewy (1872),
Schuster (1911) or Bigg (1967),...).

J. Shirley confirmed there are frequencies in the solar spectrum that could be
induced by planets - such as the impact of Mercury and Venus, the simultaneous
action of the Earth and the outer planets, However, he distinguishes the impulses
(IOT, d2L / d2t) and tidal forces. He ruled out that the observed manifestations on
the Sun could be part of the tidal forces.

Speed and acceleration of the Sun

The speed of change in solar acceleration was examined by K.D. Wood and R. M. Wood
(1965). If we focus on the influence of the outer planets than there is (despite
the variation in extremes, about 15-22 years) behind everything still period (J, S)
~ 19.86 years. Observation of the acceleration of the Sun caused by the outer
planets does not seem to lead directly to the 11-year cycle seen in solar activity.
The speed and acceleration cycles correlated with Solar activity can be derived
only in combination with inner planets.

A critical analysis of the different types of forces and derived accelerations is

in the work of the authors D.K.Callebaut, C de Jager and S.Duhau (2012).

Direction of the barycentre

Theodor Landscheidt pointed out that there are some differences in solar activity
in the direction of the Sun to the barycentre and in the direction of the
barycentre.

Theodor Landcheidt (1976) observed the relative position of the Sun, Jupiter and
the center of gravity of the solar system (barycentre). He compared the direction
of the solar storms in 1951-1956 and deduced that their larger part (about 2/3)
takes place in the direction of the barycentre.

A similar principle (combined with tidal theory) examined (independently of T.

Landscheidt) also Czech geophysicist Pavel Kalenda.

Ivanka (Jakubcov�) Charv�tov� , 1941, Czech geophysicist, focuses on the movement

of the Sun, its relation to solar activity and its impact on climate phenomena on
the Earth.
Deflection of the barycentre
Alexandre Dauvillier - French scientist associated higher solar activity with a
greater distance of the sun from the barycentre..

The theory of harmonic and chaotic arrangements was elaborated by the Czech
geophysicist I.Charvatova.

According to her theory - solar activity decreases at times when the ordered
(harmonic) movement of planets Jupiter and Saturn is disturbed by other bodies.
Because the greatest known disorders are caused by the outer planets of Uranus and
Neptune, we deduce, that solar activity decreases at the moment of their
conjunction (chaotic periods). So far, it is consistent with classical moments of
momentum theory.

In chaotic periods - with variable longer cycles (ie around the conjunctions U-N:r.
1136, 1307, 1479, 1650, 1821, 1992,�) is Jupiter in the aphelion during solar
peaks. (that is, the Sun-J and Sun-U-N center of gravity is further from the Sun)

On the contrary, during ordered (harmonic) periods - with short 10-year cycles (ie
in the wider neighborhood of oppositions U-N: 1051, 1222, 1393, 1565, 1736,
1908,... is Jupiter at perihelion during solar peaks (that is, the Sun-J center of
gravity is closer to the Sun).

The possible connection between the Uranus-Neptune conjunctions and the long-term
minima of solar activity was demonstrated also by Geoff J. Sharp (2013).

Average cycle length and Jupiter

In the period 1848-1907 the cycle length approximates to Jupiter's orbit:

Period Beats [years]

(1829,90...1883,90) ( 54,00, 59,31) => 120,63
(1837,20...1894,10) ( 56,90, 59,31) => 280,06
(1848,10...1907,00) ( 58,90, 59,31) => 1704,18
(1860,10...1917,60) ( 57,50, 59,31) => 376,83
(1870,60...1928,40) ( 57,80, 59,31) => 454,07
(1883,90...1937,40) ( 53,50, 59,31) => 109,23

190-year period
"Deification" of the 180-year period gradually met with criticism and new methods
of solar spectrum analysis. Already in 1973 T.W.Cole derived a period of 190 years.
Similar results have been made in recent years by several other scientists -
Richards (2009), J. E. Solheim (2013). S.K.Solanski (2004-2005) reconstructed solar
activity 11,000 years back.

Research is based on an analysis of the "O-C" deviations resulting from timing of

solar minima:
t(min) = 1755.5 + N * 11.06 + d(O-C)

Source
----------------------------------------------------------
T.W.Cole (1973) 190 years
Rogers, RichardsAndRichards (2006) 188 years (+-38 years)
J.-E.Solheim (2013) 190 years (+-7 years)

Quadratures of planets and solar activity

The definition of the "quadrature" of two bodies (similarly to the definition of
conjunction and opposition) differs in geocentric and heliocentric astronomy. We
will hold the heliocentric view and understand as the quadrature of two bodies the
moment when the angle of Planet1-Sun-Planet2 is right, ie when the difference
(heliocentric) of the planets is 90 degrees.

Quadratures of the outer planets

The following three images represent the position of planets at the time of
greatest extremes (maxima) solar activity of the last three centuries ....

23.5.1778 syst17780523 30.6.1947 syst19470630 22.11.1957 syst19571122

We see that the Uranus and Neptune planets have a right angle. At the same time,
these positions are preceded (in advance of 1-2 years) even by the quadratures of
the planets Jupiter and Saturn (1778.4-1777.4 = 1.0 years, 1947.50-1946.47 = 1.03
years, 1957.90-1956.17 = 1.73 years).
Five of the ten largest sunspots in 1874-2014 were observed in 1946-1951. (The
positions of 1778 and 1957 are similar, covering a 178-180-year cycle of outer
planet positions).

It offers to find a function of contributions of individual pairs of planets

(ideally using vector products, which are proportional to the sinusoidal function
of the angle and thus acquire the highest values under the action of two forces in
the perpendicular direction) ...

But the thing is not so simple. The highest extreme of solar activity in the last
millennium (according to the values of Justin D.Schove) occurred in 1372. The
angles of the observed planetary pairs (Jupiter-Saturn, Uranus-Neptune) are here
quite precisely 120 degrees !?

01.07.1372 syst13720701
John H. Nelson , 1903-1984, American radio wave propagation analyst. He described
some correlations between planetary positions and disturbation of radio signal and
managed to predict some extremes of it. Due to the nature of the research, he was
criticized by the scientific community. His work was recognized by astrologers,
though he did not belong to them.
Nelson's theory
John H. Nelson watched the conjunctions and quadratures of the planets in
connection with radio transmission of signals and the occurrence of solar radio
storms. He discovered (1951) greater interference of the radio signal at times when
angles included by some planets were multiples of 90 degrees (aspects 0, 90 and 180
degrees).

Interference at these times may have been caused by an increase in solar activity.
But Nelson did not claim that the planets controlled the processes on the Sun - he
"only" tried to prove he was capable to predict magnetic disturbances, and to
change radio frequencies so that they do not happen to interrupt signal
transmission.

An example of observed signal interference is the date 01.10.1961 (planets JSM-V #

NR-E):

syst19611001
To get closer to the Nelson observation logic, let us introduce the following
definitions:

Two planets are "in a cross" when they are in conjunction, opposition or
quadrature..
Two planets are "in compliance" when they include an angle of 120 degrees
(multiples of 60 degrees).
It is important to consider::

Cross Jupiter-Saturn and cross of Mars with Jupiter or Saturn.

Cross of Venus, Mercury or the Earth with Jupiter, Saturn or Mars.
Some of the inner planets are near Jupiter or Saturn in the cross.
Nelson predicted the solar storms:

12.11.1960 syst19601112 31.08.1962 syst19620831

And further (are important):

Compliance Jupiter-Saturn including compliance Jupiter-Saturn-Mars

Nelson pointed to the drop of interference at the beginning of 1948 with an angle
(J-S) of 120 degrees.
Smoothed extreme solar activity is given to be on the year 1947.5. At the beginning
of 1948, however, a short-term decline occurred. (Wolf's quarterly numbers 1947:
126, 172, 172, 136, 1948: 97, 177, 148, 127)

According to J.H.Nelson, radio signals of better quality, when Jupiter angle with
Saturn make multiples of 60 degrees. In the days 26-27 March 1948 with outer
planets at Lj = 258, Ls = 142, Lu = 86, Ln = 192) the extreme of the triangle
alignment of the index occurs. The straight line formed by Jupiter and Uranus
divides by Saturn and Neptune into 60-degree sectors. (A few days later, the system
is symmetrical, including the inner planets.)

10.4.1948 syst19480410
In connection with the planetary layout of 23.02.1956 (PJE # SRM-V) Nelson also
became interested in Pluto..

syst19560223
The Nelson's method was later adopted by J.H. Clark and expanded - besides Pluto -
also to Uranus and Neptune.

However, the extremes mentioned in the previous paragraphs do not seem to fit into
Nelson's scheme: maximum r.1372 and maximum end of 1957. In these cases,
"compliance" (angles of 120 dg) should lead to lower activity, but on the contrary,
the activity is extreme !?

Romanchuk's forecasts
P.R.Romancuk (University of Kiev) compiled in the 1960s of the last century - for
the purpose of forecasting of solar activity - a function to which entered the
longitudes of the planets and also their differences. Hence activity was decided by
mutual position of the planets (conjunctions, quadratures, ...). He constructed a
special empirical "function of action" the calculations included Jupiter, Saturn,
Venus and Earth.

Romanchuk's functions were not hereafter used, because their calculation was quite
demanding, but the forecasts did not achieve greater accuracy than other
(statistical) methods..

Blizzard's observations
J.B.Blizzard (1965) observed the rate of change in tidal power (for particle events
on the Sun) and the resonance sequence of planetary conjunctions. Subsequently, in
the extensive treatise (1968) on solar eruptions and proton phenomena, he has
attempted to prove that they are preceded by conjunctions of the planets.

Mars and Jupiter

Planet Mars seems to be completely meaningless by its size, but it appears in time
of solar maxima and proton events in conjunction with Jupiter more often, than
would be expected from an accidental distribution.
It applies, for example, to proton flares:
1.9.1859, 28.9.1870, 10.9.1908, 9.8.1917, 7.3.1942, 25.7.1946, 4.5.1960,
28.1.1967, 10.4.1969.
Proton eruption 7.3.1942

c_conjunct22

Regarding the small period of conjunctions R-J and the fact, that 5*(R,J) = 5*2.235
years = 11.18 years ~ W, it still may be only random phenomenon.
But also for example large sunnspots (M.A.Ellison), of years 1946 and 1951, follow
each other at interval of 2 conjunctions Mars-Jupiter.

Giant sunspot 27.7.1946 Giant sunspot 25.5.1951

 c_conjunct24 c_conjunct26
M�rth-Schlamminger's theory
H.T.M�rth (United Kingdom) and L.Schlamminger (Germany) published in 1979 (in
collection Solar-Terrestrial Influences on Weather an Climate) article PLANETARY
MOTION, SUNSPOT AND CLIMATE. According to their observations, the largest amplitude
of solar activity correlate with 90 � longitudinal angles.

Their function is based on a combination of pairwise external conjunctions planets,

especially Jupiter-Saturn and Uranus-Neptune. It is written here: �The long period
peak amplitude variation appears to be associated with the angular separation of
Uranus and Neptune, greatest amplitudes at angular separation 90�, smallest
amplitudes near conjunction and opposition�.

They provide graph of function |Ln-Lu| + |Ls-Lj| (where Lx are "adjusted"

heliocentric longitudes of planets) for period 1750-2000, that cover progress of
solar activity � e.g. estimated maxima from the graph are around years
1780,1840,1870,1960. Based on these assumptions they derive cycle ((J,S),(U,N)) =
22.46 years. The adjustment of longitudes is based on: L = L-90 for 90 < L = 180
degrees!?

But M�rth-Schlamminger period 22.46 years, respectively. 11.23 years seems to be

too long. In the long run, it does not fit into Schove's extremes, the functions
are diverging with the course solar activities. Regularity after several centuries
(for example, before 1540 and after 1950) ceases to exist (or overflows to the
opposite polarity). Some deviation also occurs around year 1780.

Contrary to real activity, the theory is also in 1989-1990.

Four of the ten largest spots of 1874-2014 appeared in 1988-1990. At the same time,
this marked activity peak occurred when aligning (known) outer planets into one
line!

06.08.1989 syst19890806

Ian R.G. Wilson , [vilzn], Australian astrophysicist and climatologist, author of

several treatises on the "quadrature effect" - in motion outer and inner planets.
He also deals with long-term cycles of solar activity, with the Moon, and so on.
Transitional periods
Jozsef Garai (2009) distinguishes regular and irregular cycles, regular are those
that proceed with the specified period given by syzygies (conjunctions and
oppositions) of Jupiter and Saturn. Periods with irregular cycles will be called
"transitional". Transitional periods are also referred to as periods of "phase
collapse" or "phase catastrophe" (Wilson, 200?).

Close proximity
Depending on the location of the bodies, we can distinguish between two types of
quadrature:

1. Before coupling bodies (faster body at the back),

for J-S eg 1778, 1837, 1958, for U-N, 1778, 1947, 1958.
2. When the body is collapsing (faster body in front),
for J-S eg 1727, 1947, for U-N 1870.
The high extremes of solar activity between 1727 and 1837 are closely preceded by
quadratures of Jupiter-Saturn (1727.50-1727.39 = 0.11 years, 1837.20-1836.99 = 0.21
years).

29.6.1727 syst17270629 11.03.1837 syst18370311

Gnevyshev, M.N., [] 1914-1992, Russian scientist, founder and director of

Kislovodsky Sun Station of the central astronomical observatory. Significantly
affected the development of solar physics in the second half of the 20th century.
His scientific work also intervenes into medicine, studying, for example
connections of solar activity, geomagnetism and the incidence of myocardial
infarction.
11-year period?
Wolf's 11-year period is based on long-term averages. However, in some periods,
activities with a significantly lower period are taking place. in the period 1905-
1958 the process of extremes of activity corresponds quadrature procedure - 5
cycles gives (measured between maxima) an average of 5x10.18 years, quadrature
covers 5x10.04 years.

There are indications(the Gnevysev-Ohl rule) that an extreme around 1797 is missing
(see below). At Maunder's minimum, long cycles (up to 14 years) are expected.
However, if it appears that some of the maximum is also missing here (eg y.1669),
it would reduce the average period to under 10.5 years ...!?

Not quite clear is the situation of approx. 80 years after 1796, around 1877 -
there is no violation of the Gnevysev-Ohl rule, but the length of the cycle between
maxima of 1870.6-1883.9 is almost 14 years.

Usoskin, Ilya, physicist working in Finland. Author of a long series of scientific

publications in the field of solar physics and physics of cosmic radiation.
Missing maximum y.1796
It seems like maximum of the year 1796 in data of solar activity �drops out�?!

From the analysis of phases of the double solar cycles (1871-1981) the following
sign of individual cycles were derived:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
+ - + - - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + -

Note the same sign in cycles 4-5 a 11-12.

Regular change of cycle signs is known as the "Gnevysev-Ohl Rule".
I.Usoskin has also pointed out (in y.2001), that the cycle No.4 (ca.1788-1805) may
be composed of two cycles (ca. 1788-1796, 1796-1805) - see also: I.Usoskin (pdf,
2009)
It was proposed to reduce the cycle numbers from 1,2,3 to 0,1,2 and add the missing
cycle number 3.
The year 1795 was also identified as the beginning of 80-year secular cycle (in
work of H.C.Willett). See Gleissberg's 80-90-year cycles.
Planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus were near their perihelia in the year 1797.
Consider the position of the planets in the year 1796, for example 19.August 1796
(when also Mars was near its perihelion):

syst17960819
There were only 2 such years on interval 0-2100 (with precision 10 dg) about 1090
years apart...(Program skips 100 day after an event found - this is why we see here
2 rows for each of these years ...)

J Jp S Sp U Up N Np
706,05 4,41 ( 11,53) 75,01 ( 84,93) 169,74 (170,33) 356,59 ( 30,47) 706
Jan 14 AD
706,38 15,35 ( 11,51) 79,55 ( 85,03) 171,27 (169,98) 357,32 ( 32,41) 706
May 14 AD
1797,41 5,38 ( 13,85) 93,33 ( 91,95) 164,69 (169,11) 222,35 ( 40,70) 1797
May 27 AD
1797,74 16,37 ( 13,85) 97,83 ( 92,04) 166,24 (168,74) 223,05 ( 42,48) 1797
Sep 24 AD

And the cycle 699-714 (i.e. distance of extremes, similarly to 1788-1805) was also
(in the series of extremes according to J.Schove) relatively long!

Pairing extremes and quadratures

We will try to pair cycles to the J-S quadratures. For the period 1905-1958 we get:

1905.96 (1.04) 1907.00 1916.53 (1.07) 1917.60

1926.81 (1.59) 1928.40 1936.27 (1.13) 1937.40
1946.47 (1.03) 1947.50 1956.17 (1.73) 1957.90

The maxima of cycles are lagging here the quadratures on average by about 1.27
years. But we chose periods the strictest pairing. Including other regular cycles
we get greater average delays (for the period 1600-2000, about 1.7-1.8 years).

A typical example of an average distance would therefore be maximum 1957.90, which

is behind the 1956.17 quadrature by 1957.90-1956.17 = 1.73 years. Given the average
length (J, S) = 19.86 years it is 31 degrees. Thus, at the peak of activity, the
Jupiter-Saturn angle is on average rather at 60 or 120 degrees. So Nelson's theory
is not still out of the game !?

Verification of angles
Observations so far may be random. We need to know if there are some angles of
Jupiter-Saturn in extremes of activity really more significant or not.

In the "J-S" column we will give the exact angle, in the column "Angle" this is
rounded to a 30 degree raster. The column "Factor" has value = Angle / 30.

For the period 1917-1947 we get:

Interval Days Extreme of activity J S J-S Angle Factor

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
10,60 3871,56 1917,60 1917 Aug 5 AD 57.3 125.7 291.6 300 10
10,80 3944,63 1928,40 1928 May 24 AD 21.9 256.4 125.5 120 4
9,00 3287,18 1937,40 1937 May 24 AD 288.9 358.4 290.5 300 10
10,10 3688,94 1947,50 1947 Jun 30 AD 237.1 131.8 105.2 120 4

Furthermore, we will only list "factors" for the given periods. We omit transition
periods. From the last 250 years (1750-2000) we receive:

Period Factors
----------------------
1738-1769 10,5,12,4
1816-1848 9,4, 9,4
1917-1947 10,4,10,4
1957-1989 10,5,11,5

Factor 9-11 corresponds to angles 270-330 degrees, factor 4-5 angles 120-150
degrees. Therefore, the maxima occur at 120 dg and 300 dg much more often than at
240 dg. Similar observations for minima give 30 dg and 210 dg.

Extremes occur in quadratures that are delayed - about time of the interval for
which the J-S take 30 dg.

For a longer period of 0-2000 years of Schove's data, there are some shifts, but
their origin could not be identified.

Collapse of the cycle phase

In previous statements, we missed 2 seasons - at about 90-100 years distance:

Interval Days Extreme of activity J S J-S Angle Factor

 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
8,70 3177,63 1778,40 1778 May 23 AD 153.0 225.8 287.2 300 10
9,70 3542,83 1788,10 1788 Feb 3 AD 88.9 333.8 115.1 120 4
17,10 6245,63 1805,20 1805 Mar 12 AD 238.6 194.8 43.7 30 1

Interval Days Extreme of activity J S J-S Angle Factor

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
12,00 4382,91 1860,10 1860 Feb 3 AD 114.1 144.3 329.8 330 11
10,50 3835,04 1870,60 1870 Aug 5 AD 71.8 268.5 163.3 150 5
13,30 4857,74 1883,90 1883 Nov 22 AD 116.4 68.0 48.4 60 2
10,20 3725,45 1894,10 1894 Feb 3 AD 64.7 201.1 223.6 210 7
12,90 4711,63 1907,00 1906 Dec 29 AD 97.4 346.7 110.7 120 4

These are the so-called "collapses of the cycle phase" (loses of phase lock, phase
catastrophes).

Transitional periods and quadratures

If all sun peaks are inclined to quadrature, (which appear on average with a 10-
year period) the overall course would not match the observed (11-years) Wolf
cycles. The shift occurs in transition periods.

In the next attempt, we place maxima of activity closest to quadratures. For

example: Let's start with the maximum of 1705.5 and proceed to the next maxima with
the Hale cycle about 22 years:

Quadratures 1707.7, 1727.4, 1748.2, 1767.3, 1786.9, ... ... 1817.1,

1837.0, 1856.9,...
Maxima 1705.5, 1727.5, 1750.3, 1769.7, 1788.1, ...(1796.0)... 1816.4,
1837.2, 1860.1,...

Cycles 1705-1727.5 belong to the first type of quadrature (Jupiter before Saturn),
Cycles 1816-1860 are of the second type (Saturn before Jupiter). So between 1788
and 1816 something unusual happened - one half of the cycle has fallen out (see
Gnevysev-Ohl rule). This is also associated with the possibility that the magnetic
field of the Sun was polarized two times in succession around the year 1800,

We check that we have complied with the Hale's cycle during this shift:
(1856.94-1707.65)/7 = 21.35 years, (1860.1-1705.5)/7 =22.09 years.

Counterexamples of quadratures
In 1797, the quadrature of J#S was two years before the minimum of 1799, similarly
10 years later, the quadrature of J#S 1808 was preceded by a minimum of 1809. Three
other examples are observed at about 100-year intervals:

Quadrature J#S Minimum

--------------------------
1767 1767
1868 1867
1966 1966

Quadrature J#S of the year 1857 adds to this, two years after the minimum 1855 -
here also near the quadrature U#N (Uranus-Neptune)!?

Gleissberg cycle
When Q is the quadrature period (coinciding with the Hale peaks), W is the Wolf
period and the magnitude of displacement between quadrature types is Q / 2, then
the period P of shifts is:

P(W,Q) = k* Q + Q/2 = k * 2*W, from which k = (Q/2) / (2*W-Q).

For Q = 19.86 years and W = 11.05 years it results: k = 19.86/2/2.24 = 4.433, ie.
k*2*W = 4.433 * 2 * 11.05 years = 2 * 48.98 years = c. 98 years. (Therefore k * Q =
4.433 * 19.86 = 88.04 years = cca 8 W = cca 98 years - 9.93 years).

The distance with which one type of quadrature passes in the other is about 98
years, which corresponds approximately to the period of the Gleissberg cycle,
respectively. rather its possible higher limit.

The 90-100 year period was repeatedly derived by analyzing different sources. E.g:

Zdroj
----------------------------------------------------------
Abbot (Climate) (1937) 92 years
B.M.Rubasev (S-activity) (1964) 93 years
Wood (Lunar tidal cycle) 93 years
Feirbridge, Sanders (Lunar) 93.02 years
Libby (tree rings) (1983) 95 years

According to the relationships above, the quadrature modulation period could be

longer. This would explain the observed mismatch with the Uranus-Neptune cycle ((U,
N)/2 is about 85.5 years - see above M�rth-Schlamminger).

The observed 2P periods corresponds to the modulation periods M = ((J,S), 2W), ie.
2P=M.
For Q = 19.86 years, we get the following values for selected lengths of the W
cycle:

W k = (Q/2)/(2*W-Q) P=k*2*W M Source

----------------------------------------------------------
10.40 let 19.86/2/0.94 = 10.564 219.7 let 439.4 Okal and Anderson
10.81 let 19.86/2/1.76 = 5.642 122.0 let 244.0 Vukcevic
11.05 let 19.86/2/2.24 = 4.433 98.0 let 196.0 Schove
11.08 let 19.86/2/2.30 = 4.317 95.7 let 191.4 Wood

Silvia Duhau , argentine researcher in the field of solar activity and climate
change. She deals with the theory of the solar dynamo.
S.Duhau and C.Y.Chen observed 2 periods of increase in solar cycle intensity
(lasting about 35 years) near years 1705 and 1923. The interval of these periods is
218 years.

Lunar cycles of 8.85 years and 18.6 years are in the same phase every 186 years: 11
* (8.85, 18.6) = 186 years = 2 * 93 years (Louis M. Thompson, 1988).

Planetary positions on elliptical orbits

Transitional periods are given approximately by the years 1685, 1793, 1877. The
last period (estimated to 2018?) seems to be delayed (compared to the estimated 90-
100 years).

Note the following correlations of transition periods with approaching outer

planets to their perihelions/aphelions:

Interval Year Date Index of proximity

219,00 1133,00 1132 Dec 22 AD 3.8039
250,00 1383,00 1382 Dec 20 AD 3.8236
165,00 1548,00 1547 Dec 19 AD 3.9081
250,00 1798,00 1797 Dec 28 AD 3.9677 ***
88,00 1886,00 1885 Dec 28 AD 3.9158 ***
161,00 2047,00 2046 Dec 28 AD 3.9366
 88,00 2135,00 2134 Dec 29 AD 3.9026

Beats of cycles
Ernest William Brown, 1866-1938, English mathematician and astronomer living in
America. Is known for his theory of moon movement. He dealt with the celestial
mechanics, elaborated detailed lunar tables.
Brown's period
Considering Jupiter's influences there is - according to E.W.Brown (1900) -
necessary to add primarily influences of Saturn and then secondary influences of
smaller bodies (noticing the 4-year periods in their mutual movement). He derive
period (J, (J, S) / 2) = 61 years from Jupiter's and Saturn's movement.

Milivoj.A.Vukcevic , [], theoretician of Serbian origin dealing with solar,

geomagnetic and climatic phenomena. He defined solar envelope functions of solar
activity.
Vukcevic's relationships
Milivoj.A.Vukcevic presented in 2004 (in the "Evidence of a multi-resonant system
within solar periodic activity") several remarkable relationships, which (within a
defined time interval) cover the course of the solar cycle. One of his
relationships is the sum of two cosine functions with arguments:

A1(t) = (t-t01)/(J,S) = (t-t01)/19.859 let

A2(t) = (t-t02)/2J = (t-t02)/23.724 let
The beats of these periods are approximately V1 = 120 years: ((J, S), 2J) = 122
years, Vukcevic states 118 years for the last centuries. (The asteroid Nessus moves
with the same period in the solar system). In addition to this period, Vukcevic
works with the period V2 = 288 years (287-290 years).

Note that the periods of these functions correspond to twice the period, of
E.W.Brown: Brown's 61-year period vs. Vukcevic's 122 years. The first function
presents spacing of Jupiter-Saturn, the second Jupiter advance on doubled(!)
elliptical orbit.

The 61-year period can also be derived from long-term shifts of Jupiter-Saturn
conjunctions, as they enter during the three-fold cycle (see Conjunctions).

Vukcevic's functions allow to explain lengthening of cycles in transition periods -

the theoretical course of activity is nearly constant here. From this perspective,
for example, adding another maximum for the year 1796 is superfluous.

For further context, see: Shape functions.

Valentina Zharkova , [], Ukrainian researcher in the field of solar physics acting
as professor of mathematics and astronomy in England.
Components according to Zharkova
Valentina Zharkova deduced - based on spectral magnetic analysis of the Sun field -
two basic "principial" components. These components are very much like Vukcevic's
functions. The difference between the two theories is in the prediction of the
period of beats. Zharkov� points to a significant 350-400 year cycle (Z), which
seems to be significantly different from Vukcevic's cycles.

Reflections on possible unification

The Vukcevic cycles (V1, V2) offer a connection with motion of Uranus (U) Neptune
(N) and cycle of Zharkov� (Z). Let us quantify the beats (U, V1) and (N, V2): (U,
V1) = (84.01, 120) = 280 years (=V2), (N, V2) = (164.79, 288) = 385 years.

So, approximately (U,V1) = V2 a (N,V2) = Z.

A similar concept is outlined in consideration about Planet X with period of X = Z.

(see Planet X). Here are considered cycles X = 387 years (375-390 years) (N, X) =
287 years (= V2) and (U, X) = 107 years (= 3 * Bruckner = 9 * J). With regard to
the Vukcevic concept, there is the course (N, X) compared to V2 phase shifted.

Note that for V1 = 118.6 years is (U,V1)= 288 years = V2. (10*J = 118.6 years,
6*(J,S) = 119.2 years).

Acknowledgment
I would like to thank in particular to RNDr.Pavel Kalenda CSc. for valuable
information and resources that helped me to orientate in the field of the influence
of planets on solar activity.