Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Chapter 1
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems: Chapter 1
1
INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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Wireless Communication
Indu Bhardwaj
Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering.
New Delhi, India
[email protected]
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UNIT – I
Introduction To Wireless Communication Systems:
Evolution of mobile radio communications; examples of wireless comm.
systems; paging systems; Cordless telephone systems; overview of
generations of cellular systems, comparison of various wireless systems.
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Suggested Reading
Text Books:
• Raj Pandya, “Mobile & Personnel communication Systems and Services”,
Prentice Hall India, 2001.
• Theodore S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communication- Principles and practices,”
2nd Ed., Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd, 5th Edition, 2008.
Reference Books:
• T.L.Singhal “Wireless Communication”, Tata McGraw Hill Publication.
• Jochen Schiller, “Mobile communications,” Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd., 2002.
• Yi –Bing Lin & Imrich Chlamatac, “Wireless and Mobile Networks
Architecture,” John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
• Lee, W.C.Y., “Mobile Cellular Telecommunication”, 2nd Edition, McGraw
Hill,1998.
• Smith & Collins, “3G Wireless Networks,” TMH, 2007
• Schiller, Jochen, “Mobile Communications”, 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley
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What is wireless communication?
• wireless communication is basically transmitting and
receiving voice and data using electromagnetic waves in
open space. They are basically free from wires.
• Electromagnetic waves
• Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
• Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
» c = f x l
• Higher frequency means higher energy photons
• The higher the energy photon the more penetrating
is the radiation
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Frequency carrier/channel
• The information from sender to receiver is
carrier over a well defined frequency band.
ØThis is called a channel
• Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth
(in KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
• Different frequency bands (channels) can be used
to transmit information in parallel and
independently.
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Example
• Assume a spectrum of 120KHZ is allocated
over a base frequency for communication
between stations A and B
• Each channel occupies 40Khz
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Explanation
• Suppose, we have an allocation of about 120 KHz of bandwidth and
we require to communicate from station A to station B, a very simple
way is to divide the entire bandwidth into 3 sub bands. Each one is
known as a channel. Channel 1, channel 2 and channel 3 share about
40 KHz of bandwidth. In this idealized situation, station A can
communicate through this three channels without the fear of
interference.
• But practically there is problem of interference. To overcome this
problem some space between the frequency allocations which are
known as the guard bands are allocated . For example, channel 1 and
channel 2 are not just adjacent to each other but they have a small
guard band, let’s suppose a 200 Hz of guard band in a40 KHz band.
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Another example
• Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
• Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
• There are 3 channels
• Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
• For full duplex communication:
• Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
• Use time division in a channel
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Typical Frequencies of some
technologies
• FM radio 88MHZ
• TV broadcast 200 MHZ
• GSM phones 900MHZ
• GPS 1.2 GHZ
• PCS phones 1.8 GHZ
• Bluetooth 2.4GHZ
• Wifi 2.4GHZ
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Why Wireless communication?
• Freedom from wires
o no cost of installing wires or rewiring,
o no stolen wires, no bunch of wires running here and there.
o “Auto magical” instantaneous connection without physical
connection setup e.g. Bluetooth Wifi
• Global coverage
o Communication can reach where wiring is infeasible or costly
e.g. rural areas, old buildings, vehicles, battle fields, outer
space ( through communication satellites)
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Why Wireless communication?
• Stay connected
o Roaming allows flexibility to stay connected anywhere and
anytime
o Rapidly growing market atleast to the public needs for
mobility and uninterrupted access
• Flexibility
o Services reach you wherever you go (mobility). E.g. you
don’t have to go to your lab to check your mail.
o Connect to multiple devices simultaneously (no physical
connections required)
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Why Wireless communication?
• Increasing dependence on telecommunication
services for business and personal reasons
• Consumers and businesses are willing to pay for it.
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Wireless vs. mobile
• NOTE: wireless does not necessarily mean
mobile
• Wireless system may be
- Fixed (e.g. Metropolitian Area Network)
-Mobile (mobile phone)
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Wireless system classification
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Development of Mobile radio communication
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Growth of mobile telephony
• compared with other inventions of 20th century
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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
• In 1934, AM mobile communication systems was adopted for
municipal police radio systems for public safety in US.
- vehicle ignition noise was a major problem.
• In 1946, FM mobile communications for the first public mobile
telephone service
– Each system used a single, high-powered transmitter and large
tower to cover distances of over 50 km.
– Used 120 kHz of RF bandwidth in a half-duplex mode. (push-to-
talk release-to-listen systems.)
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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
• In 1950, the channel bandwidth was cut in half to 60kHZ due to
improved technology
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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
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Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
• In mid 1990s, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA, IS-95) was
introduced by Qualcomm.
– based on spread spectrum technology.
– supports 6-20 times of users in 1.25 MHz shared by all the
channels.
– each associated with a unique code sequence.
– operate at much smaller SNR.(FdB)
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Evolution of Mobile Radio
Communications
• Major Mobile Radio Systems
– 1934 - Police Radio uses conventional AM mobile communication system.
– 1935 - Edwin Armstrong demonstrate FM
– 1946 - First public mobile telephone service – Half duplex, push-to-talk
– 1960 - Improved Mobile Telephone Service, IMTS - full duplex
– 1960 - Bell Lab introduce the concept of Cellular mobile system
– 1968 - AT&T propose the concept of Cellular mobile system to FCC.
– 1976 - Bell Mobile Phone service, poor service due to call blocking
– 1983 - Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), FDMA, FM
– 1991 - Global System for Mobile (GSM), TDMA, GMSK
– 1991 - U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) IS-54, TDMA, DQPSK
– 1993 - IS-95, CDMA, QPSK, BPSK
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Example of Mobile Radio Systems
• Cordless phone
• Remote controller (TV remote, Car Remote)
• Hand-held walkie-talkies
• Pagers
• Cellular telephone
• Wireless LAN
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Example of Mobile Radio Systems
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Paging Systems
• Conventional paging system are wireless communication systems used
to send brief messages to a subscriber.
• Depending upon the type of service required, the message may be
either a numeric , an alphanumeric or a voice message.
• In Modern paging system: news headline, stock quotations, faxes, etc.
may be sent.
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Paging system
• Paging receivers are simple and inexpensive, but the transmission
system required is quite sophisticated.
• designed to provide ultra-reliable coverage, even inside buildings
• Buildings can attenuate radio signals by 20 or 30 dB, making the
choice of base station locations difficult for the paging companies.
• Small RF bandwidths are used to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio at
each paging receiver, so low data rates (6400 bps or less) are used.
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Types of paging
• There are two different kinds of paging Systems: limited
range and wide-area.
• As the name suggests, limited-range paging sends messages over a
relatively small area using a low-powered transmitter. For example
It's perfect for sending emergency messages to all the doctors in a
hospital.
• Wide-area paging is more like national radio broadcasting . A
system of radio transmitters sends pager messages across a whole
country in hopes that you'll be somewhere near one of them. In the
UK, for example, the wide-area paging network uses something like
500 transmitter antennas—more than enough to cover a country that
size.
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Cordless Telephone System
• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems
• First generation cordless phone
– in-home use
– communication to dedicated base unit
– few tens of meters
• Second generation cordless phone
– outdoor
– combine with paging system
– few hundred meters per station
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Explanation cordless
• Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems that uses
radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base station, which is the
connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on
public switched telephone network (PSTN).
• In first generation cordless telephone systems, the portable unit communicates
only to the dedicated base unit and only over distances of few tens of meters.
• Second generation cordless telephones have recently been introduced which
allows subscribers to use their
handsets at many outdoors locations within
urban centers such as London or Hong kong.
• Modern cordless telephones are sometimes connected with paging receivers so
that the subscriber may first be paged and then respond to the page using the
cordless telephone.
• cordless telephones provides the user with limited range and mobility as it is
not possible to maintain the call if user travels outside the range of the base
station
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Cellular Telephone Systems
• Provide connection to the PSTN for any user location within the radio range
of the system.
• Characteristic
– Large number of users
– Large Geographic area
– Limited frequency spectrum
– Reuse of the radio frequency by the concept of “cell’’.
• Basic cellular system: mobile stations, base stations, and mobile switching
center.
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Evolution of cellular system
• the evolution of cellular networks from the
perspective of the multiple access schemes
because at the end of the day, we have to support a
large number of users. That’s where the revenue is
going to come from which will ultimately propel
the growth. So we start with the first generation.
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Cellular networks: Evolution
• First Generation (1G)
o Launched in the mid 1980’s.
o Purely analog.
o Analog modulation mostly FM
o Voice traffic only
o FDMA multiple access schemes
o Confined to national boundaries (limited users)
o Example is the AMPS (Advanced mobile phones services )
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Explanation – 1G
• It was launched in the mid 1980’s. They were purely analog. They
used analog modulation mostly frequency modulation (FM). They
were intended primarily for voice traffic only because at that time
phones meant voice. They would use FDMA multiple access
schemes, there had to be a multiple access. So they would just chop up
the entire frequency band into sub bands and use analog transmission
in each sub band. They were confined to national boundaries only.
It’s an important thing because if you confine your phone service to a
local territory, you’ll limit the number of users and customers. An
example is the AMPS or the advanced mobile phones services popular
in the US in the mid nineteen eighty1980‟s. As cellular networks
evolved, the second generation came into being.
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Cellular networks: Evolution
• Second Generation (2G)
o Digital – used digital modulation
o objective- Voice traffic only , but also supported 10kbps data rate
o TDMA/FDMA/CDMA
o No internet access
• E.g.- GSM(Global system for mobile communication)
o GMSK and TDMA/FDMA
o 900MHZ and 1800MHZ band
• Personal Digital communications(PDC)
o Popular in Japan
• Interim Standard 95 (IS-95)
o CDMA
o US/ South korea
o At the end , data was gaining momentum – need improvement, sold
enough 2G
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Explanation 2G
• 2G was developed also for voice communication again. At that time it
was unthinkable that you will be using phones to communicate data.
Why would anybody want to send data using the phone? That was the
third process. Because nobody believed that you would be accessing
the internet through the phone. Internet itself was in its earlier stages.
But what was different is the 2G systems were digital. Digital in the
sense that they used a digital modulation. GSM for example, it’s a 2G
phone system. It uses GMSK- the Gaussian minimum shift keying it’s
a digital modulation technique. For multiple access they used TDMA
FDMA and CDMA. They could provide data rates but of the order of
about 10 kbps. So even though they were designed for voice, there was
a provision to handle data simply because they were digital schemes.
But their objective was for voice communications. Clearly at the end of
2G systems, people realized that data traffic is gaining momentum.
Something has to be done to improve the data carrying capability. But
by that time, they had sold enough 2G mobile phones to completely
change the standards immediately. So they had to do something as an
add-on. so they sat together and tried to evolve something called as a
2.5 G.
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Explanation- 2G examples
• The first and the foremost example is the GSM “global system for
mobile communications”. It uses a combination of TDMA and
FDMA. It was initially started at 900 MHz. now you also have an
1800 MHz variant.
• Another popular 2G system which was popular only in Japan is the
PDC or the “personal digital communications”. It was very popular but
the Japanese couldn’t sell it elsewhere and therefore Japan is most
excited to get into the 3G race. The third generation systems are not
going to be confined to any global territory or national boundary. So
Japan missed out on getting a big chunk of the 2G market. But it wants
to get a head start in the 3G market.
• IS 95 was different. It was CDMA based the code division multiple
access and Qualcomm the company which essentially propose CDMA
was fueling this growth. It was popular in US and South Korea.
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2G Technologies - Comparasion
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Cellular networks: Evolution
• Limitations of Second Generation (2G)
o Developed for voice communications (unsuitable for data
traffic)
o Average data rates were the order of only tens of Kbps
(kilobits per second)
o Not suitable for internet (not a packet switched service)
o Multiple standards ( no true global coverage)
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Explanation
• So what are the major impediments that we see today? First of all it
was developed for voice communication and implicit statement
unsuitable for data traffic, although data traffic could be carried out.
The average data rates were the order of only tens of kilobits per
second. It’s not good to the customers who have become used to the
luxury of high data rates. It is definitely not suitable for internet
because the original GSM phone was a circuit switched system and not
a packet switched service. But for internet we have to have some kind
of a packet switched network. Then a general problem with all second
generation systems was they were too many standards . Although
GSM took the major chunk of the pie, still they were too many
standards one in the US European standard, Japanese standard etc. so it
was a mess. All these motivated toward the 2.5 G. it resulted as an
effort to remove the impediments of the 2G systems.
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Cellular networks: Evolution
• 2.5 G
o The effort to remove the impediments of the 2G systems
resulted in 2.5 G
o Digital system
o Voice+ low data rate traffic
o Internet access can be done through GPRS or general
packet radio service
o EDGE (enhanced data rates for global evolution) uses
better digital modulation techniques
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Explanation 2.5 G
• It is again a digital system. It is designed this time not only for voice
but for low data rate traffic. So we make it explicit that it’s going to
be also for data traffic. Internet access can be done through GPRS or
general packet radio service . So it is the first step of going towards 3G
and then the step two called the EDGE (enhanced data rates for
global evolution) which uses better digital modulation techniques
to get that EDGE. So if you look at the steps you have a 2 G, then you
can go to GPRS and then proceed on to EDGE and finally to the 3 G
systems. That is the road map that has been laid out. Most of the GSM
phones today in India are 2.5 G phones. The initial CDMA phones that
have come out CDMA 2001 X EV DO are the tip of the ice berg for
the 3G phones. They will write it as 3G enabled but truly all the
parameters required for 3G are not being satisfied.
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Cellular networks: Evolution
• 3G
o Digital modulation
o Simultaneous voice + high speed data.
o Multi-mega bit internet, thrust internet
o voice activated calls
o Multimedia Transmission
o World wide standard
o E.g. W-CDMA and CDMA 2000
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Explanation 3G
• So look at the evolution of cellular networks. The 3G again requires you to
use digital modulation. but apart from voice, we have high speed data. You
have multi-mega bit internet access. So there’s a thrust internet. I can check
my emails while driving in my car at 80 km/hr. then the voice activated calls
and your multimedia transmission are there. So I can download a movie clip
and watch on my phone while walking around. So 3G puts constraints on how
fast you go and how fast you can download the traffic. Clearly if you move
much faster, the channel becomes more difficult to handle. The associated
problem is fast fading Doppler effects which have to be taken care of. So
whenever you talk about 3G and the quality of service you have to have an
access, in which you tell how mobile you are. It’s not just a mobile phone but
how fast you are moving. Are you stationary? Are you a pedestrian traffic or
are you in a vehicle? Is it a vehicular traffic? For all these things, you need to
have a certain kind of quality of service. So 3G is still coming. Trials are being
run. Initial three 3G phones have been released. But people have started talking
about something more which is the 4G. One important thing about 3G is it is
truly a world standard that is evolving. There are two standards which have
been debated. One is the W-CDMA which is the wide band CDMA and the
other is a CDMA 2000 standard. Both have a lot of similarity and basic
differences. I guess both will be incorporated because a lot of money has been
poured into the development of each of the W-CDMA and CDMA 2000
systems.
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Cellular networks: Evolution
Need of 4G
• Present communication systems are primarily designed for one
specific application such as mobile phone for voice or high rate data
for wireless local area networks (WLAN)
• 4G will integrate various networks, functions and applications
• The 4 G will truly create the global information multimedia village.
The “anywhere” “any time” communication communication for all the
applications should become possible.
• It will support a variety of data rates at variety of speeds from 2G to
3G to 3G+ WLAN systems to PICO and small microcellular
connectivity and fixed line systems.
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Explanation 4G
Let’s look at the need for 4G that is still several years down the road. So present
communication systems are primarily designed for one specific application . for the
first time 4G systems are looking from the applications point of view. So either it is a
mobile phone for voice or high rate data for local area networks, 4G systems would
like to combine all of this. 4G will integrate various networks, functions and applications.
Today if I walk into a room which has a wireless local area network enabled through
802.11 B, I cannot interface my mobile phone with that. if I have a MMS clip or an SMS
or a V card which I would like to print out on a printer which is connect to an 802.11 B
wireless LAN, I have a problem. 4 G will solve that problem. I can walk into the room,
configure my phone to send the printout to a printer connected to some other network,
may be 802.11 B or an 802.15.3 UWB network and then I should be able to get my
printout. The 4 G will truly create the global information multimedia village . The
“anywhere” “any time” communication for all the applications should become possible. It
should support a variety of data rates at variety of speeds. There will be various sizes of
cells. Remember the cellular concept came from originally the mobile phone users where
we had the city divided into cells. Each cell with a base station. Today we are talking
about not just the macro cells but micro cells, Pico cells, home cells and even body area
networks. So the other interesting feature about 4 G is that we will look at various sizes of
cells. Each cell for a different application. Each application with a different quality of
service and each application with a different data rate. 4G promises to combine all of
these things but still it is in the future
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Cellular Networks- Summarized evolution
• First Generation
• Analog Systems
• Analog Modulation, mostly FM
• AMPS
• Voice Traffic
• FDMA/FDD multiple access
• Second Generation (2G)
• Digital Systems
• Digital Modulation
• Voice Traffic
• TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
• 2.5G
• Digital Systems
• Voice + Low-datarate Data
• Third Generation
• Digital
• Voice + High-datarate Data
• Multimedia Transmission also
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