AR8702 URBAN DESIGN

COURSE FILE- 2020-2021

vii SEM, IV YEAR,

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, MOODODU.
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 1. TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. TABLE OF CONTENT......................................................................................................1
2. VISION AND MISSION STATEMENTS.........................................................................5
3. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES..................................6
4. COURSE DESCRIPTION AND MARKS DESCRIPTION..............................................7
5. STUDENTS NOMINAL ROLL.........................................................................................8
6. SYLLABUS......................................................................................................................10
7. COURSE OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................12
8. COURSE OUTCOME......................................................................................................12
9. LIST OF TEXT BOOKS/ REFERENCES/ WEBSITES/ JOURNALS/ OTHERS .........13
10. LIST OF E-RESOURCES ............................................................................................13
11. ACADEMIC CALENDAR...........................................................................................14
12. CLASS AND SUBJECT TIMETABLE .......................................................................16
13. COURSE PLAN............................................................................................................18
14. DAILY ATTENDANCE ..............................................................................................22
15. LIST OF ASSESSMENT CRITERIAS ........................................................................24
16. SWOT ANALYSIS.......................................................................................................26
17. STEPS TAKEN FOR SWOT ANALYSIS...................................................................27
18. BRIDGE COURSES.....................................................................................................28
19. FACULTY HANDLED THE SUBJECT PREVIOUSLY ...........................................30
20. DIRECTORY OF RELEVANT INDUSTRIES ...........................................................31
21. ASSIGNMENT PLAN..................................................................................................32
..................................................................................................................................................33
22. SEMINAR PLAN .........................................................................................................33
23. CONDUCT OF TUTORIAL CLASSES ......................................................................34
24. FIELD VISIT/ PANEL DISCUSSION/ PUBLICATIONS..........................................36
25. MINI PROJECTS/ COURSE BASED DEMONSTRATION ......................................38
26. SUBJECT NOTES- UNIT WISE .................................................................................40
27. CLASS TEST QUESTION PAPERS AND MARK ANALYSISError! Bookmark not defined.
28. INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER AND MARK ANALYSISError! Bookmark not defined.
29. MODEL EXAM QUESTION PAPER AND MARK ANALYSISError! Bookmark not defined.

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30. SOLVED IMPORTANT QUESTIONS........................Error! Bookmark not defined.
31. PREVIOUS YEAR UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERSError! Bookmark not defined.
32. SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT COPIES..............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
33. COPIES OF STUDENTS PRESENTATION...............Error! Bookmark not defined.
34. COPIES OF ANSWER BOOKLETS (INTERNAL, MODEL EXAM)Error! Bookmark not defined.
35. MARK STATEMENT OF INTERNAL EVALUATIONSError! Bookmark not defined.
36. CONSOLIDATED ATTENDANCE STATEMENT ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
37. CONSOLIDATED INTERNAL MARK STATEMENTError! Bookmark not defined.
38. UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPER & ANSWER KEY (CAY)Error! Bookmark not defined.
39. UNIVERSITY RESULT ANALYSIS (CAY-2, CAY-1, CAY)Error! Bookmark not defined.
40. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FORM ......................Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

2. VISION AND MISSION STATEMENTS

VISION
To be the most preferred destination producing futuristic, globally competent and socially responsive professional
architects, proficient to exert in multicultural global milieu with ethical persuasiveness and entrepreneurial drive.

MISSION
 To impart outcome-based education meeting future architectural demands and trends as well as attain
professional excellence in design and architecture for the benefit of society.
 To provide a conductive, creative and value rich ambience to transform our students with high ethical values,
professional qualities and leadership skills to face any real time challenges.
 To foster creative spirit in our students to evolve as innovative citizens through dedication to responsibility,
innovation in training, continuous improvement and conviction in human values.

3. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

Bachelor of Architecture curriculum is designed to prepare the graduates having aptitude and
knowledge
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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

1. To facilitate successful professional career.

2. To imbibe a strong foundation in Humanities and Sciences, Engineering Sciences and Architectural Design
skills.
3. To appreciate the theories and practices in the field of Architecture and design
4. To update themselves abreast of new developments in the field of architecture through life-long learning.
5. To emulate and inspire high ethical values in professional practice.
Program Outcomes (PO)

1. Ability to gain knowledge of Humanities, Sciences and Architecture.

2. Ability to understand elements of Architecture and apply basic principles in Architectural Design.
3. Ability to identify social, economic and cultural issues in Architectural Design.
4. Ability to analyze and apply theoretical knowledge to achieve Architectural Design solutions.
5. Ability to understand ethical and professional responsibilities.
6. Ability to review, comprehend and report technological developments.
7. Ability to understand real life situation of Architectural Practice.
8. Ability to communicate effectively and work in interdisciplinary groups.

4. COURSE DESCRIPTION AND MARKS DESCRIPTION

AR8702 URBAN DESIGN

Course description
In this semester students will learn about various vocabulary in urban design and related fields. Students will
learn about elements of urban design and it inter relation. Macro to micro scale linkages of these elements. Various
urban form and its evolution in different parts of the world. Urban design theories of Jane Jacob, William Whyte,
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Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi & Gordon Cullen. They will explore about various urban issues and solutions related to it.
In the end chapter students will go through some case studies in urban design and development.

Overall this subject will help the students to interrupt the settlements which they will doing in their urban
design studio. s

Marks description
S. No Assessment Weightage (%)
1 Internal- I 20
3 External 80
Total 100
Internal-I
Assessment for this will be done through the Internal test, Mid-Term test, Class assignments and Model exam
conducted.

External
Through University examination conducted at the end of the semester.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. STUDENTS NOMINAL ROLL

S. No Registration no Name Gender
1. 963417251001 AGNES DORA. R FEMALE
2. 963417251002 AJIN. T. V MALE
3. 963417251003 AL.AMEEN MALE
4. 963417251004 ANANDHU. A MALE
5. 963417251005 ANTONY REXIN. A. J MALE
6. 963417251007 BHARAT GOVIND MALE
7. 963417251008 CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS FEMALE
8. 963417251009 JOBELL JAISON MALE
9. 963417251010 JOHN BENNO. MALE
10. 963417251011 NIKHIL MATHAVAN MALE
11. 963417251012 NITHIN THOMAS MALE
12. 963417251013 SAJAN ALEXANDER MALE
13. 963417251014 SELMA. R FEMALE
14. 963417251015 HARSHA VARDHAN MALE
15. 963417251016 VINEETHA FEMALE
16. 963417251017 KIRAN THAMPI MALE

6. SYLLABUS

UNIT I URBANISM IN HISTORY 10

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Outline of forces shaping urbanism. Urbanism of river valley civilisations. Morphology of pre-industrial European
cities to include Greek and Roman cities, medieval European towns, Renaissance urbanism and ideal cities. Outline of
historic cities of India. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu. Mughal city form. Medieval cities of India. Colonial
urbanism in India.
UNIT II MODERN URBANISM 10
Industrialisation and impact on urbanism. American grid iron planning. Theories, ideas and practice of good urban
planning/cities/urbanism in early 20th century. Outline of modernist cities and urbanism across the world.
Morphology of Indian modernist cities of Chandigarh, Bhuvaneshwar and Gandhi Nagar. Components of modern
urbanism such as blocks, density, neighbourhood, streets etc., and their interdependencies. Evolution of urban design
as a discipline, its scope and objectives.
UNIT III CITIES AND URBANISM THROUGH TEXTS AND THEORIES 10
Introduction to and discussion of key texts and theories of cities and urbanism - Imageability and Lynch, Townscape
and Cullen, Genius Loci and Schulz, historic city and Rossi, social aspects of urbanism and the works of Jane Jacobs,
William Whyte and Jan Gehl, Collage City and Colin Rowe, current theories and texts.
UNIT IV CONTEMPORARY URBANISM AND URBAN INTERVENTIONS 7
Understanding aspects, issues and solutions related to urbanism today through study of literature and best
practices/case studies in urban design. Topics to include urban decay, change and renewal, place making, heritage,
conservation, identity, suburban sprawl, gated communities, generic form, privatisation of public realm, role of real
estate, transportation, zoning, globalisation, technology, digital age, sustainability, community participation, gender,
class, power.
UNIT V URBAN STUDIES 8
Introduction to study and interpretation of cities (especially Indian) through understanding published studies/ analysis.
The focus will be on components/aspects as well as tools/ methods. Tools and methods to include different types of
maps/mapping, drawings, sketches, photo documentations, reading, data collection, analysis. Aspects to include
topography, geology, hydrology, micro climate, vegetation, urban density, growth, city limits/boundaries, history,
urban architecture, typologies, infrastructure, land parcels, public space, demographics, patterns of usage, land use
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES
The students understood the role of urban design as a discipline, and its role in understanding and interpreting a city.
Various reading methods were explored, to understand the historical as well as present urban form. They also looked
at addressing urban design issues in terms of awareness creation as well as with possible ways to address them.

REQUIRED READING:
1. A.E.J. Morris, “History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution”, Prentice Hall, 1996
2. Edmund Bacon , “Design of Cities”, Penguin, 1976
3. Gordon Cullen, “The Concise Townscape”, The Architectural Press, 1978
4. Michelle Provoost et al., Dutchtown, NAI Publishers, Rotterdam, 1999
5. “Time Saver Standards for Urban Design”, Donald natson, McGraw Hill, 2003.
6. Kevin Lynch, “The Image of the City”, MIT Press, 1960.
7. Rithchie.A, “Sustainable Urban Design:AnEnvironmentalApproach”, Taylor & Francis, 2000.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

7. COURSE OBJECTIVES

 To understand the scope and nature of urban design as a discipline

 To introduce the components of a city and their interdependent roles.
 To understand the evolution of historic urban form
 To learn to interpret the city in different ways and layers.
 To create awareness of contemporary urban issues as well as learn about possible ways to address them

8. COURSE OUTCOME

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

The students understood the role of Urban design as a discipline, and its role in understanding and interpreting a city.
Various reading methods were explored, to understand the historical as well as present urban form. They also looked
at addressing urban design issues in terms of awareness creation as well as with possible ways to address them.

9. LIST OF TEXT BOOKS/ REFERENCES/ WEBSITES/ JOURNALS/ OTHERS

REQUIRED READING:
1. A.E.J. Morris, “History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution”, Prentice Hall, 1996
2. Edmund Bacon , “Design of Cities”, Penguin, 1976
3. Gordon Cullen, “The Concise Townscape”, The Architectural Press, 1978
4. Michelle Provoost et al., Dutchtown, NAI Publishers, Rotterdam, 1999
5. “Time Saver Standards for Urban Design”, Donald natson, McGraw Hill, 2003.
6. Kevin Lynch, “The Image of the City”, MIT Press, 1960.
7. Rithchie. A, “Sustainable Urban Design: An Environmental Approach”, Taylor & Francis, 2000.

REFERENCe BOOKS
1. Jonathan Barnett, “An Introduction to Urban Design”, Harper Row, 1982
2. Lawrence Halprin, “Cities”, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1964
3. Gosling and Maitland, “Urban Design”, St. Martin’s Press, 1984
4. Molcolm Moor, “Urban Design Futures”, Routledge, 2006
5. Geoffrey Broadbent, “Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design”, Taylor & Francis, 2003.
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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

10. LIST OF E-RESOURCES

 Knight frank and Jon Lang reports on real-estate development, market need in metropolitan cities.
(www.knightfrank.com. www.jolang.com )
 Online library of IIHS (Indian Institute of Human Settlements), to refer and read the reports on urban trend in
India. (www.iihs.in/library/pblications )
 NPTEL- Housing & Planning by Prof. Uttam Roy. (www.youtube.com/iitroorkee)
 NPTEL- Urban Governance & Management by Prof. Uttam Ray (www.youtube.com/iitroorkee)

11. ACADEMIC CALENDAR

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SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

12. CLASS AND SUBJECT TIMETABLE

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

13. COURSE PLAN

METHOD
TOTAL
NO. OF OF
S.NO. TOPICS DATE PERIO
CLASSES PRESENTA
DS
TION
UNIT :1- INTRODUCTION TO URBAN DESIGN
Introduction of the subject,
outline of issues/ aspects of 12 PPT/BLACK
1 2
urban space and articulation &13.08.2020 BOARD
of need for urban design
8
Components of urban space PPT/BLACK
2 2 19.08.2020
and their interdependencies- BOARD
scope and objectives of 20 PPT/BLACK
3 2
urban design as a discipline &26.08.2020 BOARD
UNIT:2- HISTORIC URBAN FORM
Evolution of urbanism in
PPT/BLACK
1 western. 2 27.08.2020
BOARD
Morphology of early cities
Greek agora - Roman forum
- Medieval towns- PPT/BLACK
2 2 29.08.2020
Renaissance place making - BOARD
ideal cities
Industrialization and city
growth - the eighteenth PPT/BLACK 12
3 2 02.09.2020
century city builders BOARD
Garnier’s industrial city
The American grid
planning- anti urbanism and
the PPT/BLACK
4 2 05.09.2020
picturesque- cite BOARD
industrielle- citte nuovo-
radiant city
Evolution of urbanism in
India- Temple towns -
Mughal city form- medieval PPT/BLACK
5 2 09.09.2020
cities - colonial BOARD
urbanism- urban spaces in
modernist cities

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 Case study and seminar by
students on Chandigarh,
PPT/BLACK
6 Bhubaneshwar and Gandhi 2 10.09.2020
BOARD
Nagar and other selected
cities

UNIT:3 – THEORISING AND READING URBAN SPACE

Ideas of Imageability and
1 townscape: Cullen, Lynch- 12 & PPT/BLACK
2
place and genius loci- 16.09.2020 BOARD
collective memory
2 Historic reading of the city PPT/BLACK
2 19.09.2020
and its artefacts: Rossi BOARD 8
social aspects of urban
space: life on streets
3 23 & PPT/BLACK
and between buildings, 2
24.09.2020 BOARD
gender and class, Jane
Jacobs, William Whyte
4 Seminar 2 26.09.2020
UNIT:4 – ISSUES OF URBAN SPACE
Understanding and
1 2 PPT/BLACK
interpreting of urban 30.09.2020
BOARD
problems/ issues
place-making and identity,
2 morphology: sprawl, 4 PPT/BLACK
01.10.2020
generic form, incoherence, BOARD
privatized public realm
Effects/ role of real estate,
3 2 PPT/BLACK
transportation, zoning, 07.10.2020
BOARD
globalization
20
ideas of sustainability,
5 heritage, conservation and 4 PPT/BLACK
08.10.2020
renewal contemporary BOARD
approaches
idea of urban catalyst,
6 2 10.10.2020, PPT/BLACK
transit metropolis,
14.10.2020 BOARD
community participation
Case study, Seminar/
7 6 15.10.2020, PPT/BLACK
workshop/ presentation by
16.10.2020 BOARD
students
UNIT:5 – BEST PRACTICE IN URBAN DESIGN
1 PPT/BLACK
Studies of Guidelines 2
BOARD
21,22,27.10.20
Contemporary case studies
20 12
2 from developing and PPT/BLACK
10 ,04.11.2020,
developed economies that BOARD
05.11.2020
offer design

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 guidelines and solutions to
address various issues/
aspects of urban space
OUTCOMES:

 The students understood the role of Urban design as a discipline, and its role in understanding and interpreting
a city.
 Various reading methods were explored, to understand the historical as well as present urban form.
 They also looked at addressing urban design issues in terms of awareness creation as well as with possible
ways to address them.

REQUIRED READING:
1. A.E.J. Morris, “History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution”, Prentice Hall, 1996
2. Edmund Bacon , “Design of Cities”, Penguin, 1976
3. Gordon Cullen, “The Concise Townscape”, The Architectural Press, 1978
4. Michelle Provoost et al., Dutchtown, NAI Publishers, Rotterdam, 1999
5. “Time Saver Standards for Urban Design”, Donald natson, McGraw Hill, 2003.
6. Kevin Lynch, “The Image of the City”, MIT Press, 1960.
7. Rithchie. A, “Sustainable Urban Design: An Environmental Approach”, Taylor & Francis, 2000.

REFERENCES:
1. Jonathan Barnett, “An Introduction to Urban Design”, Harper Row, 1982
2. Lawrence Halprin, “Cities”, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1964
3. Gosling and Maitland, “Urban Design”, St. Martin’s Press, 1984
4. Molcolm Moor, “Urban Design Futures”, Routledge, 2006
5. Geoffrey Broadbent, “Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design”, Taylor & Francis, 2003.

Faculty in charge HOD Principal

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SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

14. DAILY ATTENDANCE

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

15. LIST OF ASSESSMENT CRITERIAS

Test and Examinations

1. Class test for 30 marks will be conducted after completion of each unit.
2. Internal test / Sessional Test will be conducted for 50 Marks after completion of every 2 Units.
3. Third assessment will be given as assignment for 50 Marks.
4. Before the end of semester one Model Exam will be conducted for 100 Marks.

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  For students who fail to score min. of 70% in the above listed test/exams, tutorial class and re-test will be
conducted within a week time of assessment period.
In class Assessment
1. At the end of each unit students will be given assignments to assess the knowledge the gained and the
application of it in real scenarios.
2. Students will be asked to do mind maps at the end of each unit.
3. Debates and panel discussion will be conducted on particular topics. (List of pre-readings will be given before
the activity).
4. Surprise test can be conducted.
5. At the end of every 2 units a small quiz can be conducted to assess the knowledge gained by the students.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

•Studnets will learn about •To much of theory to

the evolution of human read & various planning
settlemnts and logic concepts to remember.
behind. •Students may feel
•this will help them to repetation of topics in
interupt the city choosen urban design subject too.
for Urban Study very
well.

STRENGTH WEAKNESS

THREATS OPPORTUNI
TY

•Students might feel •Learners will gain the

difficult to read. knowledge of
•learners may get bored to settlements and related 16. SWO
read too much theory. vocabulary .
•Learners will be well T
equipped to analyis the ANA
urban fabric and logic.
LYSI
S

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

17. STEPS TAKEN FOR SWOT ANALYSIS

To tap and grab Strength and Opportunities

 Students can be encouraged to do workshop in various organizations

 Students can be easily placed in various offices which works related to town planning and things.

 Students can publish their work, attend conferences and seminars on town planning and urban deisgn

 Students can be encouraged to on site surveys to understand the urban fabric better.

To minimize the weakness and prevent threats

 Pre-readings can be given to students before the lecture/ class.

 Videos of Panel discussions, conference presentations can be screened.

 Making students to do mind-maps, flow charts for each unit will make them remember the subject easily.

 One single tabular column exercise can be given to make the students remember about the various planning

concepts and related theory.

18. BRIDGE COURSES

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One day workshop has been conducted to make students aware of Urban design and logic behind the interdependency
of various layers in a city.

Ar. Trivikaram.T.N., Associate Professor from Faculty of Architecture, MIT, Manipal has been invited to given a
lecture and hand on experience to the students was conducted on 15th July’2019.

Note: Seminar Report with all the necessary documents has been submitted to the workshop coordinator Ar. Reghu in
prescribed format.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

19. FACULTY HANDLED THE SUBJECT PREVIOUSLY

S. No Faculty Name Academic Year Semester Pass

percentage
1.
2.
3.
4.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

20. DIRECTORY OF RELEVANT INDUSTRIES

S. No Institute/ Office Name Address Contact Detail

1 Indian Institute of Human 16th cross road, Sadashiv 080-6760666,
Settlements nagar, Bengaluru-560080 [email protected]
2 Urban Design Collective 94, Kamaraj avenue, 2nd 9994624242
street, Adayar, Chennai-
600020
3 HUDCO 3rd floor, saphalyam 04712339742
complex, Trivandrum-
695034
4 ESAC 39/35 Kamaraj salai, Ashok 9445948171,
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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

Nagar, Chennai-83 8220144660

21. ASSIGNMENT PLAN

 Individual/ group assignments will be given. If it is group assignment Max. of 5-6 Students in a group.
 After every assignment student have to submit A4 report of the same in proper format.
 Report can be max. of 5 pages.

S. NO. TOPICS

UNIT 1

Each student to identify an area/ prescient and study the area through/ with the elements
1
of urban design. (Sheet Submission)

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 UNIT 2
SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
2 Select cities aroundAnducode
Moododu, the country and have
Post, to present about
Kanyakumari the selected city. (PPT)
District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai
UNIT 3

I) Works/ Ideology of the Urban Designer (A4 submission)

3
II) Book review on the selected books according to the syllabus (PPT)

UNIT 5

Select any one developing or developed country study the various strategies, policies and
4
framework followed to overcome urban issues.

22. SEMINAR PLAN

 Individual/ group presentation will be given. If it is group presentation Max. of 5-6 Students in a group.
 Presentation will be in form of PPT with maximum of 15 slides and 20 mins will be given to present the topic.
 Report of the same along with the CD has to be submitted.

TOPIC: CHANDIGARH TOPIC: NAYA RAIPUR

S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME

TOPIC: BHUBANESHWAR TOPIC: NAINA CITY

S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME

TOPIC: GANDH NAGAR TOPIC: GIFT CITY

S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME

TOPIC: AMARAVATHI
S.NO ROLL NO NAME

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SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

23. CONDUCT OF TUTORIAL CLASSES

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Note: Attendance and Question papers will be updated during the course time.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

24. FIELD VISIT/ PANEL DISCUSSION/ PUBLICATIONS

Note: Details and report will be updated during the course time, if conducted.

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 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

25. MINI PROJECTS/ COURSE BASED DEMONSTRATION

EXERCISE 1
Students will be asked to choose a well-known locality covering of 500-1000m radius and then students will be do the
urban fabric analysis and evolve the logic or concept behind that particular settlement pattern.

EXERCISE 2
Students will be formed into group of 5 and an imaginary site will be given to them and each one in the group will
play an imaginary role like king, defence minister, fisher man, farmer, businessman, citizen.

Then the group will evolve a city with logic from each person.

EXERCISE 3
 Bombing the cities
 Mental mapping
 User friendly exercise
 Urban fabric analysis
 Identification of urban issues

Objective of the exercises.

All the above exercise will understand the students about the human settlements, its evolution and logic behind that
particular growth or form.

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SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

26. SUBJECT NOTES- UNIT WISE

AR8702 URBAN DESIGN

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode post, Kanyakumari District-626169 (Affiliated to
Anna University and Approved by Council of Architecture)

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 AR8702
URBAN DESIGN
(STUDY
MATERIAL)

Academic year: 2020-21

Batch: 2017-2022
Year: IV- Sem: VII

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AR8702 URBAN
DESIGN OBJECTIVES
 To create an understanding of urbanism and urban morphology as rising from
various forces through history.
 To introduce the components of the modern city and their
interdependencies.
 To introduce the scope and nature of urban design as a discipline.
 To introduce key theories associated with urbanism and cities.
 To create awareness of contemporary urban issues and how they are addressed.
 To give exposure to ways of perceiving, documenting and analysing cities.
UNIT I URBANISM IN HISTORY 10
Outline of forces shaping urbanism. Urbanism of river valley civilisations. Morphology of
pre-industrial European cities to include Greek and Roman cities, medieval European
towns, Renaissance urbanism and ideal cities. Outline of historic cities of India. Temple
town urbanism of Tamil Nadu. Mughal city form. Medieval cities of India. Colonial
urbanism in India.
UNIT II MODERN URBANISM 10
Industrialisation and impact on urbanism. American grid iron planning. Theories, ideas
and practice of good urban planning/cities/urbanism in early 20th century. Outline of
modernist cities and urbanism across the world. Morphology of Indian modernist cities
of Chandigarh, Bhuvaneshwar and Gandhi Nagar. Components of modern urbanism
such as blocks, density, neighbourhood, streets etc., and their interdependencies.
Evolution of urban design as a discipline, its scope and objectives.
UNIT III CITIES AND URBANISM THROUGH TEXTS AND THEORIES 10
Introduction to and discussion of key texts and theories of cities and urbanism -
Imageability and Lynch, Townscape and Cullen, Genius Loci and Schulz, historic city
and Rossi, social aspects of urbanism and the works of Jane Jacobs, William Whyte
and Jan Gehl, Collage City and Colin Rowe, current theories and texts.
UNIT IV CONTEMPORARY URBANISM AND URBAN INTERVENTIONS 7
Understanding aspects, issues and solutions related to urbanism today through study of
literature and best practices/case studies in urban design. Topics to include urban
decay, change and renewal, place making, heritage, conservation, identity, suburban
sprawl, gated communities, generic form, privatisation of public realm, role of real
estate, transportation, zoning, globalisation, technology, digital age, sustainability,
community participation, gender, class, power.

1
UNIT V URBAN STUDIES 8
Introduction to study and interpretation of cities (especially Indian) through
understanding published studies/ analysis. The focus will be on components/aspects as
well as tools/ methods. Tools and methods to include different types of maps/mapping,
drawings, sketches, photo documentations, reading, data collection, analysis. Aspects
to include topography, geology, hydrology, micro climate, vegetation, urban density,
growth, city limits/boundaries, history, urban architecture, typologies, infrastructure, land
parcels, public space, demographics, patterns of usage, land use.
TOTAL: 45
PERIODS
OUTCOME
 Awareness of the evolution and characteristics of urban forms, their components
and interdependencies.
 Understanding of urbanism through theories, aspects, issues and solutions.
 Knowledge of ways to look at and interpret urbanism today.
TEXTBOOKS
1. A.E.J. Morris, 'History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution', Prentice Hall,
1996.
2. Edmund Bacon, 'Design of Cities', Penguin, 1976.
3. Gordon Cullen, 'The Concise Townscape', The Architectural Press, 1978.
4. Michelle Provoost et al., 'Dutchtown', NAI Publishers, Rotterdam, 1999.
5. 'Time Saver Standards for Urban Design', Donald Natson, McGraw Hill, 2003.
6. Kevin Lynch, 'The Image of the City' MIT Press, 1960.
7. Rithchie. A, 'Sustainable Urban Design: An Environmental Approach', Taylor &
Francis, 2000.
8. Tridib Banerjee, Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, Editors, 'Companion to Urban Design',
Routledge,
2014.
REFERENCES
1. Jonathan Barnett, 'An Introduction to Urban Design', Harper Row, 1982.
2. Lawrence Halprin, 'Cities', Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 1964.
3. Gosling and Maitland, 'Concepts of Urban Design', St. Martin’s Press, 1984.
4. Malcolm Moor, 'Urban Design Futures', Routledge, 2006.
5. Geoffrey Broadbent, 'Emerging Concepts in Urban Space Design', Taylor & Francis,
2003.
6. Anuradha Mathu, 'Deccan Traverses', Rupa, 2006.

2
UNIT I URBANISM IN HISTORY
 Outline of forces shaping urbanism.
 Urbanism of river valley civilisations.
 Morphology of pre-industrial European cities to include Greek and Roman cities,
medieval European towns, Renaissanceurbanism and ideal cities.
 Outline of historic cities of India. Temple town urbanism of Tamil Nadu.
 Mughal city form. Medieval cities of India. Colonial urbanism in India.

RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION

 Mesopotamia was the earliest river valley civilization, starting to form around 3500
BC. The civilization was created after regular trading started relationships
between multiple cities and states around the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers.
 Mesopotamian cities became self-run civil governments. One of the cities within
this civilization, Ur, was the first literate society in history.
 Eventually, they constructed irrigation systems to exploit the two rivers,
transforming their dry land into an agriculturally productive area, allowing
population growth throughout the cities and states within Mesopotamia.
Egypt
 Egypt also created irrigation systems from its local river, the Nile River, more
complex than previous systems.
 The Egyptians would rotate legumes with cereal which would stop salt build up
from the freshwater and enhance the fertility of their fields.
 The Nile River also allowed easier travel, eventually resulting in the creation of two
kingdoms in the north and south areas of the river until both were unified into one
society by 3000 BC.

Indus valley
 Much of the history of the Indus valley civilization is unknown. Discovered in the
1920s, Harappan society remains a mystery because the Harappan system of
writing has not yet been deciphered. It was larger than either Egypt or
Mesopotamia.
 Historians have found no evidence of violence or a ruling class; there are no
distinctive burial sites and there is not a lot of evidence to suggest a formal
military.
 However, historians believe that the lack of knowledge about the ruling class and
the military is mainly due to the inability to read Harappan writing.

3
Yellow River
 The Yellow River (Huang He) area became settled. Many tribes settled along the
river, ninth longest in the world, which was distinguished by its heavy load of
yellow silt and its periodic devastating floods.
 A major impetus for the tribes to unite into a single kingdom by around 1500
BCE was the desire to find a solution to the frequent deadly floods.
 The Yellow River is often called "The Cradle of Chinese Civilization".

MORPHOLOGY OF PRE-INDUSTRIAL EUROPEAN

CITIES INTRODUCTION
 The historic urban context includes notably the site’s topography,
geomorphology, hydrology and natural features, its built environment, both historic
and contemporary, its infrastructures above and below ground; its open spaces
and gardens, its land use patterns and spatial organization; perceptions and
visual relationships; as well as all other elements of the urban structure.
 It also includes social and cultural practices and values, economic processes and
the intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and identity.
TOWN PLANNING:
Even if not ‘designed’ in advance, all towns have a plan. Let’s look at some historic
examples and see what influenced their ‘plans’.

 Catal Huyuk, 6,000 BCE

 Iron Age Hut, 600 BCE
 Greek-Roman Town, 79 CE
 Medieval City, c1300 CE
 Baroque City, c1750 CE
[BCE=Before Common Era CE=Common Era]

A CITY C6000BCE

 The world’s oldest city is said to be Catal Huyuk (pronounced ‘chatal hooyook’) in
Central Turkey. Access to the dwellings was from roof level.

 Living here, you had to behave in a much more ‘civic’ manner than living in a
rough hut on a bare hill.

4
Catal huyuk

IRON AGE CAMP C 500BC

 This is how people who did not live in ‘cities’ lived, all over Europe, until the
Roman conquest.
 The only‘Planning’ principle was a ring of defences, to make a Hill Fort.

Iron Age Camp

THE CITY IN 79 AD: POMPEII:

 Pompeii was buried by Vesuvius and can represent most of the ‘planned’ cities in
Europe from 500 BC to 500 AD, as well as most of the colonial cities (e.g. in
South America) from 1452-1700 AD). It was a walled city, designed to be able to
defend itself.

5
 City of Pompeii
PHOTOGRAPHS OF POMPEII:
The main features of Pompeii are exactly as described by Vitruvius
 A grid of streets
 Pavements + stepping stones
 Water supply
 Drainage system
 Public buildings at important positions
 No windows
 Internal courts

Other places in Pompeii

6
The Medieval City (c1300):
The main consideration was defence, provided by a high wall and narrow streets.
Nuremberg in 1516 (below, from Benevolo) the city was founded in 1040 AD.

Medieval City
MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY CITIES

Introduction:
 Urbanization in the last 200 years has strengthened links between culture,
society, and the city
 “Urban explosion” has gone hand in hand with the industrial revolution
 Estimates demonstrate the world’s urban population more than doubled since
1950
 Urban population doubled again by 2000
 Over 50 percent of Earth’s population live in cities

Generalizations
 Urban growth comes from two sources
 Migration of people to the cities
 Higher natural population growth rates for recent migrants
 Because employment is unreliable, large families construct a more extensive
family support system
 Increases the chances of someone getting work
 Smaller families when a certain dimension of security is ensured
 Smaller families often occur when women enter the work force
World cities
 Cities over 5 million in population
 Over half of the world’s 20 largest cities are in the developing world
 Thirty years ago, the list of world cities was dominated by
Western,industrialized cities

7
 Now the list is even more dominated by the developing world

The first cities

In seeking explanation for the origin of cities, we find a relationship between:
 Areas of early agriculture
 Permanent village settlement
 The development of new social forms
 Urban life
 Early people were nomadic hunters and gatherers who constantly moved
 As they became increasingly efficient in gathering resources, their campsites
became semipermanent.
 As quantities of domesticated plants and animals increased
settlement became more permanent

The first cities appeared in the Middle East

 Developed about ten thousand years ago
 Farming villages modest in size, rarely with more than 200 people
 Probably organized on a kinship basis
 Jarmo, one of the earliest villages
 Located in present-day Iraq
 Had 25 permanent dwellings clustered near grain storage facilities
 Lacked plows, but cultivated local grains — wheat and barley
 Domestic dogs, goats, and sheep may have been used for meat
 Food supplies augmented by hunting and gathering
 In agricultural villages, all inhabitants were involved in some way in food
procurement
 Cities were more remote, physically and psychologically, from everyday
agricultural activities
 Food was supplied to the city
 Not all city dwellers were involved in actual farming
 Another class of city dweller supplied services — such as technical skills, and
religious interpretation
 Two elements were crucial to this social change
 Generation of agricultural surplus prerequisite for supporting no farmers
 Stratified social system
 Meaning the existence of distinct elite and lower classes
 Facilitates the collection, storage, and distribution of resources
 Well-defined channels of authority that exercise control over goods and
people -These two set the stage for urbanization

8
Models for the rise of cities
Technical
The hydraulic civilization model, developed by Karl Wittfogel
 Large-scale irrigation systems as prime mover behind urbanization
 Higher crop yields resulted
 Food surplus supported development of a large nonfarming population
 Strong, centralized government, backed by an urban-based military
 Farmers who resisted new authority were denied water

The hydraulic civilization model, developed by Karl Wittfogel

 Power elite needed for organizational coordination to ensure continued operation
of the irrigation system
 Labor specialization developed

 The hydraulic model cannot be applied to all urban hearths

 Urban civilization blossomed without irrigation in parts of Mesoamerica
 The question of how or why a culture might first develop irrigation
Religious
Paul Wheatley suggests religion was the motivating factor behind urbanization
 Knowledge of meteorological and climatic conditions was considered to be within
the domain of religion
 Religious leaders decided when and how to plant crops
 Successful harvests led to more support for this priestly class
 Priestly class exercised political and social control that held the city together
 In this scenario, cities are religious spaces functioning as ceremonial centers
 First urban clusters and fortification seen as defenses against spiritual demons or
souls of the dead
Multiple factors
 Distinction between economic, religious, and political functions were not always
clear
 A king may have functioned as priest, healer, astronomer, and scribe
 In some ways secular and spiritual power was fused
 Attempting to isolate one trigger to urbanization is difficult, if not impossible
 It would be wiser to accept the role of multiple factors behind the changes
leading to urban life

9
Pic- showing various civilization of world

Urban hearth areas

Where the first cities appeared, for example:
 Mesopotamia
 The Nile Valley
 Pakistan’s Indus River Valley
 The Yellow River valley (or Huang Ho) in China
 Mesoamerica

Generally agreed first cities arose in Mesopotamia

 River valley of the Tigris and Euphrates in what is now Iraq
 Cities, small by current standards, covered one-half to two square miles
Populations rarely exceeded 30,000
 Densities could reach 10,000 per square mile —comparable to today’s cities
Early cities, also called Cosmo magical cities, exhibited three spatial
characteristics.
Great importance accorded the symbolic centre of the city, which was thought to be the
centre of the known world.
 Often demarcated by a vertical structure of monumental scale
representing the point on Earth closest to the heavens
 This symbolic centre, or axis mundi, took different forms
 The ziggurat in Mesopotamia
 The palace or temple in China
 The pyramid in Egypt and Mesoamerica
 The Stupa in the Indus Valley

10
Cosmo magical City: Beijing, China

 This is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the most important ceremonial building in
Beijing’s Forbidden City.
 The hall is set upon an auspicious number of three tiers.
 From the Gate of Supreme Harmony, the emperor would be carried on his
palanquin above the “dragon pavement,” carved with his dragon and other
auspicious symbols such as waves, mountains and clouds.

Cosmo Magical City

 The Forbidden City marked the inner sanctum of the Imperial city, a model of
harmony and moral order expressing the Will of Heaven.
 Ritual and cosmic correctness was imbued in city form through divination and
orientation; cardinal axiality and concentricity; and, square configuration defined
by walls and gates
 In Mesopotamia, this area was known as the citadel and housed the elite who
lived in relative luxury
 Streets were paved, drains and running water were provided
 Private sleeping quarters, bathtubs, and water closets were provided
 Privileges did not extend to the city as a whole


GREEK CITY
 Western civilization and Western cities trace their roots to ancient Greece
 By 600 B.C., over five hundred towns and cities existed on the
Greekmainland and surrounding islands
 With expansion, cities spread throughout the Mediterranean — to the north shore
of Africa, to Spain, southern France, and Italy
 Cities rarely had more than 5,000 inhabitants

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 Athens may have reached 300,000 in the fifth century B.C., including perhaps
100,000 slaves

Acropolis of Greek

The Greek city – Site and Culture

 Abundant and diverse resources.
 Fish, grain, grapes, olives, chestnuts, figs.
 Many isolated valleys and islands (natural barriers)
 Sea ≈ moat
 Isolation meant greater security, so power took a less aggressive form both
externally and internally.
 Alphabet derived from Phoenician consonant system, promoted
democracy and public life.
 Decentralized political power.
 Ritual blended with competition to produce a fairly relaxing life.
 Tremendously creative society: drama, poetry, sculpture, painting, logic,
mathematics, geometry.

 Cities had two distinctive functional zones —the acropolis and the agora
 The acropolis was similar in many ways to the citadel of Mesopotamian cities
 Had the temples of worship, storehouse of valuables, and seat of power Served
as a place of retreat in time of siege.

The agora was the province of the citizens

 A place for public meetings, education, social interaction, and judicial matters.

12
 It was the civic center, the hub of democratic life for Greek men
 Later, after the classical period, it became the city’s major marketplace without
losing its atmosphere of a social club

Physical separation of religious from secular functions implies the religious domain was
no longer the only source of authority
 Temples were located on sacred sites chosen to please the gods
 Temples were also sited and designed to please the human eye and harmonize
with the natural landscape

Greek- Agora and Acropolis Agora

 Gathering place and market
 On the road from the harbor
 Bordered by temples, workshops, vendors’ stalls, statues
 Place for public event

Acropolis
 Elevated temple district
 Contained various temples
 Architectural “vocabulary” used well into the 20th c. for banks, courthouses,
town halls,
 Periodic processions to Acropolis also celebrated the polis.

Greek City Planning

13
Tension created between the religious and secular created what many consider to be
one of the greatest achievements of Western architecture.
Earlier Greek cities probably grew spontaneously without formal guidelines

 Some think many ceremonial areas were designed to be seen according to

prescribed lines of vision
 The human aesthetic was given a degree of authority not given in Cosmo
magical cities

In later Greek cities a more formalized city design and plan are apparent— example of
Miletus in Ioma (present-day Turkey)

 Laid out in a rigid grid system imposing its geometry on the physical site
conditions
 Layout indicates an abstracted and highly rational notion of urban life
 Seems to fit well with the functional needs of a colonial city
 Grid system shows religious and aesthetic needs had taken a secondary role to
pressing demands of controlling an empire.

ROMAN CITY
Roman cities
 Romans adopted many urban traits from the Greeks and the Etruscans, whom
the Romans had conquered and absorbed in northern Italy
 As the empire expanded, city life diffused into areas that had not previously
experienced urbanization France, Germany, England, interior Spain, the Alpine
countries, and parts of eastern Europe

As the empire expanded, city life diffused into areas that had not previously experienced
urbanization Most cities were established as military (castra) and trading outposts

 Focal points for collection of local agricultural products

 Supply centres for the military
 Service centres for long-distance trading network

In England, the trail of city building can be found by looking for the suffixes - caster and
–Chester indicating cities founded as Roman camps
Roman city landscapes
 Gridiron street pattern was used in later Greek cities — example of Pavia, Italy
 The forum — a zone combining elements of the Greek acropolis and

14
 agora

 Placed at the intersection of a city’s two major thoroughfares

 Temples of worship, administrative buildings, and warehouses
 Also, libraries, schools, and marketplaces serving the common people
Roman city landscapes
Clustered around the forum were the palaces of the power elite
 Sanitary, well heated in winter, and spacious
 Not until the twentieth century did such luxury again exist

Roman masses lived in shoddy apartment houses

 Often four or five stories high, called insular
 System of aqueducts and underground sewers did not extend to the poor
 Garbage of perhaps a million Romans was thrown into open pits
 Even in its best days, Rome’s population was always at the mercy of plagues

Rome’s most important legacy was the Roman method for choosing city sites
 Consistently chose sites with transportation in mind
 Empire held together by a complicated system of roads and highways
 In choosing a new site for settlement Romans first considered access while other
cultures placed emphasis on defensive locations
 Numerous old Roman town sites were re-founded centuries later — Paris,
London, and Vienna

Networking in Roman City

15
Roman Cities- Forum
The Forum was their version of the Agora (this one is in Pompeii, a city preserved in
volcanic ash of Mt. Vesuvius from the 1st century BC

Forum
 Bordered by everything important: temples, offices, jails, butcher
shops
 Public processions and ceremonies took place there
 For a mainly pedestrian population, the surrounding colonnade was a very
important urban design feature

Roman Cities- Greek vs. Roman

 Romans not as playful or moderate as the Greeks
 Romans inclined toward violence, exploitation and gross excesses of
consumption
 Romans greatest achievements often bear the mark of excess but also
considerable engineering skill
 Rome was basically supported by forced tribute & taxes
 Conquered Greek isles by 133 BC and cloned many of their urban design
concepts Temples built on the Greek model, with prominent colonnades
 Agora was appropriated and became the Forum
The Roman Empire was in major decline by A.D. 400
 Cities and the highway system that linked them fell into disrepair
 The administrative structure collapsed

 Outposts were either actively destroyed or simply left to decay Within 200
years, many of the cities had withered away

THE MEDIEVAL CITY

Medieval period lasted roughly from A.D. 1000 to 1500

 Time of renewed urban expansion in Europe
 Urban life spread north and east in Europe
 Germanic and Slavic people expanded their empires
 In only four centuries, 2,500 new German “cities” were founded
 Most cities of present-day Europe were founded during this period

Revival of local and long-distance trade resulted from a combination of factors

 Population increase

16
 Political stability and unification
 Agricultural expansion through new land reclamations
 New Agricultural technologies
Trading networks required protected markets and supply centres, functions that
renewed life in cities, Long-distance trading led to the development of a new class of
people — the merchant class

MEDIEVAL TOWN
Hirsch horn is Neckar, Germany
This town reveals three important features of urban morphology: castle, wall, and
cathedral. Hirsch horn castle caps the summit of a fortified spur in the bend of the
Neckar River, affording a clear view of the river and forested valley.
Site factors have also limited expansion forcing people to build onto the walls. Half-
timbering is evident in a number of buildings.

 The major functions of the medieval city are depicted in five symbols
The fortress
 Usually cities were clustered around a fortified place
 Reflected in place names — German -burg, French -Bourg, English
 -burgh all meaning a fortified castle
 The terms burgher and bourgeoisie, originally referred to a citizen of the
medieval city

The charter
 Governmental decree from a regional power granting political
autonomy to the town
 Freed the population from feudal restrictions
 Made the city responsible for its own defence and government
 Allowed cities to coin their own money
 These freedoms contributed to development of urban social,
economic, and intellectual life.
The marketplace
 Symbolized role of economic activities in the city
 City depended on the countryside for food and produce was traded in the
market
 Centre for long-distance trade linking city to city

The wall
 Symbol of the sharp distinction between country and city
 Within the wall most inhabitants were free; outside most were serfs

17
  People inside were able to move about with little restriction
 Goods entering the gates were inspected and taxed
 Non-residents were issued permits for entry, but often required to leave by
sundown when the gates were shut
 Suburbs called faubourgs sprang up, and in time demanded to be included
into the city
 If the suburbs were allowed to be part of the city, the wall was extended to
include them
 At one end stood the fairly tall town hail
 Meeting space for city’s political leaders
 Market hail for storage and display of finer goods.

The cathedral

 This become the religious place

 More or less it’s like Acropolis
 It has main administrative building, court hall etc.,

Problems created for contemporary urban life by medieval city morphology and
landscape

 Streets were narrow, wandering lanes, rarely more than 15 feet wide
 Today, in 141 German cities, 77 percent of streets are too narrow for two- way
traffic

Functional zonation of medieval cities differed from that of modern cities Example of
coopers — people who made and repaired wooden barrels

 Attended the same church, and belonged to the same guild

 Church and guildhall were in the small centre area of their district
 Surrounding the center were their houses and workshops
 Many worked in the first story of their home and lived above the shop
 Apprentices lived above the shop owner

More prestigious groups lived in occupational districts near the city centre. Those
involved in noxious activities lived closer to city walls

Some districts were defined by ethnicity

Jews were forced to live in their own district in most medieval cities
 In Frankfurt am Main, they lived on the Judengasse, a street formed from

18
 the dried-up moat that had run along the old wall to the city
 This area was enclosed by walls with only one guarded gate
 The area was not allowed to expand, leading by 1610 to a population of 3,000
people and one of the densest districts in the city.

THE RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS

Form and function of the city changed significantly during the Renaissance (1500 —
1600) and baroque (1600-1800) periods
 Rising middle class slowly gave up their freedoms in pursuit of economic gain
 City size grew rapidly because bureaucracies of regional power structures came
to dominate them
 Trade patterns expanded with the beginning of European imperial conquest
 City planning and military technology acted to remold and constrain the physical
form of the city

A national capital city rose to prominence in most countries

 Provincial cities were subjected to its tastes
 Power was centralized in its precincts
 First office buildings were built to house a growing bureaucracy
 Most important, it was restructured to reflect the power of the central government
and insure control over urban masses

Height of baroque planning between 1600 and 1800

During the 1800s, Napoleon III carried out a building plan in Paris
 Cobblestone streets carefully paved to prevent loose ammunition for rioting
Parisians
 Streets were straightened and widened, and cul-de-sacs broken down to give
army space to maneuver
 Thousands were displaced as apartment buildings were demolished
 Many ended up in congested working-class sections of east and north Paris
 The east and north sections are still crowded today

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URBANISM IN INDIA

Evolution of urbanism in India – Temple towns – Mughal city form – Medieval cities

INTRODUCTION:

 The development of Indian architectural has been influenced by its long history,
extremely varied geographical and environmental conditions across the country.
The consequent cultural diversity is exemplified in the form of the towns and
cities which have involved over time across the country.

 The first phase of urbanization in the Indus valley is associated with the Harappa
civilization dating back to 2350Bc. The two cities of Mohanjodaro and Harappa
represent the climax of urban development. This great urban civilization came to
end at about 1500 B.C, possibly as a result of Aryan invasion.

 The second phase of urbanization in India began around 600 BC. This period
saw the formation of early historical cities and also the growth of cities in number
and size especially during the Mauryan and post
– Mauryan eras.

Stone Age Indus - before

valley 3300BCE
civilization - 3300 – 1700
BCE
Vedic civilization - 2000 – 600
BCE Iron Age - 1200 – 1 BCE
Maurya empire - 321 – 184 BCE
Chola Empire - 300 BCE –
1279BCE
Satavahana - 230 BCE -220
Empire CE
Middle - 1CE – 1279 CE
Kingdoms
Gupta Empire - 280 – 550 CE
Chalukya Empire - 543 – 753 CE
Pala Empire - 750 – 1174
CE
Islamic - 1206 – 1596
Sultanates
Mughal Empire - 1526- 1858
Sikh Empire - 1733 – 1849
British India - 1858 – 1947
Modern States - Since 1947

20
 The temple towns of Madurai and Srirangam in South India, re presents a cosmic
vision of hierarchically layered reality; the plan is formed by concentric
geometries around defined centers.

 In contrast a more organic pattern can be found in the weaver’s town of Chander
in Central India. This town, first established in the 15th century A.D., has a plan
defined by the natural topography and a social order representative of the broad
divisions of caste in medieval Indian society.

 In the early part of the 18th century A.D. resulted in the development of the city of
Jaipur in Rajasthan, west-central India. The plan for the city is based on a nine
square mandalass adapted to take advantages of the natural features of the site.

 The Mughal period stands out as a second-high watermark of urbanization in

India (the first occurring during the Mauryan period), when many of India’s cities
were established. The early part of British rule saw a decline in the level of Indian
urbanization.
 During the latter half of British rule, Indian cities regained some of their last
importance; further, the British added several new towns and cities, in addition
generating newer urban forms in the existing cities.

BUILDING TOPOLOGY

Indus Architecture can be grouped into

 Private houses
 Housing complexes
 Public buildings

PUBLIC BUILDINGS
 Markets / public meeting – held in large open
areas
 Great public bating places
 Granaries / Great halls

21
GUPTA PARIOD – GROWTH OF TEMPLE TOWNS
 The decline or urban centers began during the Gupta period (fifth century CE)
and continued in north India as the larger empires disintegrated into unstable dynastic
regimes.
 In south India between 800 and 1300 CE urbanization received strong stimulus
where the rise of cities was connected with the rise and decline of dynasties.
 The remarkable feature of the period was the rise of prahamanical Hinduism.
 This was reflected in the morphology of the cities where the focal point of the city
was the temple.
 The concentric squares of streets were arranged around the temple.
 The inner squares were occupied by the upper castes while the lower castes
lived in the periphery of the city.
 The streets leading out of the four gates of the temple were the places of
commercial activity.
 They also linked the inner city to the periphery and the hinterland beyond.

THE TEMPLE TOWNS OF MADURAI AND SRIRANGAM

 In India, traditional cities are developed around a historic core where the core
area is called walled city or inner city.
 The typical plan of the inner city puts the temple or mosque at the centre, the
markets immediately adjacent usually, the palace seldom at the centre and is
usually on the outskirts.
 Bordering the Public Areas are the residential Districts.

 In the south Indian cities like Madurai, Trichy, Srirangam, Thanjavur,

Chidambaram, Kumbakonam the temple dominates the plan at the centre.
 The scared monuments were constructed to dominate the surrounding area
providing a focal point for the town or city.

Temple town of Sri rangam & Madurai

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THE TEMPLE TOWN OF MADURAI

Madurai known as ATHENS THE EAST, city of junctions, city of jasmines, city that
never sleeps. Madurai third major economic, industrial, commercial, transportation hub
for the southern Tamilnadu.

View OF Meenakshi Temple, Madurai

HISTORY OF MADURAI
 Madurai was the seat of the Pandean kingdom around 600 BCE. The city
remained under control of cholas until 13th century.
 Madurai was under the Delhi sultanate till 1378. Madurai was taken over by the
Nayaks from the Vijayanagar in 1559 and stayed under Nayaks till 1736.
 In 1801 the EAST INDAI COMPANY took control of Madurai. In 1837 the city
expanded to accommodate the growing population by demolishing the
fortifications around the temple.

TRADITIONAL PLANNING STRATEGIES

 The old city of Madurai is considered
to be designed according to Rajdhani
plan and has fivefold concentric
rectangle with Meenakshi Temple at
the centre (Focal Point).
 The city was a well-planned one with
bazaars and many broad streets with
mansions on both sides.
Traditional Plan of Madurai

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THE TEMPLE OF MADURAI – SETTLEMENT PATTERN
The settlement pattern of Madurai is planned according to the ancient systems of town
planning which is based on caste and occupational hierarchies.

Settlement Pattern and Land use of Madurai

URBANIZATION DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD MEDIEVAL TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA

 Medieval period in India is marked by the end of Rajput period. Mohammed
Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan left the Indian territories in the charge of his
deputy, Qutubudin (reign 1206 – 1210), who had started life as a slave.
 Khijis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis followed and this period is known as the
sultanate.
 When the power of the Sultans declined, that outlying provinces once again
became important and the process of Hindu Islamic synthesis continued almost
without any interruption.

Mughal Indian Cities:

These cities had their own kind of morphology because this morphology was influenced
by both internal and external factors. These cities are to a great extent influenced by
various kinds of trade, internal and external.
Different kinds of mughal cities:
 Capital cities – Agra, Delhi, Lucknow, Lahore, Fatehpur Sikri
 Provincial Head quarters – Cities in Bengal, Ahmadabad in Gujarat.
 Port towns – Surat, Hoogly, Cambay.
 Market towns – developed into bigger cities like Borhanpur in the Deccan.

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MUGHAL CITIES
Mughal Indian Cities:
 The provincial cities gradually grew as in case of Burhanpur. Apart from the
provincial cities, which are the provincial Capitals or headquarters there are the
other cities and towns that sometimes become very important because of their
trade connection or strategic connection or any other factors. Surat was one of
those because of its port; Cambay too.
 Market towns / kasba – These grow simply because of the neighboring regional
situations. These are the towns where the villages combine to have some kind of
a trading centre and they grow because of particular economic, social or religious
reasons.
 Religious towns – Example Gaya, Ajmer (incase of the Muslims), Mathura
Vribdavan (in case of the Vaishnavites. There were different kinds of cities and in
Mughal India no city is similar to another except in certain broad features.
 Small Cities along the road sometime coming up or declining depending of the
trade, commerce including political casualties.
 In Mughal India unlike that of the Sultanate India, a land is attached to the city
itself whether it is a port town, whether it is a market town or whether it is a
capital town.
 So therefore, there is the question of the growth of the suburban. So therefore,
for the growth of the morphology, one would have to see the internal as well as
the external factors.
Elements Influencing the Mughal Cities
Morphology of a medieval Mughal city is influenced by two particular elements;
 Fort – almost like a city itself – the palace, the market, the mosque, the
residential area not only of the class but also of the troops, the dafter – khana
(the office) and others.
 It is not the center of the activities of the city itself but of the political life of the
empire. This in turn influences the events in the city.
 River – Most of the Indian cities, if not all are located on the bank of the river. The
fort is almost always located at the bank of the river. So the entire bank is almost
managed by the emperor and the nobility.
Chowk and Street
 The city actually starts from the fort in the sense that in front of the fort invariably
there is one maidan, which is called chowk, generally a square or eight –
cornered with two or three straight roads outside.
 On both sides of the street the shops are lined in such a way that it becomes
almost a market.
 There is another movement inside the city, a kind of a winding small road, also
covered with shops, maybe on one side, called Mohallas in Persian.
 So there is a static position of the city – the chowk, the street – and this static
position has conflict with the movement inside.
 It is moving city with political movement, sometimes, social movement,

25
 sometimes festivals but a movement is always there.
 In this morphology in which we find one of the straight, broad avenue and the
others cutting across at different angles, smaller winding lanes going through city
there is no class distinction in residential areas.
Mughal Capital Cities
The first Mughal capital city was established in Delhi in 1526. It was shifted to Agra and
then Akbar built an entirely new city at fatehpur Sikri. Later, under Shahjahan the capital
returned to Delhi when Shahjahanabad was built. It was a planned city with a wide
central avenue leading to the Red fort.
Certain basic elements that was common to these cities
 The location of the king or lord either on a high ground on one side of the city or
on the river bank.
 The second major element was the mosque – Jama Masjid – the cultural focal
point for the Muslim residents of the city.
 Every city of this period had a central market place situated at the main chowk or
crossroad of the city.
 Another element, though not universal, was the outer wall constructed for the
purpose of defence.
The cities, with the exception of Shahjahanabad were unplanned with
overlapping residential, commercial and industrial land uses.
Fatehpur Sikri – Akpar
 Notable achievement of the Mughals. 26 miles west of agra.
 A great complex of residential, official and religious buildings
 Rectangular area of 2 miles and 1 mile braod. Habitation lasted only for one
generation.
 Departed from the conventional idea of building isolated structures linked
together by streets, due to the limited space.
 City with no streets, but an arrangement of broad terraces and stately courtyard
around which are grouped pavilions and palaces.

FATEHPUR SIKRI – Design Guidelines

 First and foremost, the interior function of an individual building
determined. Its overall function, determined its location in the layout plan.
 Service areas, such as the waterworks, guard’s quarters were located on the
outskirts.
 The king and Queens, residences, located at the heart, astride the top of the
ridge.
 Public areas- like the courts, the Diwan –I – Am and the Jami masjid formed a
ring around the king
 and queen’s residences.
 Orientation – All important structures located along the cardinal axis. Secular
buildings were installed along the north – south axis. The Jami Masjid was
symmetrically erected as required around the east – west axis.
 The aesthetics of a building were left to the craftsmen employed in a

26
 particular structure. Overall visual was ensured through use of building material
for floors, walls, roofs, lintels, beams etc.,

Fatehpur sikri palace plan

27
UNIT II MODERN URBANISM
 Industrialisation and impact on urbanism.
 American grid iron planning. Theories, ideas and practice of good urban
planning/cities/urbanism in early 20th century.
 Outline of modernist cities and urbanism across the world. Morphology of Indian
modernist cities of Chandigarh, Bhuvaneshwar and Gandhi Nagar.
 Components of modern urbanism such as blocks, density, neighbourhood, streets
etc., and their interdependencies. Evolution of urban design as a discipline, its
scope and objectives.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Industrial City

Industrialization- Impacts
The start of industrialization in 18th century had its effects such as;
 Growing urban population
 Rising production & pace of life
 Reactions affecting both natural & built environment
 Inventions like elevators & automobiles change the shape &size of our cities
 Working class struggles, division of labor
 Change in lifestyles
 Emergence of new working
 Changes in family structure
 Problems arose because of concentration of working-class people in

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 poorly built housing near the factories and mills
 Transportation system had to develop

At the end of 19th century governments assumed more responsibility for improvement
of the cities in Europe.
 Germany encouraged cooperative housing.
 British law empowered state and local authorities to build houses
 for rent to the working class
 In 1871 in USA, Boson Co-operative Co started a scheme of rental
 housing for workers with big plots, large rooms& less Plot coverage
 City planning was initiated in North America by using zoning
 Regulations – building to be allowed, height limits & prohibited land uses
 As cities started getting congested, people moved to suburbs The invention of
cars changed the character of suburbs

GARNIER’S INDUSTRIAL CITY

The general design of Garniers city shows a separation between living quarters and
industry and also a separate health centre outside the city. This is understandable
as 'industry' in his case equals heavy industry with its associated pollution.

The main patterns are grids. However the part with living quarters is kept narrow to
minimize distances to nature. This is also the reason why there is no explicit park
within the city. In the centre of the town is a large civic centre.

Tony Garnier ‘An industrial city'

 Tony Garnier (1869- 1948) was the son of Pierre Garnier the architect of the
famous Paris Opera house that
 Formed one of the focus points of the 19th century transformation of Paris.
 He shared the concern about social questions and the idea that the design of cities
as a whole should be approached rational and that industry had to be separated
from living quarters. On the other hand, he showed great sensibility to the
symbolic meaning of buildings and the quality of urban space, something the
modernists lacked. He also considered the city to be a 'rhizome' where citizens
could circulate freely, whereas the modernists advocated strict hierarchical road
networks and separation of types of traffic. In hind sight Garnier was a
'standalone' case in urban design.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Figure 27 Housing- Industrial City

 The grid patterns are not 'stamped' all over the city. The design of the civic centre
is based on a disposition of buildings around a central axle. This shows elements
of classic design. On the other hand, all buildings are free standing and the open
spaces are enormous. In the whole of the plan there are few squares, let alone
enclosed squares.
 The living quarters show an innovative new type of building block with free
standing houses and 'urban villas' (although using this word in this respect is an
anachronism) on an 'island' between streets. This type of building block had been
taken up in recent urban design in the Netherlands.
 The result is that there are no enclosed streets. Trees form very much part of the
design. Indicating the more important streets and losely planted within the blocks.
 Garnier has a lot of drawings showing public space in living quarters, indicating
that he cared about everyday living conditions. For the civic centre he only shows
the buildings. This suggests that he did not consider the design of public space
around public buildings to be a very important matter.
Station
 Pavilion type architecture in a large space. The design is very futuristic for its time
and the style looks as if it foreshadows the architecture of the 1950's, especially
the awning. München’s main station has an awning from the 1950's that reminds
of Garnier’s design.

Figure 28 Station-Industrial City

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
AMERICAN GRID PLANNING:

 The grid has been used continuously throughout the world as a development
pattern since Hippodamus first used it at Piraeus, Greece in the 5th century BC. A
lot happened over the next 2,000 years after that, but in 1682 William Penn used
the grid as the physical foundation for Philadelphia. With that, the grid began its
new life in the new America. Penn’s instructions for laying out his orthogonal plan
were simple:

Be sure to settle the figure of the town so as that the streets hereafter may be uniform
down to the water from the country bounds…This may be ordered when I come,
only let the houses built be in a line, or upon a line, as much as may be…

Penn’s use of the grid may have been influenced by Richard Newcourt’s plan for London
following the fire of 1666. However, Penn may have utilized the grid for its
indexical qualities. The grid by its very nature has no built-in hierarchy. What
better way to promote the Quaker value of equality than to build it into the very
foundation of your new town. Philadelphia was the first city to use the indexical
system of numbers for north-south streets and tree names for east-west streets.
Because of this coordinate system, the intersection at 12th/Walnut has no more or
less social or political meaning than that at 18th/Cherry. Every plot of land is
essentially equal to every other.

Figure 29 American Grid Iron Planning

Over 100 years after Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson executed the purchase of the
Louisiana Territory. Following the acquisition of such a vast territory came the
challenges of subdividing, selling, and occupying it. It was impossible to survey the
entire area ahead of time so Jefferson devised a system that would make platting
and selling achievable from a distance. Jefferson answered with the grid in the
Land Ordinance of 1785. The

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Ordinance divided the entire western territory into townships, sections, quarter-
sections, and so on. A system of Euclidean geometry made this possible. Having
never stepped foot on their property, someone could point to a map, make a
purchase, and start their wagon westward knowing precisely where they were
going.Today, a cross-country flight will easily show the physical ramifications of
Jefferson’s decision to subdivide our territory upon the grid. The vast majority of
America’s western land is so arranged in logical lattice-work.

Following the precedent of Philadelphia, the grid has been used extensively in a number
of American cities in every one of our now 50 states. Each of these cities, with
their own purposes and reasonings, adopted the grid as their foundation with
varying outcomes. In Chicago, the grid was used as a vehicle to maximize both
the speed of development and financial speculation. In San Francisco, the grid
flatly ignored topography and created a city of dramatic hills and valleys. In
Paragonah, Utah, the grid was executed to promote the doctrine of Mormonism.
But perhaps most famous of all-American grids is that found in Manhattan. In
1811, the Commissioners adopted a master street plan that would come to define
the city of New York centuries later. One of the greatest understatements of the
19th century was made by one of the commissioners at the time:

It is improbable that (for centuries to come) the grounds north of Harlem Flat will be
covered with houses.As we know now Manhattan did grow and it grew well
beyond all expectations within only a single century. The grid was there to
accommodate that growth.

In the 1920s, the roles of both the federal government and the States in the development
of towns and cities were refined and codified. Amongst all of the legal changes,
two documents stand out: the Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA)
and the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SSZEA). The SSZEA specifies
the creation, adoption, and use of a zoning map. The SCPEA, on the other hand,
specifies the components of a municipal master plan which is made up of a
zoning map and a master street plan. Unfortunately, over the last 80 years
judicial interpretation over what constitutes a “master plan” has allowed the zoning
map to replace the master street plan. Without a master street plan the grid is
essentially impossible to execute. Thus, our American grid’s recent history has
been a stagnant one. Finally, today, we find ourselves in a situation where our
cities develop piece-meal on a lot-by-lot basis. Because a zoning ordinance only
regulates private property and does not–and legally cannot–provide for the public
framework of cities, development is rendered essentially

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 unplanned, unwalkable, and unsustainable. A reemergence of the American grid
is warranted in order to restore much needed order to the places we call home.
ORIGINS
 Town’ is a noun and ‘town design’ would be the art of designing a physical object.
One of the UK’s
 modernist architect-planner-landscape architects (Sir Frederick Gibberd) wrote a
book on
 Town Design
 A ‘City’ is a place where people, and buildings, behave in ‘civil’, ‘polite’
or ‘considerate’
 manner to each other
 ‘Urban’ (from the Latin urbs, meaning city), is an adjective so that ‘urban design’ is
the art of
 making a place more ‘city-like’
 ‘Urban Design’ is more process than product
 Therefore, URBAN DESIGN is not = TOWN DESIGN

 Urban design is concerned with the arrangement, appearance and function of our
suburbs, towns and cities. It is both a process and an outcome of creating
localities in which people live, engage with each other, and engage with the
physical place around them.
 Urban design involves many different disciplines including planning, development,
architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, economics, law and finance,
among others.
 Urban design operates at many scales, from the macro scale of the urban
structure (planning, zoning, and transport and infrastructure networks) to the micro
scale of street furniture and lighting.
 When fully integrated into policy and planning systems, urban design can be used
to inform land use planning, infrastructure, built form and even the socio-
demographic mix of a place.
 Urban design can influence the economic success and socio-economic
composition of a locality— whether it encourages local businesses and
entrepreneurship; whether it attracts people to live there; whether the costs of
housing and travel are affordable; and whether access to job

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 opportunities, facilities and services are equitable.
 Urban design determines the physical scale, space and ambience of a place and
establishes the built and natural forms within which individual buildings and
infrastructure are sited. As such, it affects the balance between natural
ecosystems and built environments, and their sustainability outcomes.

 Urban design can influence health and the social and cultural impacts of a locality:
how people interact with each other, how they move around, and how they use a
place.
 Although urban design is often delivered as a specific ‘project’, it is in fact a long-
term process that continues to evolve over time. It is this layering of building and
infrastructure types, natural ecosystems, communities and cultures that gives
places their unique characteristics and identities.
 The approximate hierarchical relationship between the elements of urban design,
followed by a brief definition of each of the elements. The section below provides
basic explanations for terms that are commonly used for urban design in the
Australian context.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

Elements of Urban Design

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
URBAN STRUCTURE
 The overall framework of a region, town or precinct, showing relationships
between zones of built forms, land forms, natural environments, activities and
open spaces. It encompasses broader systems including transport and
infrastructure networks.
 These are like the nervous system of human body, which circulates blood and
other nutrients. Urban structure will decide the better connectivity in the city.

Urban Structure

URBAN GRAIN
The balance of open space to build form, and the nature and extent of subdividing
an area into smaller parcels or blocks. For example, a ‘fine urban grain’ might
constitute a network of small or detailed streetscapes. It takes into consideration
the hierarchy of street types, the physical linkages and movement between
locations, and modes of transport.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Urban Grain

DENSITY + MIX
The intensity of development and the range of different uses (such as
residential, commercial, institutional or recreational uses).

Density + Mix

HEIGHT + MASSING
The scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and how they relate to
surrounding land forms, buildings and streets. It also incorporates

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 building envelope, site coverage and solar orientation. Height and massing create
the sense of openness or enclosure, and affect the amenity of streets, spaces and
other buildings.

The design of public spaces such as streets, opens spaces and pathways, and
includes landscaping, microclimate, shading and planting.

The scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and how they relate to
surrounding land forms, buildings and streets. It also incorporates building
envelope, site coverage and solar orientation. Height and massing create the
sense of openness or enclosure, and affect the amenity of streets, spaces and
other buildings.

Height + massing

FACADE + INTERFACE
The relationship of buildings to the site, street and neighbouring buildings
(alignment, setbacks, boundary treatment) and the architectural expression of their
facades (projections, openings, patterns and materials).

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
Facade + Interface

DETAILS + MATERIALS
The close-up appearance of objects and surfaces and the selection of materials in
terms of detail, craftsmanship, texture, colour, durability, sustainability and
treatment. It includes street furniture, paving, lighting and signage. It contributes to
human comfort, safety and enjoyment of the public domain.

Details + materials

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Details + materials
PUBLIC REALM
Much of urban design is concerned with the design and management of publicly
used space (also referred to as the public realm or public domain) and the way
this is experienced and used.
The public realm includes the natural and built environment used by the general
public on a day-to-day basis such as streets, plazas, parks, and public
infrastructure. Some aspects of privately-owned space such as the bulk and scale
of buildings, or gardens that are visible from the public realm, can also contribute
to the overall result.

At times, there is a blurring of public and private realms, particularly where

privately-owned space is publicly used.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
Public Realm

TOPOGRAPHY, LANDSCAPE AND ENVIRONMENT

The natural environment includes the topography of landforms, water courses,
flora and fauna—whether natural or introduced. It may be in the form of rivers and
creeks, lakes, bush land, parks and recreational facilities, streetscapes or private
gardens, and is often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’

Topography + Landscape
SOCIAL + ECONOMIC FABRIC
The non-physical aspects of the urban form which include social factors (culture,
participation, health and well-being) as well as the productive capacity and
economic prosperity of a community. It incorporates aspects such as
demographics and life stages, social interaction and support networks.
SCALE
The size, bulk and perception of a buildings and spaces. Bulk refers to the height,
width and depth of a building in relation to other surrounding buildings, the street,
setbacks and surrounding open space. For example, a large building set amongst
other smaller buildings may seem ‘out of scale’.

URBAN FORM
The arrangement of a built-up area. This arrangement is made up of many
components including how close buildings and uses are together; what uses are
located where; and how much of the natural environment is a part of the built-up
area.
BUILDINGS
Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city.

Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of

place.
PUBLIC SPACE
Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come
together to enjoy the city and each other.
Public spaces make high quality life in the city possible - they form the stage and
backdrop to the drama of life. Public spaces range from grand central plazas and
squares, to small, local neighbourhood parks.
STREETS
Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces
themselves.
They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size,
scale, and character of the buildings that line them.

Streets range from grand avenues such as the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small,
intimate pedestrian streets. The pattern of the street network is part of what
defines a city and what makes each city unique.
TRANSPORT
Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable
movement throughout the city. The balance of these various transport systems is
what helps define the quality and character of cities, and makes them either
friendly or hostile to pedestrians.
The best cities are the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while
minimizing the dominance of the private automobile.

The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft,
contrasting spaces and elements.
Green spaces in cities range from grand parks such as Central Park in New York
City and the Washington DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
Social Mix

Buildings + Massing

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
Pic showing Urban elements influencing in shaping the city

The creative articulation of space is the most prominent aspect of urban design. The
following artistic principles are an integral part of creating form and spatial
definition

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Order, Unity
 Balance, Proportion
 Scale, Hierarchy
 Symmetry, Rhythm
 Contrast, Context
 Detail, Texture
 Harmony, Beauty

What is Urban Design?

Urban design is the discipline through which planning and architecture can create
or renew a sense of local pride and identity. It has great potential for enhancing
the visual image and quality of neighbourhoods by providing a three-dimensional
physical form to policies described in a comprehensive plan. It focuses on design
of the public realm, which is created by both public spaces and the buildings that
define them. Urban design views these spaces holistically and is concerned with
bringing together the different disciplines responsible for the components of cities
into a unified vision. Compared to comprehensive plans, urban design plans
generally have a short time horizon and are typically area or project specific.

Key elements of an urban design plan include the plan itself, the preparation of
design guidelines for buildings, the design of the public realm - the open space,
streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings and the public
interest issues of buildings. These include massing, placement, sun, shadow, and
wind issues.

Urban design plans are prepared for various areas, including downtowns,
waterfronts, campuses, corridors, neighbourhoods, mixed-use developments, and
special districts. Issues to be considered include existing development, proposed
development, utility infrastructure, streets framework, and sustainable
development principles.

Urban design plans require interdisciplinary collaboration among urban designers,

architects, landscape architects, planners, civil and environmental engineers, and
market analysts.
The City of Baton Rouge, through the implementation of the Horizon Plan, has
taken some bold steps to preserve and enhance the appearance of the community
through the adoption of sign, landscape, and lighting ordinances. Additional
elements addressed by urban design include parking and service areas,
transportation, building orientation, building materials, and fencing, which can
increase property values.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
The Objectives of Urban Design
A number of generic objectives can be identified in the writings on urban design.
The built environment should be efficient in the way it handles the variables
described in Figure 1.6. It should be designed to encourage economic growth. It
should provide a sense of historic continuity to enhance people’s self-images. It
should help sustain the moral and social order of a society and should be
designed with a sense of justice for all to the extent that these are physical design
concerns (see Harvey, 2003).

The broad goal of urban design is to provide opportunities, behavioural and

aesthetic, for all the citizens of and visitors to a city or one of its precincts. These
opportunities have to be accessible. What, however, should the opportunities be
and how does one deal with accessibility? Who decides? The marketplace? The
public policy question is ‘How far should the public sector intervene in the
marketplace in providing opportunities for what range of people?’ and then ‘How
accessible should the opportunities be?’ ‘For whom?’ ‘People in wheelchairs?’

Secondarily, if one accepts Maslow’s model, there is a need for people to feel
comfortable in engaging in the activities they desire and that are regarded by
society as acceptable. Comfort has both physiological and psychological
dimensions. The concern is with the nature of the microclimate and with the
provision of feelings of safety and security as people go about their lives. Safety
and security are related to feelings of control over one’s privacy levels and over
the behaviour of others towards one. How much privacy are we prepared to give
up in order to feel safe because we are under public surveillance?
Safety concerns are also related to the segregation of pedestrians from vehicular
traffic flows and the construction quality of the environment around us.

One design concern is to enhance the ambience of links (streets, arcades and
sidewalks) and places (squares, parks and roofs). The ambience of places and
links is related to the provision of a sense of security as well as to feelings of self-
worth and being part of a worthwhile society. Ambience is also related to the
aesthetic qualities of a place, its layout and illumination, the activities that are
taking place there, and to the people engaged in them.

The artificial world does not exist in a vacuum. It exists in terrestrial niches formed
by the climate, geology, and flora and fauna of a place. One of the objectives of
urban design is certainly to ensure that this niche is not

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 destroyed. The concern is, or should be, with improving its quality so that it
functions better as a self-sustaining system that, in return, enriches human
experiences.

Scope of Urban Design

Urban design has replaced the "civic design" which dealt primarily with city halls,
museums, streets, boulevards, parks and other open spaces since 1960s.
However, there is not a consensus about the definition and boundaries of urban
design.
Urban Design is,
• The process of giving physical design direction to urban growth,
conservation, and change
• The design of cities - 'a grand design'
• The interface between architecture, landscape and town planning
• The complex relationships between all the elements of built and unbuilt space
(DoE, 1996)
• The architecture of public space
Some theoreticians rather not to describe urban design but to explain what it is not:
• It is not land use policy, sign controls, and street lighting districts.
• It is not strictly utopian or procedural.
• It is not necessarily a plan for downtown, however architectonic, nor a subdivision
regulation.
Descriptions explained above suggest that there is no easy, single, agreed
definition of urban design. However, we can determine the general framework
of urban design.

The basis for a framework defining urban design can be grouped under six main
headings according
to The Institute for Urban Design (IUD)’s criteria:
1. Historic preservation and urban conservation
2. Design for pedestrians
3. Vitality and variety of use

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 4. The cultural environment
5. Environmental context
6. Architectural values
Goals and principles describing urban design can be grouped under eight major headings:
• Place,
• Density,
• Mixed and compatible uses,
• Pedestrianization and human scale,
• Human culture,
• Public realm,
• Built environment
• Natural environment

Role of Urban Design

Urban design is generally considered neither a profession nor a discipline. There is
a trend to formulate urban design as the interface between architecture and town
planning, or the gap between them.

• For example, when Kevin Lynch saw urban design as a branch of architecture
Michael Southworth on the other hand thought urban design as a branch of urban
planning.
"It is easier to talk about urban design than to write about it… In between
(planning and architecture), but belonging neither to one nor the other, lies the
magic world of urban design. We can recognize it by its absence. It is inferred,
suggested, felt."

• Another commentator Jonathan Barnett also recognizes the crucial role of urban
design between the urban planning and architecture.

"What is the difference between an urban designer and urban planner, or

between an urban designer and an architect?

An urban planner was someone who was primarily concerned with the allocation
of resources according to projections of future need. Planners tend to regard land
use as a distribution of resources problem, parceling out land, for zoning
purposes, without much knowledge of its three-

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 dimensional characteristics, or the nature of the building that may be placed on it
in the future. The result is that most zoning ordinances and official land use plans
produce stereotyped and unimaginative buildings.

Architect, on the other hand, designs buildings. A good architect will do all he can
to relate the building he is designing to its surroundings, but he has no control over
what happens off the property he has been hired to considered.

There is a substantial middle ground between these professions, and each has
some claim to it, but neither fills it very well. Land use planning would clearly be
improved if it involved someone who understands three- dimensional design. On
the other hand, someone is needed to design the city, not just the buildings.
Therefore, there was a need for someone who could be called an urban designer."

The Design Professions and Urban Design

All three of the major environmental design fields use the term ‘urban design’ to
describe aspects of their own work. Civil engineering has yet to do so even though
infrastructure design is a key element in urban design. To many people urban
design and urban planning are the same thing but the products they produce are
very different (see Chapter 4). Often, however, urban planning is concerned
primarily with the distribution of land uses in relationship to transportation
networks. It has focused on economic development regardless of the physical
design consequences. Yet, at its best city planning does consider the third and
fourth dimension of cities rather than allowing them to be by-products of other
decisions. Urban design as a separate design activity arose largely because city
planning neglected the built environment in its deliberations of urban futures.

The quality of the urban landscape is a major contributor to perceptions of the

qualities of cities. A city’s physical character is defined by the nature of its streets,
squares and other open spaces in terms of how they are shaped by enclosing
elements (Goldfinger, 1942). The biological health of cities depends on the
interactions between the natural and the artificial. Few landscape architects since
the era of Olmsted have, however, engaged themselves in urban design. They
have tended to shy away from dealing with more than designing open spaces.
They have been concerned only with select types of products (see Chapter 5).

Architects, as architects, too have looked at urban design in terms of specific types
of products: buildings as objects rather than as space makers

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 (see Chapter 6). The leadership in developing urban design as a professional field
has, nevertheless, come from architects with broader concerns. They have been
interested in the design of complexes of buildings, and what cities and
neighbourhoods might be like. Some of their ideas and conceptual schemes have
been based on rationalist thought and others on empirical observations about
cities. Still other architects have, however, been highly pragmatic. They have been
concerned only with how to get projects initiated and carried through. Some of the
projects reviewed here may have been whimsical ego-trips but most, I would
argue, have been based on a sense of idealism.

Part of the difficulty in defining the scope of urban design today is that each of the
professions wants to claim it as its own. Architectural societies give urban design
awards to single buildings, landscape architects to squares, and city planners to a
wide variety of items. Urban design, however, involves all these matters, not
individually but in concert. It is a collaborative effort between public and private
sectors, between professions, and between practitioners and researchers. It deals
with the four-dimensional inhabited world.
Undoubtedly urban design cannot stand alone between these three main
professions. Urban design is an interdisciplinary concept and should be
considered with the other disciplines and professions such as Real Estate
Development, Economics, Civil Engineering, Law, Social Sciences and Natural
Sciences.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
UNIT III CITIES AND URBANISM THROUGH TEXTS AND THEORIES 10
 Introduction to and discussion of key texts and theories of cities and urbanism
 Imageability and Lynch, Townscape and Cullen, Genius Loci and Schulz, historic
city and Rossi, social aspects of urbanism and the works of Jane Jacobs, William
Whyte and Jan Gehl, Collage City and Colin Rowe,
 current theories and texts.

JANE JACOBS

Key Words:
City block, diversity, density, neighbourhood, pedestrian, streets urban scale.

LIFE ON STREETS AND BETWEEN BUILDINGS

With reference to the book – The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane
Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities is a 1961 book by writer and
activist Jane Jacobs. The book is a critique of 1950s urban planning policy, which it
holds responsible for the decline of many city neighborhoods in the United States.
Jacobs frames the sidewalk as a central mechanism in maintaining the order of the city.
To her, the sidewalk is the stage for an "intricate ballet in which the individual dancers
and ensembles all have distinctive parts which miraculously reinforce each other and
compose an orderly whole."

Jacobs posits cities as fundamentally different from towns and suburbs principally
because they are full of strangers “because of the sheer number of people in small
geographical compass." A central challenge of the city, therefore, is to make its
inhabitants feel safe, secure, and socially integrated in the midst of an overwhelming
volume of rotating strangers. The healthy sidewalk is a critical mechanism for achieving
these ends, given its role in preventing crime and facilitating contact with others.

Safety
The healthy city sidewalk does not rely on constant police surveillance to keep it safe,
but on an "intricate, almost unconscious, network of voluntary controls and standards
among the people themselves, and enforced by the people themselves." Noting that a
well-used street is apt to be relatively safe from crime, while a deserted street is apt to
be unsafe, Jacobs suggests that a dense volume of human users deters most violent
crimes, or at least ensures a critical mass of

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
first responders t o mitigate disorderly incidents. The more bustling a street, the more
interesting it is for strangers to walk along or watch from inside. In other words, healthy
sidewalks transform the city's high volume of strangers from a liability to an asset. They
form the first line of defense for administering order on the sidewalk, supplemented by
police authority when the situation demands it. Jacobs draws a parallel between empty
streets and the deserted corridors, elevators, and stairwells in high-rise public housing
projects. They are open to the public but shielded from public view, and thus "lack the
checks and inhibitions exerted by eye-policed city streets.
Jacobs recommends a substantial quantity of stores, bars, restaurants, and other public
places
“sprinkled along the s idewalks" as a means to this end. She argues that if city planners
persist in ignoring
sidewalk life, residents will resort to three coping mechanisms as the streets turn
deserted and unsafe:
• Move out of the neighborhood, allowing the danger to persist for those too poor to
move anywhere else,
• Retreat to the automobile, interacting with the city only as a motorist and never on
foot,
• Cultivate a sense of neighborhood “Turf", cordoning off upscale developments
from unsavory surroundings using cyclone fences and patrolmen.

Contact
Sidewalk life permits a range of casual public interactions, from asking for directions
and getting advice from the grocer, to nodding hello to passersby and admiring a new
dog. "Most of it is ostensibly trivial but the sum is not trivial at all." The sum is "a web of
public respect and trust," the essence of which is that it "implies no private
commitments" and protects precious privacy. In other words, city dwellers know that
they can engage in sidewalk life without fear of "entangling relationships" or over
sharing the details of one's personal life. Jacobs contrasts this to areas with no sidewalk
life, including low-density suburbia, where residents must either expose a more
significant portion of their private lives to a small number of intimate contacts or else
settle for a lack of contact altogether. In order to sustain the former, residents must
become exceedingly deliberate in choosing their neighbors and their associations.
Arrangements of this sort, Jacobs argues, can work well "for self-selected upper-middle-
class people," but fails to work for anyone else.

Assimilating Children
Sidewalks are great places for children to play under the general supervision of parents
and other natural proprietors of the street. More importantly, sidewalks are where
children learn the "first fundamental of successful city life: People must take a modicum
of public responsibility for each other even if they have no ties to each other." Over
countless minor interactions, children absorb the fact

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that the sidewalk's natural proprietors are invested in their safety and well-being, even
lacking ties of kinship, close friendship, or formal responsibility.

Jacobs states that sidewalks of thirty to thirty-five feet in width are ideal, capable of
accommodating any demands for general play, trees to shade the activity, pedestrian
circulation, adult public life, and even loitering. However, she admits that such width is a
luxury in the era of the automobile, and finds solace that twenty-foot sidewalks -
precluding rope jumping but still capable of lively mixed use - can still be found. Even if
it lacks proper width, a sidewalk can be a compelling place for children to congregate
and develop if the location is convenient and the streets are interesting.

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 WILLIAM HOLLY WHYTE

Biography:
Born : October 1, 1917, West Chester,Pennsylvania.
Died : January 12, 1999, New York City.
Nationality: American. Education:Princeton University. Occupation :
Sociologist, Urbanist, Writer, and People watcher.
Notable works : The Organization Man, The Social Life of small Urban space.

Quotes:
“The streets is the river of life of the city, the place where we come together, the
pathway to the center”.

Perspectives:
1. The social life of public place:
Whyte wrote that the social life in the public spaces contributes
fundamentally to the quantity of life of individuals and society as a whole.

2. Bottom – up place design:

Whyte advocated for a new way of designing public spaces one that was bottom –
up, not top – down. Using his approach design should start with a through
understanding of the way people use space and the way they would like to use
spaces.

3. The Power Of Observation:

By observing and by talking to people. Whyte believed we can learn a great deal
about what people want in public spaces and can put this knowledge to work in
creating places that shape livable communities.

Project Methodology:
• Observation.
• Analyzing the films.
• Gender.
• Charting how people used the space.
• Cheching against hypothesis, previously set.
• Creating circulation pattern from dawn to dusk.
• Taking notes during different times during the day.
• Filming.
• Couples or in groups.

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 • Interviewing people.

Elements in his design:

• Sun.
• Trees.
• Water.
• Food.
• Most of all seats.

Design criteria:
• Movable chairs (benches are less desirable).
• Seating area should be approximately 10% of the total open space.
• Protection from sun, wind and noise (use trees and water).
• Availability of food (snacks bars, vendors, tables and chairs).
• Related to the street, near the action.
• Triangulation : presence of people or things that include strangers to talk with
each other.

Design criteria for indoor spaces:

• Seating.
• Food.
• Retail stores.
• Public toilets.
• Presence.
Examples:
• Aspire Park
• Katara cultural village.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
ALDO ROSSI

INTRODUCTION
 He was an Italian architect and designer
 Theory, drawing, architecture and product design.
 He was the first Italian to receive the Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1990.
 In 1955 he had started writing for, and from 1959 was one of the editors of, the
architectural magazine Casabella-Continuità.
 In 1966 Rossi published his seminal publication The Architecture of the City,
which quickly established him as a leading international theoretician.

THEORIES AND PHYLOSOPHY

 Repetition and Fixation
 Urban artefacts- Studied and valued
 Memory through monuments
 Collective memory and genius loci

GENIUS LOCI
1. It highlights the uniqueness of each and every place that cannot reproduce the
same sense or the expression in another place. With these discussions “Genius
Loci” one of the oldest mythologies exists in Late Roman emerged gradually in
urban design.
2. It creates orientation and identity to the place.
 Orientation facilitates the person to identify where he is and keep himself safe in
the context.
 Identification is needed to receive character and the spirit of
belongingness to the place over the time when the place evolves.
 He tries to see Genius Loci in terms of the strong connection between the time
and the space.

COLLECTIVE MEMORY
One can say that the city itself is the collective memory of its people and like memory
is associated with objects and places. The city is the LOCUS of the

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collective memory.

 The Architecture, landscape and the artifacts become part of the memory.
 Memory becomes the guiding thread of the entire complex urban structure and
is this respect architecture of urban artefacts in distinguished art and later it is
an element that exists for itself alone.

IMPORTANT WORK
Teatro del Mondo -Venice Italy
 Built earthily on the edge of the water, it is a light floating octagon theatre.
 Its structure expresses the solid certainty of inert matter, against the fluid,
watery agitation of life around.
 Determined to survive in memory the way its masonry withstands time, and it
hides its timeless monumentality behind a casual conjunction of schematic
pieces bordering on the picturesque in the coloristic cube of the seaside tavern.
 The mineral impassivity of its geometry is what freezes its forms in a still
landscape.
 The idea was to recall the floating theatres which were so characteristic of
Venice and its carnivals in the 18th century
 He often employed archetypal forms in an attempt to re-establish a connection
with the collective memory of the urban environment.
 The form includes a conical dome, and a composition of basic geometry, often
seen in all his designs.
 Volumes - cube, cylinder, and prism and their elemental identities as towers,
columns, ... out of his theoretical base came designs that seem always to be a
part of the city fabric, rather than an intrusion.

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KEVIN LYNCH

Keywords:
Analysis method, districts, edges, image, landmark, nodes, paths, planning,
urban design, way finding.

The city image and its elements

There seems to be a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many
individual images. Or perhaps there is a series of public images, each held by some
significant number of citizens. Such group images are necessary if an individual is to
operate successfully within his environment and to cooperate with his fellows. Each
individual picture is unique, with some content that is rarely or never communicated, yet
it approximates the public image, which in different environments is more or less
compelling more or less embracing.

This analysis limits itself to the effects of physical, perceptible objects. There are other
influences of image ability, such as the social meaning of an area, its function its history,
or even its name. These will be glossed over, since the objective here is to uncover the
role of form itself. It is taken for granted that in actual design form should be used to
reinforce meaning and not to negate it.

The contents of the city images, which are preferable to physical forms, can
conveniently be classified into five types of elements: paths, edges, districts, nodes and
landmarks. Indeed, these elements may be of more general application, since they
seem to reappear in many types of environmental images. These elements may be
defined as follows:

1. Paths
Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally

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 or potentially moves. They may be streets; walkways transit lines, canals,
railroads. For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image.
People observe the city while moving through it, and along these paths the other
environmental elements are arranged and related.

2. Edges
Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer.
They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores,
railroad cuts, edges of development walls. They are lateral references rather than
coordinate axes. Such edges may be barriers, more or less penetrable, which
close one region off from another; or they may be seams, lines along which two
regions are related and joined together. These edge elements, although probably
not as dominant as paths are for many people important organizing features,
particularly in the role of the holding together generalized areas, as in the outline of
a city by water or wall.

3. Districts
Districts are the medium to large sections of the city, conceived of as having two
dimensional extents, which the observer mentally enters “inside of” and which are
recognizable as having some common, identifying character. Always identifiable
from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if visible from the outside.
Most people structure their city to some extent in this way, with individual
differences as to heather paths or districts are the dominant elements. It seems to
depend not only upon the individual but also upon the given city.

4. Nodes
Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter and
which are the intensive foci to and from which he is travelling. They may be
primarily junction’s places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence
of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another. Or the nodes may be
simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of
some use of physical character, as a street corner hangout or an enclosed square.
Some of these concentration nodes are the focus and epitome of a district, over
which their influence radiates and of which they stand as a symbol. They may be
called cores; many nodes of course, partake of the nature of both junctions and
concentrations. The concept of node is related to the concept of path, since
junctions are typically the convergence of paths, events on the journey. It is
similarly related to the concept of district, since cores are typically the intensive foci
of districts, their polarizing center. In any event some nodal points are to be found
in almost every image, and in certain cases they may be the dominant feature.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
5. Landmarks
Landmarks are another type of point reference, but in this case the observer does
not enter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather simply defined
physical object: building, sign, store or mountain. Their use involves the singling
out of one element from a host of possibilities. Some landmarks are distant
typically seen from many angles and distances, over the tops of smaller elements,
and used as radial references. They may be within the city or at such a distance
that for all practical purposes they symbolize a constant direction. Such are
isolated towers; golden domes great hills. Even a mobile point like the sun, whose
motion is sufficiently show and regular may be employed. Other landmarks are
primarily local, being visible only in restricted localities and from certain
approaches, these are the innumerable signs, store fronts, trees, door knob and
other urban detail, which fill in the image of most observers. They are frequently
used clues of identity and even of structure and seem to be increasingly relied
upon, as a journey becomes more and more familiar.

The image of a given physical reality may occasionally shift its type with different
circumstances of viewing. Thus, an expressway may be a path for the driver, an
edge for the pedestrian. Or a central area may be a district when a city is
organized on a medium scale and a node when the entire metropolitan area is
considered. But the categories seem to have stability for a given observer when he
is operating at a given level.

None of the element types isolated above exist in isolation in the real ace. Districts
are structured with nodes, defined by edges, penetrated by paths and sprinkled
with landmarks. Elements regularly overlap and piece one another. If this analysis
begins with the differentiation of the data into categories, it must end with their
reintegration into the whole image. Our studies have furnished much information
about the visual character of the element types. This will be discussed below. Only
to a lesser extent, unfortunately did the work make revelations about the
interrelations between elements, or about image levels, image qualities or the
development of the image.

The method as the basis for design

Perhaps the best way of summarizing the method to recommend a technique of image
analysis developed as the basis of a plan for the future visual form of any given city.
The procedure might begin with two studies. The first would be a generalized field
reconnaissance by two or three trained observers, systematically covering the city both
on foot and by vehicle, by night and day and supplementing this

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
coverage by several “problem” trips as described above. This culminates in a field
analysis map and brief report, which would deal with strengths and weakness and with
general pattern as well as parts.

A parallel step would be the mass interview of a large sample, balanced to match the
general population characteristics. This group which could be interviewed
simultaneously or in several parts, would be asked to do four things.
1. Draw a quick sketch map of the area in question, showing the most interesting
and important features and giving a stranger enough knowledge to move about
without too much difficulty.
2. Make a similar sketch of the route and events along one or two imaginary trips,
trips chosen to expose the length and breadth of the area.
3. Make a written list of the parts of the city felt to be most distinctive the examiner
explaining the meaning of parts and distinctive.
4. Put down brief written answers to a few questions of the type “where is located?”

Mental Map of New Jersey City

GORDON
CULLEN
TOWNSCAPE
Gordon Cullen (1914-1944) studied architecture at the Royal Polytechnic Institution, but
never qualified as an architect. He started his career working as a draughtsman in
various architectural practices. He then returned to Britain and

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
joined the Architectural Review as Assistant Editor in
1946. He later became writer on planning policy and contributed numerous editorials
and case studies in urban and rural planning.
His major contribution to the field of urban design is his 1961

Townscape.
"Townscape" is the art of giving visual coherence and organization to the jumble of
buildings, streets and spaces that make up the urban environment.

This book deals with the “art of relationship” between the various components of the
urban landscape. The purpose of this art is “to take all the elements that go to create
the built environment: buildings, trees, nature, water, traffic, advertisements, and so on,
and to weave them in such a way that drama is released”.

Cullen's approach to urban design is therefore primarily visual, but it is also based on
the physical relationship between movement and the environment: “the scenery of
towns is often revealed in a series of jerks or revelations.”

Most interesting of all are several groups of pictures (of Oxford, Ipswich, and
Westminster) showing the changing view as a person walks along a street, under an
archway, through a group of buildings. These sequences, representing what Cullen
calls ‘serial vision’, show how the townscape unfolds as one walks, and how new
buildings and vistas appear in a series of revelations.
Cullen's book is a fine example of the importance of using specific vocabulary when
describing the built environment:

Serial Vision
Serial Vision is to walk from one end of the plan to another, at a uniform pace, will
provide a sequence of revelations which are suggested in the serial drawing’s opposite,
reading from left to right.

This method of representation can be used as a tool for surveying, analysing and
designing.
A serial vision is a series of sketches that represent the changes and contrasts in the
character of the built environment that one experiences when moving around the city.

The sketches should be shown along with a map identifying the ‘journey' and the
viewpoints from which
the sketches are drawn.

In Cullen's own words, “the even progress of travel is illuminated by a series of sudden
contrasts and so an impact is made on the eye, bringing the plan to life”.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
Place description is in a world of black and white the roads are for movement and the
buildings for social and business purposes.

There is, for instance, a typical emotional reaction to being below the general ground
level and there is another resulting from being above it. There is a reaction to being
hemmed in as in a tunnel and another to the wideness of the square. If, therefore, we
design our towns from the point of view of the moving person (pedestrian or car-borne)
it is easy to see how the whole city becomes a plastic experience, a journey through
pressures and vacuums, a sequence of exposures and enclosures, of constraint and
relief. Content concerned with the intrinsic quality of the various subdivisions of the
environment, and start with the great landscape categories of metropolis, town, park,
industrial, and wild nature.

In this last category we turn to an examination of the fabric of towns: color, texture,
scale, style, character, personality and uniqueness. Accepting the fact that most towns
are of old foundation, their fabric will show evidence of differing periods in its
architectural styles and also in the various accidents of layout. Many towns do so
display this mixture of styles, materials and scales. Yet there exists at the back of our
minds a feeling that could we only start again we would get rid of this hotchpotch and
make all new and fine and perfect. We would create an orderly scene with straight
roads and with buildings that conformed in height and style. Given a free hand that is
what we might do . . . create symmetry, balance, perfection and conformity. After all,
that is the popular conception of the purpose of town planning.

Focal Point: Focal point is the idea of the town as a place of assembly, of social
intercourse, of meeting, was taken for granted throughout the whole of human
civilization up to the twentieth century.

Closure may be differentiated from Enclosure, by contrasting ‘travel’ with ‘arrival’.

Closure is the cutting up of the linear town system (streets, passages, etc.) into visually
digestible and coherent amounts whilst retaining the sense of progression. Enclosure on
the other hand provides a complete private world which is inward looking, static and
self-sufficient.

Street Lighting Here we are concerned with the impact of a modern public lighting
installation on towns and not, primarily, with the design of fittings. Naturally it is
impossible to disassociate the two since, as in all townscape, we are concerned with
two aspects: first, intrinsic design and second, the relationship or putting together of
things designed.

Outdoor Publicity One contribution to modern townscape, startlingly

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
conspicuous everywhere you look, but almost entirely ignored by the town planner, is
street outdoor publicity. This is the most characteristic, and, potentially, the most
valuable, contribution of the twentieth century to urban scenery. At night it has created a
new landscape of a kind never before seen in history.

Here and There the practical result of so articulating the town into identifiable parts is
that no sooner do we create a HERE than we have to admit a THERE, and it is
precisely in the manipulation of these two spatial concepts that a large part of urban
drama arises.

An example in India: the approach from the Central Vista to the Rashtrapathi Bhawan in
New Delhi. There is an open- ended courtyard composed of the two Secretariat
buildings and, at the end, the Rashtrapathi Bhawan. All this is raised above normal
ground level and the approach is by a ramp. At the top of the ramp and in front of the
axis building is a tall screen of railings. This is the setting.

Travelling through it from the Central Vista we see the two Secretariats in full, but the
Rashtrapathi Bhawan is partially hidden by the ramp; only its upper part is visible. This
effect of truncation serves to isolate and make remote. The building is withheld. We are
here and it is there. As we climb the ramp the Rashtrapathi Bhawan is gradually
revealed, the mystery culminates in fulfillment as it becomes immediate to us, standing
on the same floor. But at this point the railing, the wrought iron screen, is inserted;
which again creates a form of Here and There by means of the screened vista.

Concerning Optics
Let us suppose that we are walking through a town; here is a straight road off which is a
courtyard, at the far side of which another street leads out and bends slightly before
reaching a monument. Not very unusual. We take this path and our first view is that of
the street. Upon turning into the courtyard, the new view is revealed instantaneously at
the point of turning and this view remains with us whilst we walk across the courtyard.
Leaving the courtyard, we enter the further street. Again, a new view is suddenly
revealed although we are traveling at a uniform speed. Finally, as the road bends the
monument swings into view. The significance of all this is that although the pedestrian
walks through the town at a uniform speed, the scenery of towns is often revealed in a
series of jerks or revelations. This we call serial vision.

Examine what this means. Our original aim is to manipulate the elements of the town so
that an impact on the emotions is achieved. A long straight road has little impact
because the initial view is soon digested and becomes monotonous. The human mind
reacts to a contrast to the difference between things, and when two pictures (the street
and the courtyard) are in mind at the same time, a vivid contrast is felt and the town
becomes visible in a deeper

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sense. It becomes alive through the drama of juxtaposition. Unless this happens, the
town will slip past us featureless and inert.

There is a further observation to be made concerning serial vision. Although from a

scientific or commercial point of view the town may be a unity, from our optical viewpoint
we have split it into two elements; the existing view and the emerging view. In the
normal way this is an accidental chain of events and whatever significance may arise
out of the linking of views will be fortuitous. Suppose however, that we take over this
linking as a branch of the art of relationship; then we are finding a tool with which human
imagination can begin to mold the city into a coherent drama. The process of
manipulation has begun to turn the blind facts into a taut emotional situation.

Concerning Place
This second point is concerned with our reactions to the position of our body in its
environment. This is as simple as it appears to be. It means for instance, that when you
go into a room you utter to yourself the unspoken words, “I am outside IT, I am entering
IT, I am in the middle of IT”. At this level of consciousness, we are dealing with a range
of experience stemming from the major impacts of exposure and enclosure (which if
taken to their morbid extremes result in the symptoms of agoraphobia and
claustrophobia). Place a man on the edge of a 500 ft. (152 m) cliff and he will have a
very lively sense of position, put him at the end of a deep cave and he will react to the
fact of enclosure.
Since it is an instinctive and continuous habit of the body to relate itself to the
environment, this sense of position cannot be ignored; it becomes a factor in the design
of the environment (just as an additional source of light must be reckoned with by a
photographer, however annoying it may be). I would go further and say that it should be
exploited.

In a town we do not normally have such a dramatic situation to manipulate but the
principle still holds good. There is for instance a typical emotional reaction to being
below the general ground level and there is another resulting from being above it. There
is a reaction to being hemmed in as in a tunnel and another to the wideness of the
square. If therefore, we design our towns from the point of view of the moving person
(pedestrian or car – borne) it is easy to see how the whole city becomes a plastic
experience, a journey through pressures and vacuums a sequence of exposures, of
constraint and relief.

Concerning Content

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Accepting the fact that most towns are of old foundation, their fabric will show evidence
of differing periods in its architectural styles and also in the various accidents of layout.
Many towns display this mixture of styles materials and scales.

Yet there exists at the back of our minds a feeling that could we only start again we
would get rid of this hotchpotch and make all new and fine and perfect. We would create
an orderly scene with straight roads and with buildings that conformed in height and
style. Given a free hand that is what we might do… create symmetry, balance,
perfection and conformity. After all, that is the popular conception of the purpose of town
planning.

But what in this conformity? Let us approach it by a simile. Let us suppose a party in
private house, where are gathered together half a dozen people who are strangers to
each other. The early part of the evening is passed in polite conversation on general
subjects such as the weather and the current news. Cigarettes are passed and lights
offered punctiliously. In fact, it is all an exhibition of manners, of how one ought to
behave. It is also very boring. This in conformity. However, later on the ice begins to
break out of the straightjacket of orthodox manners and conformity and real human
beings begin to emerge. It is found that Miss X’s sharp but good natured with is just the
right foil to major Y’s somewhat simple exuberance. And so on. Its beings to be fun.
Conformity gives way to the agreement to differ within a recognized of behaviour.

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Christian Norberg-Schulz

In Roman mythology a genius loci was the protective spirit of a place. In the context of
Modern architectural theory, Genius Loci has profound implications for matter of place-
making, falling within the philosophical branch of ‘phenomenology’. This field of
architectural discourse is
Standpoint:
• Christian Norberg-Schulz adopt ontological base of Heideger: “Light reveals the
genius loci of a place.”~Aletheia
• This understanding follows the collapse of European Order following the World-
War II
Central theme:
• Need to expand into the meaning of architecture is done by understanding this
spiritual quality that Christian Norberg-Schulz perceived as “being imbedded in
the context of place”.
• “Space and Characters” can not be interpreted in purely formal or aesthetic
terms, but are intimately connected with “making”.
Assumption
• Beyond the pragmatic experimental aspects of architecture there is a specific
need for a metaphysical belief in architecture, which contribute to architecture
understanding of existential “meaning” of place.
• “the unmeasured but perceived”

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1. The Structure of Place
• A concrete term for environment is place
• The structure of Place ought to be described in terms of “landscapes” and
“settlement”, and analyzed by means of the categories “Space” and “Character”.
Space: three-dimensional organization of the elements which makes up a place.
The three-dimensional organization can be geometrical and perceptual
• Perceptual: Structure of concrete space identified by node, path, edge, district,
and landmark (Kevin Lynch)
• Geometrical : System of Place that roots in concrete situation (Paolo
Portoghesi). This correlate with Heidegger statement that “Space receive its
being from location not space”
Space convey varying degree of extension and enclosure and figure-ground relations.
Enclosure is defined by boundary. But “Boundary is not that at which something stops,
but from which something begins its presencing”. In many other case enclosure appear
not as limit but center.

Character: general “atmosphere” which is the most comprehensive property of any

place.
• Any real presence is intimately linked with characters.
• A dwelling has to be protective, an office has to be practical, an airport has to be
intelligible, a ballroom has to be festive, a church has to be solemn
• Character is defined by material and formal constitution of the place – “on how it
is made” ~ technical realization (building), creative “re- vealing” (techne).
• Characters kept concept of Place as a concrete engineered/designed object,
not merely quality
Space and Character are altogether constitute “Lived Space”. Man-
made place are related to nature in three basic ways:
Visualization. It implies “expressing” existential foothold he has gained through
process of understanding on environment
Symbolization . It implies that an experienced meaning is translated into another
medium. The purpose is to free the meaning immediate situation whereby it
becomes cultural object.
Gathering. It implies that man needs to gather the experienced meaning to create
himself an imago mundi which concretize his world.

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2. The Spirit of Place
• “Every independent being has its genius, its guardian spirit.”
• The spirit gives life to people and places, accompanies them from birth to death.
The genius denotes what it “wants to be”.
Dwelling denotes “total man-place relationship” in which human construct in their mental
and perceptual relationship between the “space” and “character” and makes it into lived
space.
In the making there are two psychological functions that is involved:
“Identification” and “Orientation”
1. System of orientation: spatial structures which facilitate the development of a good
environmental image world. Where the image-making is bad good image is hard to
obtain, and cause the feeling of “being lost”
2. Identification: “to be friends with particular environment”. Southeast Asian have to
“make friend” with high-rainfall and earthquake; the Arab ~ sandy desert; the Nordic
~ fog and ice. It is basis of human sense of belonging.

“Architecture belong to Poetry, it helps man to dwell”

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UNIT IV CONTEMPORARY URBANISM AND URBAN INTERVENTIONS
• Understanding aspects, issues and solutions related to urbanism today through
study of literature and best practices/case studies in urban design.
• Topics to include urban decay, change and renewal, place making, heritage,
conservation, identity, suburban sprawl, gated communities, generic form,
privatisation of public realm, role of real estate, transportation, zoning, globalisation,
technology, digital age, sustainability, community participation, gender, class,
power.

URBAN IDENTITY
The essence of urban identity, firstly, it is important to respond to a question like; the
essence for whom? The observations of an inhabitant, the pleasures of a tourist, the
standpoint of a politician or the vision of a planner, about the essence of urban space and
its identity can be so variable. Since the reasons are countless, practices and perceptions
are different, so as the meanings for people distinguishes. The experiences, emotions,
memory, imagination, present situation, and intention can be so variable so a person can
see a place in several distinct ways.

Relph deals with the viewpoint of the communities on place identity that for different
groups and communities of interest and knowledge, places have different identities. A
particular city can present a different identity to those living in its slums, its ghettos, its
suburbs; and to planners, and citizen s action groups.

According to Güvenç, urban identity issue should be defined as the perceived impression
of people about urban pattern. As he points out, the one that has the identity is not the
urban space but the people who live within. In that sense, it is important to emphasize the
relationship and affectionateness between people and urban space. The inhabitants in a
town, their lifestyles, perceptions, relations with urban space and with each other, the
balances, and harmony between people and their built environment are important by the
means of their interaction with urban space.

One of the patterns that Alexander defines as, identifiable neighbourhood points out the
needs of people belonging to an identifiable spatial unit, as he states, people want to be
able to identify the part of the city where they live as distinct from all others.

According to Lynch, it is also a support for the sense of belonging to some place-
attached group, as well as a way of marking behavioural territory.

While dealing with the meaning of place, Schulz points out the psychic function

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of the concept that It depends on identification, and implies a sense of belonging. It
therefore constitutes the basis for dwelling. We ought to repeat that man s most
fundamental need is to experience his existence as.

Lynch deals with a concept of physical legibility in urban space, which is something
crucial for a beautiful city and a clear image that gives people a sense of emotional
security, allows better orientation, and establishes the harmonious relationship between
the one and the physical environment. He expresses the environmental image as the
outcome of this two-way process between the observer and his environment. That is why,
Lynch evaluates the city as, ... not a thing in itself, but the city being perceived by its
inhabitants.

While examining the essence of place, Relph also points out the powerful relationship
between community and place, as each reinforces the identity of one another. Identity is
a basic feature of our experience of places, which both influences and influenced by
those experiences. According to him, in identifying the places, the identity of the person
or a group is as important as the identity of that place. While questioning the condition of
experiencing a place from outside or inside, he uses the terms insaneness and
outsideness.

FORMATION OF URBAN IDENTITY

Through the formation of an urban identity, the reflections of historical, natural, socio-
cultural, and spatial involvements on urban space constitute an idea about a place
throughout the time. The house we born, the street we participate in time, the
neighborhood and the city that we have given meanings with our understanding and
experiences, contains most of the images and reflections about history, culture and
identity as well. The distinctive spatial evidences of cities, which stay alive throughout the
time, turn out to be the survivors and significant signs of that urban identity. In a sense, a
unique urban character matures and develops layer by layer in long periods, interrelated
with the lifestyle of the inhabitants, their cultural identity, traditions, language, and
religion. Therefore, in examining the formation of the issue, the historical, socio-cultural
and functional dimensions of urban identity are also going to be stated, however, the
emphasis is about to deal with the morphological dimension of the urban identity in
particular. In that sense, through the analysis about the formation of urban identity, the
approaches on the morphological and perceptional dimensions of urban space will
essentially be taken into consideration. Lynch s evaluation about the elements of urban
design also gives clues about the raw materials of urban identity. Spaces, the visible
activities in the city, network of spatial sequences, communications, textures, and
surfaces of urban scene, environmental bases; plants as fundamental landscape
materials and man- made details in urban space are the elements and materials of urban
design.

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As a conclusion, the sustainability of urban identity should be seen as the priority of the
town. As if, the development of tourism and expansion of second housing can be
restricted in the town and in the whole peninsula, and investments are directed to the
environmental protection, urban quality and conservation of the historical, architectural
and spatial values and meanings, then the earnings of those savings will turn to be a
memorable and unique urban environment in mind in the long term.

CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN IDENTITY

What makes a city or a place different in our mind? In which circumstances do we talk
about the identity of a city? What are the characteristics of a city with identity? By
answering these questions, the aspects, which contribute to urban identity, are going to
be emphasized.

In analyzing the environmental image, Lynch considers three components, which are
identity, structure, and meaning. He describes identity, which is something identified
as a distinctive object from other things, as a separable entity, not equivalent with
something else but in a sense of individual and unique. In defining the structure and
meaning, Lynch points out the spatial relation of the object with the observer as well
as its practical or emotional meaning for the observer. He also evaluates identity issue
as one of the criteria of urban design as well and defines the characteristics of a
place with, clear 13 perceptual identity, recognizable, memorable, and vivid
character, which engages of attention and differentiates from other locations.

URBAN SPRAWL

What is Urban Sprawl?

The outspread of the urban center towards a less populated zoned, although this zone
won’t be a greater
place to live forever, as what is a suburb today, soon will be an urban neighborhood.

Causes of Urban Sprawl/Pros:

The causes will mainly include:
• Lower Land Rates: Lower cost land and houses in the outer suburbs of the cities.
• Improved Infrastructure: There is increased spending on certain types of
infrastructures, including roads and electricity. This is something that hasn’t always been
available, and there are still some areas that don’t have these luxuries.

• Rise in Standard of Living: There are also increases in standards of living and
average family incomes, which mean that people have the ability to pay more

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to travel and commute longer distances.

• Lack of Urban Planning: People love to find areas that are less trafficked and more
calm, which leads them to sprawl out to other sections of the town. Unprecedented
development, cutting of trees, loss of green cover, long traffic jams, poor infrastructure
force people to move out to new areas.
• Rise in Population Growth: Another factor that contributes towards urban sprawl is
rise in population growth. As number of people in a city grows beyond capacity, the local
communities continue to spread farther from city centers.
• Consumer Preferences: People in high income groups have stronger preferences
towards larger homes, more bedrooms, bigger balconies and bigger lawns. This also
causes urban sprawl as this option is not available in crowded cities.

DISADVANTAGES:
• Pollution increases in these areas, which has serious environmental impacts.
• Bad air quality can cause respiratory problems.
• The lack of exercise, as there aren’t walk ways and bike ways available, therefore
obesity increases.
• Cars and motorbikes dependency, as these are the only way to move around, causing
again a rise in obesity and an increase in health issues.
• Worse health care.

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
The classical view: Agrarian crisis accelerates urban growth – leads to exodus from
villages. Overall mobility of migrants stagnates.

2001: Share of total migrants in the country has increased slightly from 27% to 29%
during the 90s but this is less than 31% in 1961.

The total urban population is still as big as 287.56 million which is almost equal to the
total population of the United States.

Big cities have not been able to absorb labour and investments within the formal sector of
economy leading to problem of slums and informal economy. 21% of urban population
lives in slums. Nearly 40-50 per cent of people live in slums of Mumbai.
Urban planning has tried density control through physical planning but failed to check in-
migration or address the issue of basic services.
Social and environmental impacts of these trends are severe as there is also high level of
inequity in the provision of basic services in cities. Poor are pushed to periphery.

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If cities grow big, its scale and density also makes waste treatment, recycling facilities,
and public transport more efficient. But they also exceed their ecological limits. But
efficiency gains are limited in Indian cities due to poor urban governance.

The issue is not about growth but about distribution, equity and urban governance.

Air pollution and mobility crisis: Cities are being built for a small group of car owners,
disregarding the mobility needs of the majority of urban population. Pollution and
congestion costs high.

Solid waste and hazardous waste: 120,000 tons of garbage every day in Indian cities.
But very limited disposal, re-use and recycling capacities. Waste to energy remains a
non-starter. Colonization of land for waste disposal is leading to conflicts.

Water and waste water: Per capita water supply ranges from 9 lpcd to 584 lpcd across
urban India. Only 72 cities have partial sewerage facilities and 17 have some primary
treatment facilities.

Energy crisis: Wide gap in demand and supply, wastage. One third of India consumes
87% of nation’s electricity, hence energy inefficient. But heavily built cities like Tokyo and
New York use less energy per capita than rural residents.

Land constraints: Urban sprawl and

inefficiencies. Approaches to Managing New

Growth

Land Acquisition Method

In this method, the public planning authorities/development agencies acquire large
areas of land from
agricultural landholders (farmers) under the land Acquisition Act of 1894. Compensation
paid to farmers is based on prevailing agricultural land prices. To minimize opposition to
acquisition farmers are paid prices marginally higher than agricultural land prices. Then a
master plan of the area is prepared, laying out the roads, plots for social amenities, and
plots for sale. Roads and infrastructure are then built, using government funds. Serviced
plots are then sold for urban uses at market rates, which are most often much higher than
the rate at which land is acquired.

Advantages of LA method:
Adequate amounts of land for urban uses can be rapidly generated. To expedite
acquisition, some states allow private developers to assemble land. In many cases,
developers use extralegal means (non- formal offers) to secure farmers'

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consent. The benefit of appreciation of land value on its being converted to urban use
accrues to the development authority.
Disadvantages of LA method
In this method, farmers are essentially thrown off their land. Unable to wisely invest the
money received as compensation for their land and deprived of a means of livelihood,
they have to join the pool of urban labor. This process adds to familiar urban problems:
Growth of slums, increase in crime rates, and increased informal- sector economic
activity. The development process is slow. Any person who needs land for urban use has
to approach the urban development authority. The development authority ends up
becoming a bottleneck for development. Development agencies using the method of bulk
land acquisition end up being powerful large-scale land developers, controlling vast urban
resources. This is likely to breed corruption and is antithetical to the emerging paradigm,
where government plays a facilitator’s role.

Land Pooling and Readjustment Method (Town Planning Schemes)

 In this method, the public planning agency or development authority temporarily brings
together a group of landowners for the purpose of planning, under the state- level town or
urban planning act. As there is no acquisition or transfer of ownership involved, there is no
case for paying compensation.

 A master plan of the area is prepared, laying out the roads and plots for
social amenities. The remaining land is reconstituted into final plots for the original
owners. The size of the final plot is in proportion to the size of the original plot, and its
location is as close as possible to the original plot.

 A betterment charge based on the cost of the infrastructure proposed to be

laid is levied on the landowners. Infrastructure is then provided utilizing these funds.

Advantages:
All the land, except whatever is needed for infrastructure development and social
amenities,

Remains with the original owner. The development agency plays a limited role in
ensuring planned urban growth. The increment in land value resulting from the
development accrues to the original owner whenever the land is sold and developed for
urban use. Thus, the benefit of development goes to the original owner instead of the
development agency. The original owner is not displaced in the process of land
development and continues to enjoy access to the land resource. Thus, the negative
impact of the process of urbanization on farmers (original owners) is minimized.

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Disadvantages:
Time consuming, – land pooling or readjustment schemes is unduly complicated and
cumbersome. Betterment charges are levied at the time of Plan passing. – . Due to the
inordinate delays in finalizing schemes, the betterment charges levied on finalization of
the scheme do not meet the cost of the infrastructure provided.

This method has only been successfully used in Gujarat as of today

PLACE MAKING
The presented data is derived from a net study on the various works under taken by
Project for Public Spaces (PPS) and Metropolitan Planning Council (MPC) located in
Chicago.
Place Making is a people-cantered approach to the planning, design and management of
public spaces. But simply, it involves looking at, listening to, and asking questions of the
people who live, work and play in a particular space, to discover needs and aspirations.
This information is then used to create a common vision for that place. The vision can
evolve quickly into an implementation strategy, beginning with small- scale, do-able
improvements that can immediately bring benefits to public spaces and the people who
use them.

Place making

Place Making can be used to improve all of the spaces that comprise the gathering
places within a community—its streets, sidewalks, parks, buildings, and other public
spaces—so they invite greater interaction between people and foster healthier, more
social, and economically viable communities.

But Place Making is not just the act of building or fixing up a space; it is a process
that fosters the creation of vital public destinations—the kind of

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places where people feel a strong stake in their communities and commitment to
making things better. Place Making capitalizes on a local community’s assets,
inspiration and potential, creating good public spaces that promote people’s health,
happiness, and economic well- being. As a PPS survey of its members suggests, this
process is essential even sacred to people who care about the places in their lives.
Principles of Place Making

1. The community is the expert.

People who use a public space regularly provide the most valuable perspective and
insights into how the area functions. They also can help identify issues that are important
to consider in improving the space. Uncovering and incorporating their ideas and talents
is essential to creating a successful and vital community place.

2. You are creating a place, not a design.

Design is an important component of creating a place, but not the only factor. Providing
access and creating active uses, economic opportunities, and programming are often
more important than design.

3. You can't do it alone.

A good public space requires partners who contribute innovative ideas, financial or
political support, and help plan activities. Partners also can also broaden the impact of a
civic space by coordinating schedules for programming and improvement projects.

4. They'll always say, "It can't be done."

Every community has naysayers. When an idea stretches beyond the reach of an
organization or its jurisdiction and an official says, "It can't be done," it usually means:
"We've never done things that way before." Keep pushing. Identify leaders in the
community who share your vision and build support. Talk to your alderman and get him
or her engaged.

5. You can see a lot just by observing.

People will often go to extraordinary lengths to adapt a place to suit their needs. A raised
curb can be used as a place to sit, sort mail, and even—believe it or not— cook clams.
Observing a space allows you to learn how the space is used.

6. Develop a vision.
A vision for a public space addresses its character, activities, uses, and meaning in the
community. This vision should be defined by the people who live or work in or near the
space.

7. Form supports function.

Too often, people think about how they will use a space only after it is built.

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Keeping in mind active uses when designing or rehabilitating a space can lower costs by
discouraging unnecessary and expensive landscaping and monuments, as well as
potentially eliminating the need to retrofit a poorly used public space.

8. Triangulate.
The concept of triangulation relates to locating elements next to each other in a way that
fosters activity. For example, a bench, trash receptacle, and coffee kiosk placed near a
bus stop create synergy because they are more convenient for waiting bus passengers
and pedestrians than if they were isolated from each other.

9. Start with the petunias.

Simple, short-term actions such as planting flowers can be a way of testing ideas and
encouraging people their ideas matter. These actions provide flexibility to expand the
space by experimenting, evaluating and incorporating results into the next steps and long-
range planning.
10. Money is not the issue.
A lack of money is often used as an excuse for doing nothing. Funds for pure public
space improvements often are scarce, so it is important to remember the value of the
public space itself to potential partners and search for creative solutions. The location,
level of activity, and visibility of public spaces—combined with a willingness to work
closely with local partners—can elicit resources from those involved to activate and
enhance these spaces.

11. You are never finished.

About 80 percent of the success of any public space can be attributed to its
management. This is because the use of good places changes daily, weekly and
seasonally, which makes management critical. Given the certainty of change and fluid
nature of the use of a place at different times, the challenge is to develop the ability to
respond effectively. A good management structure will provide that flexibility.

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Place Making Principles

More than just creating better urban design of public spaces, Place Making facilitates
creative patterns of activities and connections (cultural, economic, social, and ecological)
that define a place and support its ongoing evolution. PPS wants to show planners,
designers, and engineers how to move beyond their habit of looking at communities
through the narrow lens of single-minded goals or rigid professional disciplines. “We have
to turn everything upside down, to get it right side up. From a top-down approach, to a
community-led approach that focuses on places. So that people can create good places
for themselves by discovering their own abilities or identities and hopefully get a sense of
ownership.
What makes a place great?
Great public spaces are where celebrations are held, social and economic exchanges
take place, friends run into each other, and cultures mix. They are the “front porches” of
our public institutions—libraries, field houses, neighbourhood schools—where we interact
with each other and government. When the spaces work well, they serve as a stage for
our public lives.

What makes some spaces succeed while others fail? In part, it is having a variety of
things to do in one spot. When the space becomes more than the sum of its parts, it
becomes a place. For example, an area in a park that has a fountain, playground,
somewhere for parents to sit in the shade, and a place to get something to drink or eat
will attract people to stay there for more than a few

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minutes and return. If the park had a library across the street, with an outdoor area that
had storytelling hours for kids and exhibits on local history, people would come to both
the library and park again and again. Easy access to a bus stop or bike trail and proximity
to residential areas are additional components that cumulatively add up to a very
successful place.

Four key qualities of a successful place Access and linkages

Access concerns how well a place is connected to its surroundings both visually and
physically. A successful public space is visible, easy to get to and around. Physical
elements can affect access (a continuous row of shops along a street is more interesting
and generally safer to walk by than a blank wall or empty lot), as can perceptions (the
ability to see a public space from a distance). Accessible public places have a high
turnover in parking and, ideally, convenient public transit.

Comfort and image

Comfort and image are key to whether a place will be used. Perceptions about safety and
cleanliness, the context of adjacent buildings, and a place's character or charm are often
foremost in people's minds—as are more tangible issues such as having a comfortable
place to sit. The importance of people having the choice to sit where they want is
generally underestimated.

Uses and activities

Activities that occur in a place—friendly social interactions, free public concerts,
community art shows, and more—are its basic building blocks: they are the reasons why
people come in the first place and why they return. Activities also make a place special or
unique, which, in turn, may help generate community pride.

Sociability
This is a difficult but unmistakable quality for a place to achieve. When people see friends,
meet and greet their neighbours, and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they
tend to feel a stronger sense of place or attachment to their community—and to the place
that fosters these types of social activities.

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GENERIC

FORM

INTRODUCTIO

Generic form is the relationship between architectural form, political theory, and
urban history by generic we mean what is common within the general condition of the
city. By common we mean how to transform the latent generic condition of the city
into a collective sphere, beyond the idea of it being simply a public and private
space.

GENERIC ARCHITECTURE
The term generic refers to an undifferentiated common quality which is prior to the
individual. Thus the category of generic is strongly linked with the category of labor.
In architecture a fundamental manifestation of this condition is the concept of typical
plan. A typical plan is a spatial scheme that is designed to maximize production in its
interior. Yet the concept of typical plan can also be generalized as the very
architectural paradigm of modernity.

In order to govern the uncertainties and the unforeseeable development implicit in

the process of production, the spatial frame in which production occurs have to be
reduce to the least formal complexity. Thus, standardization is not, as many assume,
only a matter of mass production. Standardization of (architectural) space is the
response to the uncertainty and precocity implicit in any form of production.

The result of this condition was radical and intelligible in modernity. Think of the
factory space with its reduced spatial aesthetic, or the austere architecture of social
housing. In the last forty years the growing ethos of up- rootedness implicit in the
even more generic nature of contemporary labor has been countered with an
architecture made of redundant differences.

These redundant differences can be assumed as the ideological and symbolic mask
to the ethos of the generic implicit in the nature of contemporary labor. To unmask
such condition and to define a contemporary generic architecture as the
manifestation of a common sphere will be the main task of the unit.

Over the years architectural form will be addressed precisely in terms of its ability to
construct and represent the idea of common space. Because of this, the unit will
insist on issues of architectural form, composition, syntax and materiality. It is our
conviction that only by engaging with form in its deepest,

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most elemental condition is it possible to trace architecture’s political motivation.

CHALLENGE
The creation of a clustering of ill defined, simplistically nondescript towers juxtaposed
with bold architectural gestures, that would, according to the Any time’s, “a centre of
urban experimentation as well as one of the world’s fastest growing metropolises.”
PUBLIC REALM

Public realm is defined as any publicly owned streets, pathways, right of ways, parks,
publicly accessible open spaces and any public and civic building and facilities. The
quality of our public realm is vital if we are to be successful in creating environments that
people want to live and work in.

What is public realm?

Public realm is defined as any publicly owned streets, pathways, right of ways, parks,
publicly accessible open spaces and any public and civic building and facilities.
The quality of our public realm is vital if we are to be successful in creating environments
that people want to live and work in.

The public realm includes all exterior places, linkages and built form elements that are
physically and/or visually accessible regardless of ownership. These elements can
include, but are not limited to, streets, pedestrian ways, bikeways, bridges, plazas,
nodes, squares, transportation hubs, gateways, parks, waterfronts, natural features, view
corridors, landmarks and building interfaces.

The public realm is organized into four categories: parks, streetscapes, coastal areas and
public places. Definitions for these categories are as follows:

• Parks - Public open spaces within a community for recreational use. Parks may
include natural areas such as mountain ridges and wide systems.
• Streetscapes - The visual elements of a street including the road, sidewalk, street
furniture, trees and open spaces that combine to form the street’s character.
• Coastal Areas - All land areas along the water’s edge.
• Public Places - All open areas within a community visible to the public or for public
gathering Or assembly.

Public realm includes all the spaces between buildings that can be freely accessed; it
encompasses all outdoor areas including roads, parks, squares, pedestrian routes and
cycle ways. Outdoor space should stimulate the senses,

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yet remain human in scale. The condition and quality of our streets and spaces have a
major impact on our quality of life, it is therefore important to understand how design and
quality development can help to create successful places.

The City of Edinburgh Council recognized the importance of design in creating successful
places in its Public Realm Strategy for Fountainbridge1. The aim of this strategy
document was to focus on the public realm aspects of Fountain Bridge (previously a
brewery) and to provide future developers with an understanding of the planning
authority’s aspirations and vision for the site.

The strategy built on the requirements of the pre-existing Development Brief for Fountain
bridge, which established the principle of redevelopment of the site to a mix of uses. The
strategy therefore provided:
• Confidence in a consistent level of quality over the entire development.
• A structure for a range of parameters, including for example the use of materials,
while it’s also allowing for flexibility in the development.
• Guidance for the determination of future detailed or reserved matters
applications at the various phases of redevelopment.

Elements of High-Quality Public Realm

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TRANSPORTATION INTRODUCTION:
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from o n e
Location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and
space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is
important because it enables trade between persons, which is essential for the
development of civilizations.

Passenger transport may be public, whereoperators provide schedule service, Or private.

Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is
used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic
growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of
land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is
essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.

Transportation helps shape an area’s economic health and quality of life. Not only does
the transportation System provide for the mobility of people and goods, it also influences
patterns of growth and economic activity by providing access to land. The performance of
the system affects public policy concerns like air quality, environmental resource
consumption, social equity, land use, urban growth, economic development, safety, and
security.

Transportation planning recognizes the critical links between transportation and other
societal goals. The planning process is more than merely listing highway and transit
capital projects. It requires developing strategies for operating, managing, maintaining,
and financing the area’s transportation system in such a way as to advance the area’s
long-term goals.

Urbanization has been one of the dominant contemporary processes as a growing share
of the global population lives in cities. Considering this trend, urban transportation issues
are of foremost importance to support the passengers and freight mobility requirements
of large urban agglomerations.

• Transportation in urban areas is highly complex because of the modes

involved, the multitude of origins and destinations, and the amount and variety of traffic.
Traditionally, the focus of urban transportation has been on passengers as cities were
viewed as locations of utmost human interactions with intricate traffic patterns linked to
commuting, commercial transactions and leisure/cultural activities. However, cities are
also locations of production, consumption and distribution, activities linked to movements
of freight. Conceptually, the urban transport system is intricately linked with urban form
and spatial structure. Urban transit is an important dimension of mobility, notably in high
density areas.

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• Transportation planning is a cooperative process designed to foster involvement by all
users of the system, such as the business community, community groups, environmental
organizations, the traveling public, freight operators, and the general public, through a
proactive public participation process conducted by the Metropolitan Planning
Organization (MPO), state Department of Transportation (state DOT), and transit
operators.

LAND USE AND TRANSPORTATION:

Transportation’s purpose is moving people and goods from one place to another, but
transportation systems also affect community character, the natural and human
environment, and economic development patterns.

A transportation system can improve the economy, shape development patterns, and
influence quality of life and the natural environment. Land use and transportation are
symbiotic: development density and location influence regional travel patterns, and, in
turn, the degree of access provided by the transportation system can influence land use
and development trends.

Urban or community design can facilitate alternative travel modes. For example, a
connected System of streets with higher residential densities and a mix of land uses can
facilitate travel by foot, bicycle, and public transportation, in addition to automobile.
Conversely, dispersed land development patterns may facilitate vehicular travel and
reduce the viability of other travel modes.

SUSTAINABILITY AND TRANSPORTATION

The concept of sustainability is accommodating the needs of the present population
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

As applied to the Transportation sector, planning for sustainability can incorporate a

variety of strategies to Conserve natural resources (including use of clean fuels),
encourage modes other than single occupant vehicles, and promote travel reduction
strategies.

Current trends in transportation contribute to unsustainable conditions, including

greenhouse gas emissions, energy insecurity, congestion, and ecological impacts.
Although widespread uncertainty exists about how to address the goal of a sustainable
transportation system, transportation officials and stakeholders are now recognizing that
their decisions have long-term implications and impacts and are working on how to
prepare metropolitan and state-wide transportation plans and programs accordingly.
Attaining a sustainable transportation system will require action by the public sector,
private companies, and individual citizens.

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1. TRAFFIC CONGESTION:
Absence of efficiency in the provision and operation of transportation:
Examples: congestions on public transport means during morning and evening rush
hours; motorized traffic congestions in the central built-up areas.

URBAN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS:

• In terms of population size, traffic congestions are found in limited locations in many
cities of less than 3 million in population. Along with demographic growth, congestions
become increasingly extensive. In cities of more than 10 million, chronic congestions are
usually found over the entire city area.
• In terms of economic development, congestions of the cities in the early phase of
development are attributable to the shortage and the inadequacy of basic transport
infrastructure, such as underdeveloped arterials, presence of missing links in the network
and absence of properly paved road surfaces.

• At the same time, some problems are found in most of the cities under study, regardless
of their respective population size and development phase. They concern road traffic
management: namely, inappropriate posting or absence of traffic signals and absence of
left- or right-turn lanes.

2.INCONVENIENCE:
Inadequate accessibility and poor usability:
Examples: bad access to transfer stations; station buildings full of bumps and barriers;
low service levels.

URBAN TRANSPORT PROBLEMS

Along with the growth of urban economy, the urbanized area expands outward and
commuters have to travel ever-extending distance on every weekday. The development
of necessary road infrastructure falls behind the pace of such urban sprawl. Urban public
transport during the early development phase is mainly provided by bus services, but bus
lines are often inadequately laid down to meet the needs of users and/or the bus fleet is
insufficient relative to the demand. Meanwhile, the issue of transfer between different
transport modes is yet to emerge because the available means of travel are very limited
in the cities in the early development phase. During the middle and the late phase of
economic development, however, many cities come to offer BRT and/or railway transit
services and the inadequacy of transfer between them jeopardizes the convenience of
public transport to city dwellers. In addition, as urban population grows, the existing
capacities of bus terminals and inter-modal facilities fail to handle a massive flow of
passengers.

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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESSES:

Urban transportation planning is the process that leads to decisions on transportation

policies and programs. In this process, planners develop information about the impacts of
implementing alternative courses of action involving transportation services, such as new
highways, introduction of new modes of public transport etc., or parking restrictions. The
fundamental objective of transportation is to provide efficient and safe levels of mobility
required to support a wide spectrum of human needs for a heterogeneous variety of
societal groups. Because these needs, goals, and objectives are continuously changing,
transportation planning is also an ever-evolving process. The important steps of the
transportation planning process are as given below:

Step 1: Forecasting target year population and economic growth for the subject
metropolitan area.

Step 2: allocation of land use and socio – economic projections individual analysis zones
according to land availability, local zoning and related public policies.

Step 3: specification of alternative transportation plans partly based on the result of Step

1 and Step 2. Step 4: calculation of the capital and maintenance costs of each alternative

plan.

Step 5: application of calibrated demand – forecasting models to predict target year

equilibrium flows expected to use each alternative, given the land use and socio –
economic projection and the characteristics of the transportation alternatives.

Step 6: conversion of equilibrium flows to direct user benefits, such as savings in travel
time and travel cost attributable to the proposed plan.

Step 7: comparative evaluation and selection of the best of the alternatives analysed
based on estimated costs.

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GLOBALISATION

What is Globalization?

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies,

and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. Globalization is the free movement of
exchange of culture, tradition, trade, investments and services world over.

It has long back emerged as an international phenomenon which dissolves the standard
understanding of state boundaries and demographically has transformed nations by no
bounds. The presence of work in the multi-national corporations and livelihood
opportunities in the urban centers makes the skilled and the semi-skilled workers to
migrate to the cities, thus creating a web of urbanized dwellings as a consequence of the
stream of globalization and convergence.

INTRODUCTION

Growth in population during the period of rapid industrialization and globalization in the
20th century was accompanied by increased urbanization on a global basis. Although
many critics blame globalization for a decline of the middle class in industrialized
countries, the middle class has been growing rapidly in developing countries. This has
led to increasing disparities in wealth between urban and rural areas. As a result, mass
movements in the countryside at times have expressed objections to globalizing
processes.

For example, in 2002, in India, 70% of the population lived in rural areas and depended
directly on natural resources for their livelihood. By 2011, the majority of the world's
population lived in industrialized urban areas featuring nearby factories and business
offices rather than in traditional rural areas where agricultural activities predominate.
Certain cities began to emerge as global cities generally considered to be important
centers of global economic activities.

URBANIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Urbanization is such a phenomenon which has enabled intellectuals and policy makers to
think more in terms of its modes and conductions. It has created a holistic circumference
of a homogenized life style. It has led to temporal empowerment and shifted the basis of
livelihood from the agrarian mode to the industrial one.

In the words of Kiran Karnik, “Today more than half the world lives in urban areas

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and in India we are close to the one third marks already and growing rapidly,”
Urbanization and globalization are modern-day facts of life. Today’s cities must compete
with one another to attract capital. To do so, many local authorities offer attractive
financial incentives in addition to essential practical ones, such as well- functioning
infrastructure and urban services, communications systems, efficient transport, sufficient
housing and access to educational and recreational facilities.

But in the new “urban archipelago” of competitive cities linked by today’s globalized
economy, the riches are passed from one wealthy hand to another. The poor have been
left behind.

COMPETITION BETWEEN CITIES AND REGIONS

The competition between cities has already begun in earnest. Cities have become
salesmen for themselves. The realization that regional economies are no longer linked
through the production process to other regions in the same nation-state has acted as a
spur for cities to establish their own relations with international capital and to lobby
independently for European Union financial aid. By offering their regions as cheap labour
stations, they are capable of tapping into the rich vein of foreign direct investment from
around the world.

This intensifies inter-regional and international competition to attract capital. The battle for
investment and jobs engages the city in a ruthless war against its rivals, where the
weapons are booster crusades, tax breaks and incentives for international finance. This
must be paid for through cuts in social services and attacks on social conditions and
living standards. A war of each city economy against every other—and by extension
every city against its working-class population—entails a relentless upbeat marketing of
the city's image. The workforce is always skilled and responsive, and investment is
always inward.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ON CITIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

In most developing countries cities globalization impact will vary greatly in extent and
intensity over time, spatially, within and between cultures and social class. Due to the
weak financial base and technology, developing countries will be at a disadvantage
position in a world of globalised trading of industrial products. Though this may vary
within and among regions in developing countries.

Some towns and villages in the country have become so prosperous that only the
wealthy can reside there. Working class people in rural areas can no longer afford to live
in the place of their birth because the price of property has shot up due to the influx of
wealthy commuters who work in the financial centre. Farm cottages are being turned into
holiday lets, forcing residents with less collateral to move away in search of a tenancy.

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Wealthy investors, often seeking a second home in the country, are buying up whole
farms, because those with less acreage have already been taken. They rent the
surrounding land to working farmers who cannot afford to buy the property themselves.
There is a relentless growth of private sector provision for those who can afford it, while
those who cannot are left with decaying and neglected public services.

It has made so many changes in our lives that reversing it is not possible at all. The
solution lies in developing effective mechanisms that can check the extent to which it can
impact the environment. It is important that we put in some efforts to maintain harmony
with the environment. The survival of human race on this planet is dependent on the
environment to such a large extent that we cannot afford to ignore the consequences of
our own actions.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

The development of the city as support of human activities has resulted in a complex live
laboratory in permanent evolution. The same city which according to Lewis Mumford
“…is also a conscious work of art, and it holds within its communal framework many
simpler and more personal forms of art."

The continuous growth process of cities, with its uninterrupted demands of natural
resources consumption, is related to serious environmental and social problems. By the
end of the 20th century, this growing process reached warning signs, regarding the
effects resulting from uncontrolled urban expansion without concern of appropriate
infrastructure and facilities location. This alert also emerged as a result of the
globalization of urban planning process, in which interventions at different levels,
supported by public and private partnerships, were increasingly neglecting local and
environmental specificities as well as overlooking the population needs and its cultural
identity.

PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation is the involvement of people in the creation and management of their
built And natural environments. Its strength is that it cuts across tradition professional
boundaries and cultures. The activity of community participation is based on the principle
that the built and nature Environment work better if citizens are active and involved in its
creation and management Instead of being treated as passive consumers.

THE MAIN PURPOSES OF PARTICIPATION ARE

• To citizens planning and design decision making processes and as a result, make it
more likely they will work within established systems when seeking solutions to problems.

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• To provide citizens with a voice in planning and decision making in order to improve
plans. Decisions, service delivery, and overall quality of the environment.

• To promote a Sense Of community by bringing together people who Share goals.

• Participation should be active and directed, those who become involved should
experience a sense of achievement.
• Traditional planning procedures should be re-examined to ensure that participation
achieves more than a Simple affirmation of the designers or planners’ intentions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF PARTICIPATION:

• The planning system is meant to reflect the general wishes of the local community
and there is a need on the local authority to consult widely during the formulation Of
a Local Plan in the operation of the development.
• The fact that the Council is made up of elected members ensures a certain
level of representation, but wider public consultation is required.
• When a planning application is submitted the local authority publishes details in the
newspaper and, in some circumstances. A notice is displayed adjacent to the site.
In cases of special sensitivity, individual households in an affected area might be
asked for their opinions or there may be a Small public exhibition.
• However in most cases, if members of the public wish to find out what is
proposed they have to Visit the planning department, request the material that has
been submitted and examine it on the premises. They can then write to the planning
committee if they have any objections.
• No matter what the scale of proposal, development control can be thought of as a
process of negotiation: at its simplest, between the applicant and the local authority,
with only rudimentary involvement by the public. In the most complex cases it
involves a process of 'trading off' between parties, and high-profile public debate.
• Not Of the authorities, or the public’s interest in a proposal will be in its Visual form:
they will also wish to consider its functional content its impact on the environment
(on traffic in particular) on the economy.
• However, we are Concerned here with the visual modelling of proposals and the
Ways in which the traditional method of depositing plans and physical models is
being replaced by digital methods which have the potential to be developed as
interactive tools for use in the negotiation process.

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DETERMINATION OF GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:
• The planning that accompanies the design of any participation program should
first include a determination of participation goals and objectives.
• Participation goals differ from time to time and from issue to issue.
• Participation is likely to be perceived differently depending on the type of
issue, people involved and political setting in which it takes place.

• If differences in expectations and perception are not identified at the outset, and
realistic goals are not made clear, the expectations of those involved in the participation
program will likely not be met, and people will become disenchanted.

PLANNING FOR PARTICIPATION:

• Once planners have identified the overall goals and objectives for the participation
process, planning for participation requires the following steps;
• Identify the individuals or groups that should be involved in the participation actively
being planned.
• Decide where in the process the participants should be involved, from development to
implementation to evaluation.
• Articulate the participation objectives in relation to a" participants who will be involved.
• Identify and match alternative participation methods to objectives in terms of the
resources available.
• Select an appropriate method to be used to achieve specific Objectives.
• Implement chosen participation activities.
• Evaluate the implemented methods to See to what extent they achieved the desired
goats and objectives.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATION
• Although any given participation process does not automatically ensure Success, it can
be claimed that the process will minimize failure. Four essential characteristics of
participation can be identified;
• Participation is inherently good.
• It is a source of wisdom and information about local conditions, needs and attitudes,
and therefore improves the effectiveness of decision making.
• It is a means of defending the interests of groups of people and of individuals, and a tool
for studying their needs, which are often ignored and dominated by large organizations,
institutions, and their bureaucracies.
• With the goal of achieving agreement about what the future should bring.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Contemporary planning theories acknowledge the value of community participation in the

development processes of our built environment, suggesting that community involvement
has the potential to achieve a more sustainable outcome. Research in this field indicates
that citizen participation can generate trust, credibility and commitment regarding the
implementation of policies.

This paper investigates tools to measure the effectiveness of public participation and their
influence on urban development processes. Based on a literature review, a framework of
indicators was developed, which has been used to analyse the community participation
process in the development of the ‘Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy’, a
collaborative initiative to develop a growth strategy for the Christchurch region in New
Zealand. Results from this case study suggest that there is a relationship between the
various indicators and the main findings can be summarized as follows:

(i) Most sectors of the community appear to have an interest in their built environment
and urban planning processes, provided that their involvement is encouraged by
stimulating information and expertise is provided to support their contributions.

(i) Although no conclusions on the motivation of the various participants in the

process were reached, the professionals involved appear to have a strong interest in
networking and the sharing of expertise.

(ii) A commonality in the views of the public was observed, with a focus on the
‘big picture’ rather than self-interests.

(iv) Collaborative planning was experienced as an effective technique for

consensus building between professionals.

(v) The quality of resources and allocation of time appear to be influential in a

community participation process.

Indications were given that process and product outcomes should not be evaluated
separately. Keywords: community participation, collaborative planning, urban
development, public consultation.

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URBAN CASE STUDY

Case study - Curitiba

Curitiba, a city in southern Brazil, has approximately 3 million residents (including in the
metropolitan area). The implementation of the Curitiba Master Plan began during the first
administration of Mayor Jaime Lerner in the early 1970s. The plan relied on the physical
integration of a public transport system, land-use legislation and a hierarchized road
network. The urban growth structure is characterized by a linear expansion across five
“structural geographical sectors” which are served by “express buses”. It links the city
center with the periphery and other neighbor municipalities, with priority given to public
transport.

HISTORY
In 1943, the Agache Plan was made by a French urbanist by the name of Alfred Agache.
Since Curitiba started growing more rapidly than anticipated, first zoning acts were
passed in 1953 while the first mass transit was planned in 1955. By the 1960s, the
Agache Plan was barely in use and already required changes. In 1965, there was a
competition for someone to make the new master plan. Planner-Architect Jorge Wilheim’s
firm won the competition and the main thing that was different about his plans compared
to Agache was having “radiating axes” from the center of Curitiba, he inserted public
transit and had “mixed land- use” principles. Mixed land-use meaning housing integrated
into the transit corridors. The axes left the center of the city, as if to force growth in those
particular directions because that is where the transit would be placed. As you get further
from these main axes roads, the housing gets less dense. The plan was ultimately
approved in 1966.

Along with the axes, zones were made in order for different types of structures to be built.
Among the zones, residential zones were put by public transit and there were certain
areas that were similar to historic districts established in order to get restoration done on
important historical buildings. They are called “special preservation units” and when those
units are sold all earned money is only used on saving buildings. There is also the
Central Zone and Structural Sectors for commercial areas. There are actually 50 specific
zone types in Curitiba as of the year 2000. One area that was not part of the Wilheim
plan to get developers interested in developing was in the southwest part of the city. This
might not seem controversial, but the fact that it had preferred topography and was not
located by any of the water supply watersheds meant the new residents were more than
likely affluent. The southwest part of the city became the priority while the rest of the city,
especially the poorer southeast area with squatted homes became subject to
environmental injustices.

Curitiba is one of the most reputable cities in terms of sustainability achievements

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which can becategorized into six integrated subjects: integrated urban planning, effective
public transport system, local environmental consciousness, pedestrian and public
priority in the city, social justice concentration and local waste management system
(Mills, 2006).

Context
Historical spatial and governance foundation In the 1950s Curitiba was the modest
150,000 person capitol of the Brazilian military-state of Paraná. Curitiba was the
processing and distribution center for the surrounding agricultural industry. At its peak
during the 1960s, the state of Paraná produced 1/3 of the world’s coffee (Scwartz, Hugh).
After a series of frosts between 1952 and 1975 sent the industry into a downward spiral,
workers began turning to Curitiba in search of employment.

Typical Road System

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The city center was partly closed to vehicular traffic and pedestrian streets were
recreated. Mixed land use based on high density residential buildings is allowed
alongside to transport axes. The density limitation of an area is directly based on its
availability to public transportation. Linear development along the "arteries" road cause a
considerable decrease in downtown movement need as well as providing new
opportunities for commercial and light industries to be located near fast transport
thoroughfares. A new industrial city was built in the west side of the city near the sea
shore where includes low-income public houses as well (Smith and Raemaekers, 1998).

Effective transport system

The development of Curitiba is twisted with its public transport system which is based on
buses. Bus transport system was selected because of its extremely low costs of
installation and operation in addition to its fast and easy construction process. From 1974
to 1982, within eight years, the bus transport system was expanded from two express bus
lanes to five express axes in addition to inter- district bus lines. The bus system consists
of three types of buses for different functions, distinguished by different colors (red for
express, green for inter-district and yellow for conventional buses). In 1980s, the RIT
(RedeIntegrada de Transporte: Integrated Transport Network) was created, allowing
transit between any points in the city by paying just one fare (Moore, 2007). The long
express buses are split into three sections and stop at designated elevated tubes with
disabled access. People pay for tickets at the bus stop so the urban travels become
easier, faster and cheaper. The system is used by 85% of Curitiba's population (Smith
and Raemaekers, 1998). It becomes the source of inspiration for many other cities around
the world to use their local potentials for transportation instead of costly and time
consuming large scale systems.

The population has doubled since 1974, yet car traffic has declined by 30%. The system
reduces the fuelconsumption and air pollution as well as environmental costs of urban
mobility. Roads are categorized in four hierarchical types: structural (main axes), priority
(traffic roads), collector (commercial streets) and connector (industrial connection to
axes) (Rabinovitch, 1992). They have a hierarchy regarding to public transport
accessibility and land use legislation. Urban terminals are built at the end of each express
bus lane with social services and smaller terminals which are located every 1400 meters.
The innovative and local public transport system is considered as the pioneer of urban
development in Curitiba (Goldman and Gorham, 2006).

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Transport network- case study
Local environmental consciousness and citizens’ participation

In the early 1970s, when Brazil was welcoming mass industry, Curitiba accepted only
non-polluting industries. It also has constructed an industrial district containing a
considerable amount of green space that was called "Golf Course". Builders get tax
breaks if their projects include green space (Rabinovitch and Leitman, 1996). Curitiba is
referred as the ecological capital of Brazil, with a network of 28 parks and tree planted
areas (in 1970, there was less than 1 square meter of green space per person, but in
2010 there were 5 square meters. Citizen’s participation has a great role in this greenery
development movement Brendan. They have planted .5 million trees along city streets) it
is a highlighted example of citizens participation in urban environmental sustainability
achievement. There is even a local environmental legislation to control industries, which
are desired to be located in the industrial city, to serve environmental quality. In order to
achieve the goal of having 52 square meters of green space per inhabitant in 2010, the
city has paid careful attention to preserving and improving its green areas. This greenery
strategy implementation is closely related to legislations, long term environmental vision
and citizen’s participation (Goldman and Gorham, 2006).

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
With the Iguazu River originating in Curitiba and due to the large population growth of
Curitiba within the latter part of the 20th century, there have been some unforeseen
environmental issues to deal with. One of the issues was Curitiba’s built environment
growing into areas where they can easily be flooded by the river After trying to canal the
various parts of the river system by canalling both underground and in the open, the city
realized that they were not really solving the problem of flooding, but just moving the
water around the city. As a matter of

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
fact, after dredging parts of the river, the depth only changed by 40cm.

It was decided by a group of planners that something else needed to be done to handle
the flooding issue. By working around a federal funding problem that said flood control
money can only be used for infrastructure for containing flood waters, they used that
money to take care of the areas beside the river by making them “protected wooded
areas” and no longer permitted any type of building.

By the 1970s, Curitiba had 2 parks that sat beside rivers that totaled 2,000,000 square
meters of open space. In 1982, Curitiba had opened their largest river park, Iguazu Park,
which had 8,000,000 square meters. After Iguazu Park was established, Passauna Park
was made to protect the Passauna River from contamination and it is 43,000,000 square
meters of wooded space.

POLICIES AND EDUCATION

Curitiba has progressive policies dealing with waste and recycling Strict environmental
standards in the city keep all hazardous waste, as well as construction and demolition
debris out of the lone landfill. Since 1989, Curitiba has taught its schoolchildren about
environmentalism and sustainability. They teach conservation, recycling, and a range of
other issues regarding the environment. At Christmas time, the children are given gifts of
toys made from recycled plastic after having brought in plastic to be recycled during the
school year. There are 9 bus terminals scattered around the city that serve as trash
collection sites, which assists in keeping the number of garbage collection trucks low.

Fast food type restaurants utilize real plates and real silverware, instead of disposable
type containers. The integration of these programs into the planning of the city has kept
Curitiba's image polished as a sustainable and forward-thinking city.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 UNIT V URBAN STUDIES
 Introduction to study and interpretation of cities (especially Indian) through
understanding published studies/ analysis.
 The focus will be on components/aspects as well as tools/ methods.
 Tools and methods to include different types of maps/mapping, drawings,
sketches, photo documentations, reading, data collection, analysis. Aspects to include
topography, geology, hydrology, micro climate, vegetation, urban density, growth, city
limits/boundaries, history, urban architecture, typologies, infrastructure, land parcels,
public space, demographics, patterns of usage, land use.

INTRODUCTION

The main analyses focused on Chandigarh, the dream city of India's first Prime Minister,
Sh. Jawahar Lal Nehru, was planned by the famous French architect Le Corbusier.
Picturesquely located at the foothills of Shivaliks, it is known as one of the best
experiments in urban planning and modern architecture in the twentieth century in India.

CONTENT

A- MAIN POINT
1- Overall urban design
2- All- of- a- piece urban design 3-
Urban infrastructure design
4- Urban guidelines design

1- OVERALL URBAN DESIGN

Le Corbusier´s master plan kept some key aspects proposed by Mayer and Novicki,
especially spatial relationships between key elements (government, city centre,
university and industries) and the superblock principle. But the shape of the city plan
was modified from one with a curving road network to rectangular shape with a grid iron
pattern for the fast traffic roads. It is an idea of the “Spanish Square” as used in
Barcelona.
Each residential sector was envisaged as a relatively self-contained urban village,
consisting of four neighbourhood-sized quarters (24 ha) each bordering on a green strip
with pedestrian paths running north-south, and a market street east-west. He allocated
nearly 30 per cent of the city to parks and recreational areas. The city was designed as
a grid system, with government buildings at one

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 end, symbolizing the head of the organism.City blocks are arranged in sectors and
assigned numbers.
In the core of this residential area, is the commercial center, the heart of the city.

Image by Gerald Steyn

The city was designed as a grid system, with government buildings at one end,
symbolizing the head of the organism.

Interactive City Map

ALL- OF- A- PIECE URBAN DESIGN

To many observers, organizing urban design projects to be carried out building- by-
building, and landscape- by- landscape by a number of developers according to an
overall conceptual design is the core of urban design work. Many architects see all- of-
a- piece urban design as inferior to total urban design because it Is less a work of
individual art.
They believe projects would be better if dream of and designed by one hand as

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 in Le Corbusier’s design for the capital complex in Chandigarh or Oscar Niemeyer’s
work in Basilica. Others, however, believe that it is only through all- of- a- piece urban
design that both a unity and variety can be captured in large project design today.

The Leisure Valley, the Rajindra Park and The absence of cars and the
other parks shall be developed as parks availability of wide pavements is an
only and no building other than already amazing sensation for the
planned shall be permitted. pedestrian used to dodging a
combination of potholes and
honking vehicles.

The central plaza in Sector-17 was

designated by Le Corbusier as
“Pedestrians Paradise”. No vehicular
traffic will be permitted in the plaza.

Building in Chandigarh

Taureau’. (Bull). Cover of the Assembly

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Plan of parliament building

3- URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN

The nature of the infrastructure is what visually distinguishes one city from another as
much as the nature of its architecture. There are various ways of considering the
infrastructure of city but the most inclusive manner covers everything that is part of the
public domain whether privately or publicly owned. In this view the streets and another
transport facilities, the schools and public institutions, such as libraries and museums,
can all be part of the infrastructure of cities.

The lake is a gift of the creators of Chandigarh to the citizens to be at one with nature,
away from the hubbub of city life. There shall be nocommercial exploitation of the lake
and its environment and its tranquility shall be guaranteed by banning noises.

Proposal for a coherent system of bicycle and pedestrian pathways by Henrik Valeur
and Chandigarh College of Architecture for the 2030 Master Plan of Chandigarh. “The
intention was to create a human friendly environment.” M N

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 Sharma, member of Le Corbusier's original design team and the first Indian Chief
Architect of Chandigarh.

Roads in Chandigarh city

• Divided the city into different sectors.

• Each sector having the residential and commercial zones.
• Planning was done in such a way that a tourist can also find his own way.
• Maps displayed along the walkways and footpaths.

Roads
- Designed and oriented in such a way that most of the time during the day, they are
under shadow.
- Huge parking areas for the commercial zones.
- Parking lanes – broad as main roads.
- Pedestrian walkways segregated from the main road with the help of wide lawn strip.

CORBUSIER’S CONCEPTUAL SKETCH SHOWING THE V-ROAD SYSTEM

• V-1 Fast roads connecting

Chandigarh to other towns.
• V-2 Arterial roads.
• V-3 Fast vehicular sector
dividing roads.
• V-4 Meandering shopping
streets.
• V-5 Sector circulation roads.
• V-6 Access roads to houses.
• V-7 Foot paths and cycle tracks.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 4- URBAN GUIDELINES DESIGN
the growth of chandigarh 1966-96, starting with sectors 1 & 2 in phase 1, & currently
consisting of 86 sectors

An example of Human Scale design in the city. The city of Chandigarh is planned to
human scale. It puts in touch with the infinite cosmos and nature. It provides us with
places and buildings for all human activities in which the citizens can live a full and
harmonious life. Here the radiance of nature andheart are within our reach.

Le corbusier’s unshakeable belief in the anthropometric proportional connections & links

created by golden section.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 PHYSICAL SETTING AND PLANNING CONCEPTS
LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
The Union Territory of Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik Range in
the north-western region of the country andlies between 30 degree 39’ N and 30 degree
49’ N latitude and 75 degree 41’ E and 76 degree 51’ E longitude. It has a geographical
area of 114 sq. km. The territory is also the state capital of Punjab and Haryana.
Chandigarh has a cold dry winter, hot summer and sub tropical monsoon. The average
annual rainfall ranges between 700- 1200 mm. The annual temperature varies between
1 degree c to 45 degree c. Winds are generally light and blow from North West to South
East direction with the exception of the Easterly to South Easterly winds which blow for
some days during the summer season.

GEOHYDROLOGY
The groundwater in Chandigarh area is present in multilayered aquifers under
unconfined and confined conditions. The sandand gravel layers in between clay beds
are the main water bearing horizons. The groundwater occurs under
unconfinedcondition down to about 80 m depth in Manimajra area. In other areas, the
semi-confined state prevails upto 20-30 m depth. The depth of the shallow aquifer
system is less than 30m below the ground level, whereas the deeper aquifer system
ranges from 0-45 m below the ground level (CGWB, 2002). Groundwater contour map
for shallow aquifers indicates that the groundwater table is above 5 m in the east west
part and the water table deepens in the east and north direction.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 THE ORIGINAL CHANDIGARH PLAN :HOLISTIC APPROACH TO DESIGN

A holistic approach was adopted for the planning of Chandigarh which combined with
the farsightedness, vision and enthusiasm of the leaders have together contributed to
the making of a city a social organism and a work of art. These interactive-
interdependent disciplines are:
 Planning
 Urban design
 Art
 Architecture
 Landscaping
SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CHANDIGARH PLAN
The function of Living occupies primary place and has been organised into a cellular
system of sectors based on the concept of a neighbourhood unit. Each sector (with the
exception of sectors 1 to 6, 12, 14, 17, and 26) has a size of 800m x 1200m which was
determined on the parameter of providing all amenities i.e. shops, schools, health
centres and places of recreation and worship within a 10- minute walking distance of the
residents. The originally planned population of a sector varied between 3000 and
20,000 depending upon the size of plots, the topography of the area, and the
urbandesign considerations. Every sector is introvert in character and permits only four
vehicular entries into its interior to provide a tranquil and serene environment conducive
to the enrichment of life.

Sector size - 800m x 1200 m determined by

maximum 10 minute walking distance from
V5 facilities
Introvert planning with sealing walls along main
roads so as not to be disturbed by the
fast vehicular traffic outside
Emphasis on family life and community
V3 V 3
V4
living
Schools along green belts safe for children,
dispensaries, shopping, community centres,
centrally located in 10 minutes walk and bus
stops on main road within walking distance.
Parks within 300m
Meandering profile of the V4/V5 to enable slow
carriageways
Comfortable vehicular and pedestrian access
right to the doorstep of the house
Inter-sectoral

V2

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 V3

V3

Sector 2 in the northern regional belt Sector size determined by walking distance

GREEN CITY CONCEPT

Planned as a Green City with abundance of open spaces, Chandigarh ensures that
every dwelling has its adequate share of three elements of Sun, Space and Verdure.
Location of green belt was in north south
direction to link all sectors with the Shivalik range of hills / mountains.

CONCEPT OF 7VS
A well-defined hierarchy of Circulation based on Le Corbusier’s V7s road-system
designed to lead traffic into the city and to distribute it right uptill the dwelling unit. Marg
refers to the important avenues (V2), while Paths were referred to less important streets
(V3).

LOW-RISE DEVELOPMENT
Planned as a low-rise city, it has developed on the stated principles and, even after sixty
years of its inception still retains the original concept to a large extent.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 HIERARCHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
Hierarchical distribution of population with the density lowest in the
northern sectors and gradually increasing towards the southern
sectors.

PURE LANDUSE PLANNING

While detailing out the landuse distribution, the underlined principle
adopted in the Master Plan was to allocate different areas for living,
working, trade and commerce, industry etc. Accordingly, the sectors
were designated for residential, commercial and industrial, institutional uses.

However, the residential sectors were planned to include all

infrastructure, facilities and amenities subservient/supporting human
iving involving health care, education, shopping, recreation, open
spaces etc. Industries were located on eastern side of the city
segregated by 500’ green belt from the residential area in order to

protect the residential areas from industrial noise etc.

Green city concept adequate share of sun, space and verdure

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

1. CLASS TEST QUESTION PAPERS AND MARK ANALYSIS

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

CLASS TEST IA
UNIT I
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
2. What are the elements of urban design?
3. Explain articulation of need for urban design.
4. Write short note on place-making and identity

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. Name At least six urban spaces essential for the city?

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Discuss the need and scope of urban design as a discipline in India.
2. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.

CLASS TEST IA
UNIT I
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
2. What are the elements of urban design?
3. Explain articulation of need for urban design.
4. Write short note on place-making and identity

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. Name At least six urban spaces essential for the city?

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Discuss the need and scope of urban design as a discipline in India.
2. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.

CLASS TEST IB
UNIT I
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain components of urban space.
2. Outline the issues of Urban spaces
3. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
SIGMAMoododu,
COLLEGE OF
Anducode Post, ARCHITECTURE
Kanyakumari District
Approved byMoododu,
COA, NewAnducode
Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University,
Post, Kanyakumari District Chennai
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

4. What is the scope and objectives of urban design as a discipline?

5. Write short note on place-making and identity.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. What is transit-metropolis? Explain its various types and need.
2. What are urban issues and suggest least two solutions with examples.

CLASS TEST IB
UNIT I
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain components of urban space.
2. Outline the issues of Urban spaces

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

3. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture

4. What is the scope and objectives of urban design as a discipline?
5. Write short note on place-making and identity.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. What is transit-metropolis? Explain its various types and need.
2. What are urban issues and suggest least two solutions with examples.

CLASS TEST I MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R
2. AJIN. T. V
3. AL.AMEEN
4. ANANDHU. A
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

6. BHARAT GOVIND
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS
8. JOBELL JAISON
9. JOHN BENNO.
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN
11. NITHIN THOMAS
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER
13. SELMA. R
14. HARSHA VARDHAN
15. VINEETHA
16. KIRAN THAMPI
MARKS ANALYSIS
S,No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

UNIT II
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Greek Agora.
3. Difference between Agora and Acropolis
4. What is a ideal city?
5. Write a note on industrial city.

112
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Briefly explain and highlight the city planning principles of Greek town
2. Briefly explain the Garnier’s Industrial city planning.

CLASS TEST IIA

UNIT II
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Greek Agora.
3. Difference between Agora and Acropolis
4. What is a ideal city?
5. Write a note on industrial city.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Briefly explain and highlight the city planning principles of Greek town
2. Briefly explain the Garnier’s Industrial city planning.

CLASS TEST IIB

UNIT II
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Roman Forum
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 3. Write the impacts of industrialisation.
4. What is an ideal city?
5. Write a note on Chandigarh.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Briefly explain and highlight the city planning principles of Roman town planning.
2. Briefly explain anyone temple town planning.

CLASS TEST IIB

UNIT II
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Roman Forum
3. Write the impacts of industrialisation.
4. What is an ideal city?
5. Write a note on Chandigarh.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Briefly explain and highlight the city planning principles of Roman town planning.
2. Briefly explain anyone temple town planning.

CLASS TEST II MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R
2. AJIN. T. V
3. AL.AMEEN
4. ANANDHU. A
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J
6. BHARAT GOVIND
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS
8. JOBELL JAISON
9. JOHN BENNO.
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN
11. NITHIN THOMAS
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER
13. SELMA. R
14. HARSHA VARDHAN
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

15. VINEETHA
16. KIRAN THAMPI

MARKS ANALYSIS
S. No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

CLASS TEST IIIA

UNIT III
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain Imageability
2. What you mean by Townscape
3. Explain Serial Vision
4. Write short note on the image of the city
5. Explain Edge of the city.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Explain in detail place-making and identity with examples

115
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

2. Briefly explain the ideas of jane Jacobs.

CLASS TEST IIIA

UNIT III
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain Imageability
2. What you mean by Townscape
3. Explain Serial Vision
4. Write short note on the image of the city
5. Explain Edge of the city.

Part B (2*10=20 marks)

1. Explain in detail place-making and identity with examples
2. Briefly explain the ideas of jane Jacobs.

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

CLASS TEST IIIB

UNIT III
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain node.
2. Explain any urban analysis method
3. Explain Focal point
4. Explain land mark in urban design
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 5. Note on social aspects of urban space
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the term “serial vision”
2. Briefly explain the ideas of William Whyte.

CLASS TEST IIIB

UNIT III
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain node.
2. Explain any urban analysis method
3. Explain Focal point
4. Explain land mark in urban design
5. Note on social aspects of urban space
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the term “serial vision”
2. Briefly explain the ideas of William Whyte.

CLASS TEST III MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AJAY J.R.
2. AJAY S.
3. AJAY REYO M.
4. AJITH KUMAR. T
5. ALENTINA ESTHER
6. AMIRTHARAJ. R
7. ANISHA JESHMA.
8. ANOOP. A. J
9. ANTONY NIVIN. L.
10. ARKLIN JAMES. J. M.
11. AVINASH. B
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 12. AYSHWARYA S
13. BANIN C JAKIN
14. EBYRON R
15. GARCIA ROSE V
16. GOPIKA. G. KORIA
17. JAFFRIN J.
18. JEFRIN MONISH.J. B
19. JENEBHA. S. A
20. JENISHA. M
21. JERWIN GEO. A
22. JESSO. S. L
23. JISHA C P
24. JOHN VENISTAN. J
25. LEKSHMI AKSHAYAA. P
26. LINA. J
27. MADHU MIDHA
28. MANJU. G
29. MARIA AGNES SHERIN
30. MARTIN RAJ. R. J
31. MOHAMAD KAJA.
32. NAUFA YAZEERA
33. NAVEEN. V
34. NIJIN S
35. PRAKASH. G. S. M
36. PRINCY G
37. RANJITH KUMAR. S
38. RASITHA
39. RHYGIL DANIEL
40. SAM MOHAN S
41. SAJAN. P. V
42. SHANKARA PARVATHY
43. SHARON A.B.
44. SHERLIN PRATHIBA
45. SOURAV. S. R
46. VIBIN VICTOR
47. VINNOTH VELAN
48. ZHANAZ J. FATHIMA
49. SHERIN SHAJI
50. VIJAY T
51. AARON MARSH I
52. JENO VIJIN J V
53. PONGEETHAN
54. SHARVIN S
55. JENISOPHIYA E.R.
56. SHIJU R.
57. SUHAIL RASITH S.

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 58. BIBISH F.
59. AKSHAY R.
60. DARATHY JOHN J.
61. NISHANTH G.
62. THANIMA

MARKS ANALYSIS
S. No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

CLASS TEST IVA

UNIT IV
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. What is place making?
2. Explain place-making and identity
3. What is urban morphology?
4. What is urban sprawl?
5. Explain Generic form
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the concept of place making.

119
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

2. identify any two urban issues and give a suitable solution.

CLASS TEST IVA

UNIT IV
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. What is place making?
2. Explain place-making and identity
3. What is urban morphology?
4. What is urban sprawl?
5. Explain Generic form
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the concept of place making.

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

2. Identify any two urban issues and give a suitable solution.

CLASS TEST IVB

UNIT IV
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain incoherence
2. Short note on privatized public realm
3. What is the effect of real estate on urban development?
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
SIGMA COLLEGE
Moododu, OF
Anducode Post, ARCHITECTURE
Kanyakumari District
Approved byMoododu,
COA, NewAnducode
Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University,
Post, Kanyakumari District Chennai
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

4. What are the ideas of sustainability in urban design?

5. Explain importance of transportation in urban design.
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the concept of transit metropolis.
2. Explain the idea of urban catalyst.

CLASS TEST IVB

UNIT IV
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain incoherence
2. Short note on privatized public realm
3. What is the effect of real estate on urban development?

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

4. What are the ideas of sustainability in urban design?

5. Explain importance of transportation in urban design.
Part B (2*10=20 marks)
1. Explain in detail the concept of transit metropolis.
2. Explain the idea of urban catalyst.

CLASS TEST IV MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R
2. AJIN. T. V
3. AL.AMEEN
4. ANANDHU. A
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J
6. BHARAT GOVIND
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS
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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

8. JOBELL JAISON
9. JOHN BENNO.
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN
11. NITHIN THOMAS
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER
13. SELMA. R
14. HARSHA VARDHAN
15. VINEETHA
16. KIRAN THAMPI

MARKS ANALYSIS
S. No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

122
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
SIGMA COLLEGE
Moododu, OF
Anducode Post, ARCHITECTURE
Kanyakumari District
Approved byMoododu,
COA, NewAnducode
Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University,
Post, Kanyakumari District Chennai
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

27. INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER AND MARK ANALYSIS

INTERNAL TEST IA

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 50 TIME 1.5 Hrs

 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain components of urban space.
2. Outline the issues of Urban spaces
3. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
4. Write short note on place-making and identity
123
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. Name At least six urban spaces essential for the city?

Part B (1*8= 8 marks)
1. Discuss the need and scope of urban design as a discipline in India.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.
2. What are urban issues and suggest least two solutions with examples
INTERNAL TEST IA

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 50 TIME 1.5 Hrs

 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Explain components of urban space.
2. Outline the issues of Urban spaces
3. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
4. Write short note on place-making and identity
5. Name At least six urban spaces essential for the city?
Part B (1*8= 8 marks)
1. Discuss the need and scope of urban design as a discipline in India.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.
2. What are urban issues and suggest least two solutions with examples

INTERNAL TEST IB
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
2. What are the elements of urban design?
3. Explain articulation of need for urban design.
4. What is the scope and objectives of urban design as a discipline?
5. Write short note on place-making and identity.

124
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

Part B (1*8= 8 marks)

1. What is transit-metropolis? Explain its various types and need.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.
2. Explain in detail place-making and identity with examples

INTERNAL TEST IB
SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
2. What are the elements of urban design?
3. Explain articulation of need for urban design.
4. What is the scope and objectives of urban design as a discipline?
5. Write short note on place-making and identity.

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

Part B (1*8= 8 marks)

1. What is transit-metropolis? Explain its various types and need.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Explain in details, the elements of urban design and their inter-dependencies.
2. Explain in detail place-making and identity with examples

INTERNAL TEST I MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R 90
2. AJIN. T. V 91
3. AL.AMEEN 90
4. ANANDHU. A 75
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J 93
6. BHARAT GOVIND 96

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS 95

8. JOBELL JAISON 90
9. JOHN BENNO. 75
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN 75
11. NITHIN THOMAS 93
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER 96
13. SELMA. R 97
14. HARSHA VARDHAN 95
15. VINEETHA 98
16. KIRAN THAMPI 97
MARKS ANALYSIS
S,No Description No. of. Student No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

INTERNAL TEST IIA

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Greek Agora.
3. Explain mental mapping.
4. Explain Serial Vision
5. What is genius loci.
Part B (1*8= 8 marks)
1. Briefly explain the city/ town planning aspects of Roman town.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

1. Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of urban
design.
2. Briefly explain the ides of Jane Jacobs on neighbourhood planning.

INTERNAL TEST IIA

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Name four temple cities in India.
2. Explain Greek Agora.
3. Explain mental mapping.
4. Explain Serial Vision
5. What are genius loci.
Part B (1*8= 8 marks)
1. Briefly explain the city/ town planning aspects of Roman town.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of urban
design.
2. Briefly explain the ides of Jane Jacobs on neighbourhood planning.

INTERNAL TEST IIB

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Difference between Agora and Acropolis
2. Explain Roman Forum
3. Explain five elements of Kevin lynch.
4. Explain Serial Vision
5. What is townscape
127
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

Part B (1*8= 8 marks)

1. Briefly explain the ides of public spaces by William Whyte.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of urban
design.
2. Briefly explain the ides of Jane Jacobs on neighbourhood planning.

INTERNAL TEST IIB

SEM IX YEAR V MARKS 30 TIME 50 mins
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
Part A (5*2=10 marks)
1. Difference between Agora and Acropolis
2. Explain Roman Forum
3. Explain five elements of Kevin lynch.
4. Explain Serial Vision

SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. What is townscape
Part B (1*8= 8 marks)
1. Briefly explain the ides of public spaces by William Whyte.
Part C (2*16= 32 marks)
1. Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of urban
design.
2. Briefly explain the ides of Jane Jacobs on neighbourhood planning.

INTERNAL TEST II MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R 91
2. AJIN. T. V 92
3. AL.AMEEN 91
4. ANANDHU. A 76
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J 94

128
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

6. BHARAT GOVIND 97
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS 96
8. JOBELL JAISON 91
9. JOHN BENNO. 76
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN 76
11. NITHIN THOMAS 94
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER 97
13. SELMA. R 98
14. HARSHA VARDHAN 96
15. VINEETHA 99
16. KIRAN THAMPI 98

MARKS ANALYSIS
S,No Description No. of. Student No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

INTERNAL III- BLUE BOOK ASSIGNMENT

ASSIGNMENT TITLE

 Case studies on Developed and Developing Economics in the world.

ASSIGNMENT FORMAT: Group Assignment

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
  Each group will have 5 people and each group will select one city/ country
from the category of Developed or Developing Economics.
 Each group member will be studying on one particular topic from the Master
Plan/ City Development Plan of the selected city/ country.
 Topics can be on Infrastructure, Land use management, Economy
Development, Building Development Guidelines, Transportation, Heritage
and Conservation, Mixed-use Development, CBD Development etc.,

ASSIGNMENT OUTCOME

 The aim of the assignment is to make students aware of various Urban Design
Strategies, solutions followed by other countries/ cities.
 Each group will come up with solutions, policies and strategies implemented
to tackle the issues in the city/ country selected for various topics.
 At the end we will be getting 8 complete case studies on different Economics
in the world.

GROUP LIST

TOPIC: INDIA TOPIC: NEPAL

S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME
1 21
2 22
3 23
4 24
5 25
TOPIC: SINGAPORE TOPIC: NEW ZEALAND
S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME
130
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

6 26
7 27
8 28
9 29
10 30
TOPIC: INDONESIA TOPIC: SRI LANKA
S.NO ROLL NO NAME S.NO ROLL NO NAME
11 31
12 32
13 33
14 34
15 35
TOPIC: CANADA
S.NO ROLL NO NAME
16
17
18
19
20

Faculty in Charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

INTERNAL TEST III MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R 89
2. AJIN. T. V 90
3. AL.AMEEN 89
131
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

4. ANANDHU. A 74
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J 92
6. BHARAT GOVIND 95
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS 94
8. JOBELL JAISON 89
9. JOHN BENNO. 74
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN 74
11. NITHIN THOMAS 92
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER 95
13. SELMA. R 96
14. HARSHA VARDHAN 94
15. VINEETHA 97
16. KIRAN THAMPI 96

MARKS ANALYSIS
S,No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

132
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

1. MODEL EXAM QUESTION PAPER AND MARK ANALYSIS

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 134
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

MODEL EXAM
Time: 3.00 hrs Year: V Sem:IX Sec: B Marks: 100
QUESTION PAPER CODE- 9011A
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
PART A (10 X 2 = 20)
1. Name At least six urban spaces essential for the city?
2. Write notes on Urban design as a discipline.
3. Mention the characteristics of medieval town.
4. Name four temple towns of India
5. Write four titles on urban design books.
6. State the social relevance of an urban spaces.
7. Explain ‘Urban Sprawl’
8. What is transit metropolis?
9. Name one case study each, that you have undertaken to evaluate national and international
scenario of urban design.
10. Name at least six urban design issues which are common in Indian cities.
PART B (16 X 5 = 80)
11.(a). Discuss the need and scope of urban design as a discipline in India.
(Or)
(b) State the objectives of urban design and general characteristics of urban spaces.

12. (a) Impact of industrialisation over the growth of cities

(Or)
(b). with the suitable example explain the characteristics of urban spaces in modern cities of
India
13. (a). Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of
urban design.
(Or)
(b) Describe how ‘pedestrian behaviour ‘and ‘street’ change the dynamics of urban design.

14. (a). Explain the role of (i) Transportation (ii) zoning (iii) real estate in urban design.
(Or)
(b). Community participation is an important factor in urban renewal program. Explain with
example.
15. (a). Through your case study of a developed country, Explain the role of Urban design
Guidelines in implementing the programme
(Or)
(b) State the issue and recommendations you had suggested for an urban space that you had
undertaken as case study for the course.
135
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

MODEL EXAM
Time: 3.00 hrs Year: V Sem:IX Sec: B Marks: 100
QUESTION PAPER CODE- 9011B
 ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
PART A (10 X 2 = 20)
1. Outline the aspects of Urban spaces
2. Differentiate Urban Design and Architecture
3. Mention the characteristics of medieval town.
4. Name four temple towns of India
5. What you mean by Townscape
6. Explain Serial Vision
7. Explain ‘Urban Sprawl’
8. What is transit metropolis?
9. Explain Generic form
10. Name at least six urban design issues which are common in Indian cities.

PART B (16 X 5 = 80)

11.(a). Explain the Components of urban space and their inter dependencies.
(Or)
(b) State the objectives of urban design and general characteristics of urban spaces.

12. (a) Impact of industrialisation over the growth of cities

(Or)
(b). What are urban issues and suggest least two solution with examples

13. (a). Illustrate through sketches the concept of ‘serial vision’ as one of the key elements of
urban design.
(Or)
(b) Describe the principles of Aldo Rossi with one example.

14. (a). Explain the role of (i) Transportation (ii) zoning (iii) real estate in urban design.
(Or)
(b). Explain place-making and identity with example

15. (a). Explain idea of urban catalyst, transit-metro polis with example.
(Or)
(b) State the issue and recommendations you had suggested for an urban space that you had
undertaken as case study for the course.

136
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

MODEL EXAM MARK ANALYSIS AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

S. No Name Marks Re test
1. AGNES DORA. R
2. AJIN. T. V
3. AL.AMEEN
4. ANANDHU. A
5. ANTONY REXIN. A. J
6. BHARAT GOVIND
7. CAROLINE LIYA THOMAS
8. JOBELL JAISON
9. JOHN BENNO.
10. NIKHIL MATHAVAN
11. NITHIN THOMAS
12. SAJAN ALEXANDER
13. SELMA. R
14. HARSHA VARDHAN
15. VINEETHA
16. KIRAN THAMPI

MARKS ANALYSIS
S,No Description No. of. Student
1 Total strength
2 Students Present
3 Absentees
4 Students Passed (above 70%)
5 Students Failed (< 70 %)
6 Pass Percentage

Faculty in charge Class Advisor HOD Principal

137
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

2. SOLVED IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

138
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 139
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

3. PREVIOUS YEAR UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS

140
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 141
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

4. SAMPLE ASSIGNMENT COPIES

142
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 143
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

5. COPIES OF STUDENTS PRESENTATION

144
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 145
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

6. COPIES OF ANSWER BOOKLETS (INTERNAL, MODEL EXAM)

146
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 147
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

7. MARK STATEMENT OF INTERNAL EVALUATIONS

148
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 149
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

8. CONSOLIDATED ATTENDANCE STATEMENT

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 151
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

9. CONSOLIDATED INTERNAL MARK STATEMENT

152
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 153
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

10. UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPER & ANSWER KEY (CAY)

154
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 155
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

11. UNIVERSITY RESULT ANALYSIS (CAY-2, CAY-1, CAY)

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 157
Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture
 SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
Moododu, Anducode Post, Kanyakumari District
Approved by COA, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai

12. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL FORM

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Ar.Dinesh Pandian.T Assistant Professor Sigma College of Architecture