DRAFT

INFORMATION
AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

LEARNING MODULE

PROGRAMMING

Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum

Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia
2006
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1. What is it?

This is a learning module for a specific Learning Outcome as stipulated in

the HSP that is :

5.2 Program Development

2. Who is it for?

This module is for students who are taking the ICT subject as their elective
and for those who are interested in ICT.

3. What can be achieved?

Upon completion of this module, you should be able to :

Apply program development phases to solve problems

4. Is previous knowledge necessary?

No. The content of this module will enable you to acquire the knowledge.

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TOPIC : Problem Analysis

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

You should be able to:

1. Identify the problem,

2. Identify the input, processing and output.

DURATION : 2 periods

REFERENCES :

1. Schneider, D.I. (2004). An Introduction to Programming Using Visual Basic

6.0. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
2. Behrouz A. Forouzan (2001). Computer Science, A Structured Programming
Approach Using C, Brooks / Cole. California.
3. Timothy & Linda O’leary, (2007). Computing Essentials 2007, McGraw Hill,
New York.
4. Garry B. Shelly (2007). Discovering Computers 2007. Thomson Course
Technology, Massachusetts.

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READING ACTIVITY

What is problem analysis?

We solve all kinds of problems in our daily life. A problem may involve how to
commute to school, work or which homework to do first. Programming is the
same. You need to make a clear statement of the problem you are trying to solve.

What should you do in this process?

To define a problem is the most difficult and important part of a programming

project. Usually the problem can be divided into three components: input, process
and output. Outputs are the goal of the problem solution. Inputs are the data you
use to solve the problem. Processes are the steps needed to convert input
information into the output results.

Based on the information given, read the situation below and define the
problem, input, process and output.

Situation
Encik Malik is the manager of Enviro Car Enterprise. He asks you to develop a
system to calculate the monthly instalment for every potential customer.

Encik Malik has made an appointment to see you at his office at 9.00 am on
Thursday morning

You : Good morning, En. Malik.

En. Malik : Good morning. Ahh.. You are punctual. I like that.

You : Certainly. I appreciate doing business with you.

En. Malik : Have a sit. Let us discuss the problems that I’m facing.

You : Thank you.

En Malik : Now, where should we start?

You : Just tell me, what do you want me to do?

En. Malik : When my customer decides to buy a car, I will get the customer’s
details and fill it in a form. My problem is, I have to calculate the
monthly instalment manually. It is very tiring as I always have to
recalculate to make sure there are no mistake.

You : I see. Do you face any other problem?

En. Malik : Now the prices of cars has gone down and I foresee that the
number of my customers is increasing. This phenomenon has
increased my workload.

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You : I see. You mentioned that you have to calculate the monthly
instalments. Is there any other information that you need to give to
your customer?

En. Malik : Usually I will give them the instalment details including the monthly
balance every month until they complete their payments.

You : How do you determine a customers eligibility to get the loan?

En. Malik : I will check their net income.

You : What is the information you need to process the monthly

instalment?

En. Malik : I need to know the car model, car price, down payment, number
of years for the loan, and its related annual interest percentage.

You : How do you calculate the monthly instalment?

En. Malik : The calculation for monthly instalment is quite complicated. I

have written down the calculation on this paper. Can you
understand it?

Annual Interest Percentage

Monthly (((Loan x ( )) x Number of Years + Loan)
100
Intalment =
Number of Year x 12

You : Yes, thank you. Another question, does your customer decide on
the payment period?

En. Malik : Yes. If the customer is a government servant, we will let them pay
either 10, 7 or 5 years. Otherwise the payment period will be 7 or 5
years only.

You : OK. Is there any other information that you need to tell me about
your manual system?

En. Malik : That’s all.

You : Alright, I’ll discuss with my team members and will inform you then.
Thank you.

En. Malik : You’re welcome.

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WRITING ACTIVITY

Based on the situation, answer the questions below.

1. Define the problem En. Malik faces in his company.

2. Identify the input En. Malik needs to collect everytime he meets a potential
customer.

3. Identify the necessary output En. Malik sees in his manual system.

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4. Write a formula on how to calculate the monthly instalment.

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TOPIC : Program Design

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By using this module, you will be able to create

1. Write pseudocode
2. Create flowchart
3. Design user interface

DURATION : 4 periods

READING ACTIVITY

Input Process Output (IPO) Chart

Before writing a pseudocode, it is always a good practice to draw an Input

Process Output (IPO) chart. The IPO chart is a tool for collecting input, process
and output. To use the IPO chart, you need to start with the outputs which is the
goal of the program, then list the inputs, finally list the steps needed to convert
the input information into the output you want. Here is the IPO chart that shows
you the necessary input, process and output for En. Malik’s new program.

Input Processing Output

1. Customer’s name
2. Net income per month Loan = Price – Down
3. Model of the car Payment
4. Price of car
5. Down Payment Monthly Instalment = Monthly
6. Annual Interest percentage (((Loan x (Annual Interest Instalment
7. Number of Years depend either Percentage / 100)) x
for Government (10, 7 or 5 years) Number of Years + Loan) /
or Private servant (7 or 5 years). (Number of Years x 12)

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Pseudocode

Pseudocode is the English-like statements that follow a loosely defined syntax

and are used to convey the design of an algorithm. It shows an outline of the
logic of the program that programmers use to help them plan an algorithm. It is
like writing the step-by-step summary of the program. It also states the process
part of the IPO charts. A pseudocode always start with the word PROGRAM
followed by the program name, and end the pseudocode with END PROGRAM.
A sample of pseudocode based on the given situation, is shown below.

PROGRAM Calculate_Instalment

READ customer name

READ net income

CHECK the customer’s net income

READ the car model

READ the car price

Pseudocode
READ down payment

READ annual interest percentage

READ the number of years for payment

CALCULATE the monthly instalment

PRINT the monthly instalment

END PROGRAM

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Flowchart

A flowchart is a step-by-step activity on how to solve a problem which consists of

a special geometric symbols connected by arrows. Each symbol shows the
progression in which the steps take place. Flowchart should “flow” from the top of
the page to the bottom. Read Table 1 for descriptions for each symbol.

Symbol Name Description

Used to represent the beginning (Start) or the end

Terminal
(End) of a task.
Used for input and output operations, such as
Input or
reading and printing. The data to be read or printed
Output
are described inside.
Used for any logic or comparison operations. Unlike
the input/output and processing symbols, which have
one entry and one exit flow line, the decision symbol
Decision
has one entry and two exit paths. The part chosen
depends on whether the answer to a question is
“yes” or “no”.
Used for arithmetic and data-manipulation operation.
Process
The instructions are listed inside the symbol.

Connector Used to join different flow lines.

Used to represent symbols and indicate the flow of

Flow line
logic

Table 1: Basic Flowchart Symbols , adapted from An Introduction to Programming Using

Visual Basic 6.0 (2004)

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This sample flow chart is to assist you to develop a program. See Figure 1.

Start

Read
Customer Name,
Net Income

Net Income >= No

2000?

Yes

Read
Car Model,
Car Price,
Down Payment,
Annual Interest Percentage,
Number of Years

Calculate
Monthly Instalment

Print
Monthly Instalment

Stop

Figure 1: Sample Flowchart

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WRITING ACTIVITY

Design User Interface

Design user interface is a simple layout of the screen you want to design for your
customer. See the two examples below for input and output.

Name

Design user inteface for Input

Thank you, your account is being processed…

Design user interface for Input

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Draw your design user interface, based on the input and output you have
answered in Problem Analysis Stage (Page 5).

Design user interface for Input

Design user interface for Output

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TOPIC : Coding

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

By using this module, you will be able to:

Create user interface for the new program

Set the properties for each object in your user interface

Write program code

Save and run the program

Build an executable file

DURATION : 14 periods

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HANDS-ON ACTIVITY

What is coding

Coding is the next step after the program logic has been formulated using the
appropriate programming language. It also refers to entering the list of
commands that becomes a computer program.

Starting a project

In this activity you’ll start building Enviro program by creating a new project and
then using controls in the toolbox to construct the user interface.

1. After clicking on the Visual Basic program, double click on Standard EXE
button as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Standard EXE screen

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2. After that you will see the screen shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: The Visual Basic Interface

3. To start a new programming project, on the File menu, click the New Project
command.
4. Click OK to create a standard 32-bit Visual Basic application.

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5. The picture shown in Figure 4 is about the most useful toolbox control you will
use in your Visual Basic program:

TextBox PictureBox

CheckBox Label

Option CommandButton

ListBox ComboBox

Frame
Image

Figure 4: The most useful Visual Basic controls in the Toolbox.

Adding command buttons

1. To add a command button object on the form, click the CommandButton

control in the toolbox, then drag the button and place it on the form.
2. You will see the screen which is shown in Figure 5, after you have added the
CommandButton.

Figure 5: Your first command button

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3. To change the settings for the command button, click the first command
button (Command1) on the form.
4. Double-click it to open the Properties window title bar.
5. The Properties window is enlarged to full size, as shown in the illustration on
Figure 6.

Figure 6: Command1 Properties window

6. The Properties window lists the settings for the first command button. These
include settings for the background color, caption, font height and width of the
command button.
7. Double-click the Caption property in the left column of the Properties window.
8. The current Caption setting ("Command1") is highlighted in the Properties
window.
9. Type Your Instalment and press Enter.
10. The Caption property changes to " Your Instalment " in the Properties window
and on the form.
11. Add another two new command buttons by repeating step 1.
12. Change their properties by repeating step 4 – 10, according to the table
shown in Table 2.

Control Tool Property Object

Name cmdReset
CommandButton2 Caption Reset
BackColor &H80000000F&
Name cmdExit
CommandButton3 Caption Exit
BackColor &H80000000F&

Table 2: CommandButton2 and CommandButton3 Properties details

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13. When you have finished adding all the command buttons, you will see the
result as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Three finished command buttons

You can delete an object by selecting the object on the form and then pressing
Del key.

Adding labels

A label is a special user interface element designed to display text, numbers, or

symbols when a program runs.

1. Click the Label control in the toolbox, and then drag it onto the form, like the
shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Your first Label

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2. Change the properties for the labels in the program. Click the first number
label,
3. Click the Name property, and type lblTitle into the property.
4. Double-click the Caption property, and modify it into Enviro Car Enterprise.
5. Click the BackColor property and change it into &H00FFFF00&. See the
result on Figure 9

Figure 9: The newly changed label title

6. You have finished with the first label. Now you will have to change the Name,
Caption and BackColor properties of the last nine labels. Create nine more
labels, named Label2, Label3, Label4, Label5, Label6, Label7, Label8, Label9
and Label10 on the form by repeating step 1.

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7. Change their properties by repeating step 2 – 5, according to the table shown
in Table 3.

Control Tool Property Object

Name lblName
Label2 Caption Customer name
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblIncome
Label3 Caption Monthly Net Income
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblModel
Label4 Caption Car Model
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblPrice
Label5 Caption Car Price
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblPayment
Label6 Caption Down Payment
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblInterest
Label7 Caption Annual Interest
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblGoverment
Label8 Caption Government
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblPrivate
Label9 Caption Private
BackColor &H00FFFF00&
Name lblDisplay
Label10 Caption (leave it blank)
BackColor &H00FFFF00&

Table 3: Label2 – Label10 Properties details

To change the BackColor properties for last nine labels, you can change their
properties in one step.
1. Hold down the Shift key, and click the second, third to the ninth labels.
2. You will see a set of selection rectangles appearing around each label that
you click.
3. When you have selected them all, release the Shift key.
4. Double-click the BackColor property, and then type &H00FFFF00&.

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8. When you have finished, your ten labels should look like those in the following
illustration (Figure 10).

Label1

Label2

Label3

Label4

Label5

Label6

Label7

Label8

Label9

Label10

Figure 10: Finished labels

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Adding textbox

A textbox is a special user interface element designed to receive input from the
user as well as to display the output. It can handle text and numbers but not
images.

1. Click the TextBox control in the toolbox, and then drag it onto the form, like
the one shown in Figure 11.

Textbox1

Figure 11: Your first TextBox

2. Change the properties for the textbox in the program.

3. Click the Name property, and type txtName into the property.
4. Click the BackColor property and change it into &H80000005&.
5. You have finished with the first label. Now you need to change the Name and
BackColor properties of the last four textboxes. Create four more textboxes,
named TextBox2, TextBox3, TextBox4 and TextBox5 on the form by
repeating step 1.

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6. Change their properties by repeating step 3 and step 4, according to the table
shown in Table 4.

Control Tool Property Object

Name txtModel
TextBox2
BackColor &H80000005&
Name txtPrice
TextBox3
BackColor &H80000005&
Name txtPayment
TextBox4
BackColor &H80000005&
Name txtInterest
TextBox5
BackColor &H80000005&

Table 4: TextBox2 – TextBox5 Properties details

7. When you have finished, your five text boxes should look like those in the
following illustration (Figure 12).

Textbox1

Textbox2

Textbox3

Textbox4

Textbox5

Figure 12: Finished textboxes

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Adding Combo Box

A Combo Box is a special user interface element designed to present a list of

items where the user can click and select the items from the list. However, the
user needs to click on the small arrowhead on the right of the combo box to see
the items which are presented in a drop-down list.

1. Click the ComboBox control in the toolbox, and then drag it onto the form,
like the one shown in Figure 13.

ComboBox1

Figure 13: Your first ComboBox

2. Change the properties for the combo box in the program.

3. Click the Name property, and type cboIncome into the property.
4. Click the BackColor property and change it into &H80000005&.

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5. When you have finished, your combo box should look like the following
illustration (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Finished Combo Box

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Adding Option

An Option is a special user interface element designed to let the user select it as
one of the choices.

1. Click the Option control in the toolbox, and then drag it onto the form, like the
one shown in Figure 15.

Option1

Figure 15: Your first ComboBox

2. Change the properties for the option in the program.

3. Click the Name property, and type optG10 into the property.
4. Click the Caption property, and type 10years into the property.
5. Click the BackColor property and change it into &H00FFC0C0&.
6. You have finished with the first option. Now you need to change the Name,
Caption and BackColor properties of the last four options. Create four more
options, named Option2, Option3, Option4 and Option5 on the form by
repeating step 1.

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7. Change their properties by repeating step 3 – 5, according to the table shown
in Table 5.

Control Tool Property Object

Option2 Name optG7
Caption 7years
BackColor &H00FFC0C0&
Option3 Name optG5
Caption 5years
BackColor &H00FFC0C0&
Option4 Name optP7
Caption 7years
BackColor &H00FFC0C0&
Option5 Name optP5
Caption 5years
BackColor &H00FFC0C0&

Table 5: Option2 – Option5 Properties details

8. When you have finished, your options should look like the following illustration
(Figure 16).

Figure 16: Finished Options

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Adding Frame

A Frame is a special user interface element designed to draw a border around

objects.

1. Click the Frame control in the toolbox, and then drag it onto the form, like the
one shown in Figure 17.

Frame1

Figure 17: Your first Frame

2. Change the properties for the frame in the program.

3. Click the Name property, and type fraEmploy into the property.
4. Click the Caption property, and type Employee of into the property.
5. Click the BackColor property and change it into &H00FFC0C0&.

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6. When you have finished, your options should look like the following illustration
(Figure 18).

Figure 18: Finished Frame

Writing the code

Now you are ready to write the code for the Enviro program. Your objects
(command buttons and labels) are ready to receive input from the user and
process it automatically. However, you will need the codes that actually calculate
the installment payment and displays it in a box.

The Code window is a special window in the programming environment that you
use to enter and edit Visual Basic program statements. Inside the Code window
are program statements that mark the beginning and the end of this particular
Visual Basic subroutine, or event procedure, a block of code associated with a
particular object in the interface.

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In the following steps, you will need to enter the program code for Enviro in the
Code window.

1. Double click the spaces on the form.

2. Type the details below between Private Sub Form_Load() and End Sub.

Private Sub Form_Load()

optG10.Value = False
Type optG7.Value = False
this optG5.Value = False
part optP7.Value = False
optP5.Value = False
End Sub

3. Close this code window to return to your form.

4. Double-click the Exit command button on the form.
5. Type End, in between Private Sub cmdExit_Click(Index As Integer) and
End Sub and press the Down arrow key.

Type Private Sub cmdExit_Click(Index As Integer)

this End
part End Sub

6. Close this code window to return to your form.

7. Repeat step 4 for Reset command button.
8. Type the details below between Private Sub cmdReset_Click(Index As
Integer) and End Sub.

Private Sub cmdReset_Click(Index As Integer)

txtName.Text = ""
cboIncome.ListIndex = -1
txtModel.Text = ""
Type
txtPrice.Text = ""
this
txtInterest.Text = ""
part
txtPayment.Text = ""
lblDisplay.Caption = ""
txtName.SetFocus
End Sub

9. Close this code window to return to your form.

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10. Repeat step 4 for Your Installment command button.
11. Type the details below between Private Sub cmdInstalment_Click() and
End Sub.

Private Sub cmdInstalment_Click()

Dim Loan As Currency
Dim Price As Currency
Dim Interest As Single
Dim Instalment As Currency
Dim Payment As Currency

Price = Val(txtPrice.Text)
Interest = Val(txtInterest.Text)
Payment = Val(txtPayment.Text)

If txtName.Text = "" Then MsgBox "Plese enter customer name", vbCritical,

"Name"
If cboIncome.ListIndex < 1 Then
lblDisplay.Caption = "Sorry, your income is not elligible to apply a loan"
Else
If optG10.Value Then
Year = 10

Loan = Price - Payment

Type Instalment = (((Loan * (Interest / 100)) * Year + Loan) / (Year * 12))
this lblDisplay.Caption = "RM" & Format(Instalment, "#####0.00")
part
ElseIf optG7.Value Or optP7.Value Then
Year = 7
Loan = Price - Payment
Instalment = (((Loan * (Interest / 100)) * Year + Loan) / (Year * 12))
lblDisplay.Caption = "RM" & Format(Instalment, "#####0.00")

ElseIf optG5.Value Or optP5.Value Then

Year = 5
Loan = Price - Payment
Instalment = (((Loan * (Interest / 100)) * Year + Loan) / (Year * 12))
lblDisplay.Caption = "RM" & Format(Instalment, "#####0.00")

Else
MsgBox "Please choose your period of year", vbCritical, "Number of
year"

End If
End If
End Sub

12. Close this code window to return to your form.

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Saving the Program

Now that you have completed the Enviro program, you should save it to disk.

To save a program in Visual Basic, click Save Project As on the File menu or
click the Save Project button on the toolbar.

1. On the File menu, click the Save Project As command. (You can save your
program at any time during the programming process.)
2. The Save File As dialog box appears, prompting you for the name and
storage location for your form.
3. Type Enviro in the File Name text box, and press Enter.
4. The form is saved under the name Enviro.frm. The Save Project As dialog
box then appears in Figure 19.

My Document

Enviro

Enviro

Figure 19: The Save Project As dialog box

5. Type Enviro and press Enter.

6. The Enviro project is saved under the name Enviro.vbp.

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Run the program

1. To run a Visual Basic program from the programming environment, you can
click Start on the Run menu, click the Start button on the toolbar, or press F5.
The Enviro program runs in the programming environment. The user interface
appears, just as you designed it.
2. If Visual Basic displays an error message like the picture shown below, you
may still have a typing mistake or two in your program code. See Figure 20.

Figure 20: The error message displayed

while running a program

3. Try to fix it by comparing the printed version in this module with the one you
typed.

Create an executable file

1. On the File menu, click the Make Enviro.exe command. (Visual Basic adds
your program’s name to the command automatically.) The Make Project
dialog box appears, as in Figure 21.

My Document

Enviro

Enviro

Figure 21: The Make Project dialog box

2. The executable Enviro file is saved under the name Enviro.exe.

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TOPIC : Documentation

LEARNING OUTCOMES :

By using this module, you will be able to;

1. Create internal documentation

2. Gather all the documents from all the phases into a folio for external
documentation

Student’s previous knowledge

Student’s should able to print screen

Duration: 4 periods

READING ACTIVITY

Internal Documentation

Internal documentation is the comment created within the program by the

programmer. Internal documentation is used to provide information about the
program. Generally, this type of documentation is called a comment, and explains
the purpose of a particular line of code or why the programmer used a particular
procedure. An example of internal documentation is shown below:

Note that the

comments use a
single quotation
mark (') ahead of
them, and that they
appear in green.

Internal documentation is important because it provides information to

programmers who may not be familiar with a particular program.

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External Documentation

External documentation is usually a printed

manual about the program, how it works,
how to install it, or how to use it (user
documentation). Sometimes external
documentation is provided as a word
processing document on the program disk,
or as a manual for a user to read. A readme
file is a type of external documentation.
User manuals and installation manuals are
also types of printed external
documentation:

You will be creating both internal and

external documentation for your programs
as you work through the projects for this
module.

WRITING ACTIVITY

Type the minimum requirements for your customer to install in your program. You
may add more specifications in the table so that your customer can run your
program smoothly.

No. Specifications Minimum Requirements

1. Processor type

2. Hard Disk capacity

3 RAM

4 Screen Resolution

5 Operating System type

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You are going to write a simple user guide here. Write the steps on teaching your
customer to install the program into his computer.

CONGRATULATIONS !!

YOU HAVE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THIS MODULE. YOU ARE NOW

ABLE TO APPLY THE NECESSARY PROGRAMMING SKILL.

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