12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 2–Module 16
Constructing an Instrument and Establishing its Validity and
Reliability

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Miguela Flores
Editor: James V. Henson
Reviewer: Sernor Cherryl S. Gatchalian
Layout Artist: Froilan G. Isip

Management Team Zenia G. Mostoles EdD, CESO V, SDS

Leonardo C. Canlas EdD CESE, ASDS
Rowena T. Quiambao CESE, ASDS
Celia R. Lacanlale PhD, CID Chief
Arceli S. Lopez PhD, SGOD Chief
June D. Cunanan EPS- English
Ruby M. Jimenez PhD, EPS-LRMDS

Published by the Department of Education, Schools Division of Pampanga

Office Address: High School Boulevard, Brgy. Lourdes,
City of San Fernando, Pampanga
Telephone No: (045) 435-2728
E-mail Address: [email protected]
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Practical Research -2 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module

on Constructing an Instrument and Establishing its Validity and Reliability .

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from public institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet
the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and
economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

For the Learner:

Welcome to the Practical Research-2 Grade-12 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Constructs an Instrument and Establishes its Validity and Reliability.

. For the learner:

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

 construct an instrument development for Validity and reliability.
 describe an instrument tool in testing validity and reliability.

What I Need to Know

Schools all over the country are beginning to develop a culture of data,
which is the integration of data into the day-to-day operations of a school in order
to achieve classroom, school, and district-wide goals. One of the biggest
difficulties that come with this integration is determining what data will provide an
accurate reflection of those goals. In achieving this, a research reliability and
validity are two concepts that are used to evaluate the quality of research. They
indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something.

This module will assist you in encouraging the learners in considering the
importance of reliability and validity when you are creating your research design,
planning your methods, and writing up your results, especially in quantitative
research. (Middleton, F 2019).
 What I Know

Directions: Read the following items and answer them correctly.

1. It pertains to the reading materials that are intended for general searching.
A. Encyclopedia C. Journals
B. Gazettes D. Magazines
2. A common style of documentation that shows text citation within the
research paper.
A. MLA C. Chicago Translation
B. APA D. Cambridge Literature
3. A classification in literature where the inquiry was conducted and printed
out in foreign or other lands.
A. Survey literature C. Foreign literature
B. Local literature D. Other literature
4. A research that requires a systematic and empirical investigation of
observable phenomena with mathematical computation.
A. Basic research C. Qualitative research
B. Quantitative research D. Applied research
5. Primary sources benefit you from the following except one of the choices.
A. Help you from your arguments.
B. Critique original works.
C. Evaluate unfiltered information. .
D. Consider other perspectives
6. Speeches, newspaper, diaries are products of what type of sources.
A. Organized sources C. Primary sources
B. Secondary sources D. Established sources
7. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Statistical data C. Scholarly journal
B. Original photographs D. Movie reviews
8. It is a kind of sampling where the subject of the population has an equal
chance of opportunity to be selected as representative sample.
A. Non-probable sampling C. Quota sampling
B. Probability sampling D. Snowball sampling
9. This type of sampling involves the selection of elements from an ordered
sampling frame.
A. Systematic C. Cluster
B. Stratified D. Random
10. A type of research design that examines the extent to which two or more
variables relate to one another
A. Descriptive non experimental
B. Quasi experimental
C. Correlation `
D. Causal-comparative or ex post factor
Lesson
Constructing an Instrument and
16 Establishing its Validity and Reliability

As what most researchers usually do in conducting a research, you used

instrument to obtain both reliable and valid results. You will allow to gain firm and
accurate results, as well as helping one another, to generalize the findings to a
wider population and, in turn, apply research results to the world to improve
aspects of people’s lives. These instruments are recognized in forms of survey
questionnaires, interview questionnaires, and observation forms.

If you are measuring correctly what you want to measure, you are good on
validity. For example, when asked to measure motivation of an employee, your
constructs should be measuring through different constructs motivation. If you
slip into measuring obedience instead, you are off the mark. (An obedient person
usually looks and behaves like a motivated person)

And, if you are getting consistent on this information, perhaps from more than
one persons, more than one settings, more than one organization more than one
times (test-retest) more than one instruments/questionnaires (parallel forms) then
you are a good on reliability.

What’s In

Direction: Based from the data presented above, list the information that you
understand about reliability and validity on Column A and Column B
that you want to know about reliability and validity.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
 What’s New

Direction: Write R if the sentence expresses reliability and V if it is validity.

1. A researcher who decides to measure the intelligence of a sample of
students, same measures, like physical strength, possess no natural
connection to intelligence
2. We measure the number of push-ups of the same students who do push up
every day for a week and each person does approximately the same amount
of push-ups on each day
3. A person weighs themselves during the course of a day; they would expect to
see a similar reading and the findings from research that are
replicated consistently.
4. A researcher who is getting the IQ test of the students will measure the school
performance of the student, like grade in first semester.
5 Your research findings reflected the same results every time.

What is It

What is reliability?
Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. If the same
result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same
circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.

The temperature of a liquid sample is measured several times using

the same method in measuring it, the result achieved consistently the
same under the same circumstances the measure is considered
reliable.(something that is consistently achieved is reliable)

A doctor uses symptom of questionnaire to diagnose a patient with

a long-term medical condition. Many of the different doctors use the
same questionnaire with the same patient but gain different diagnose.
This shows that the questionnaire has low reliability as a measure of the
condition. (If is not consistently achieved, that is unreliable)

What is validity?

Validity refers to how accurately a method measures what it is intended to

measure. If research has high validity,that means it produces results that
correspond to real properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical or
social world.
 High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is valid. If a method is
not reliable, it is probably not valid.

If the thermometer shows different temperatures for liquid sample each

time although you have carefully controlled conditions to ensure the sample’s
temperature stays the same, the thermometer is probably malfunctioning; hence,
the measurements are invalid.

If a symptom questionnaire results in a reliable diagnosis when answered

at different times and with different doctors, this indicates that it has high validity
as a measurement of the medical condition; so the measurement is valid.

However, reliability on its own is not enough to ensure validity. Even if a

test is reliable, it may not accurately reflect the real situation.

The thermometer that you used to test the sample gives reliable results.
However, the thermometer has not been calibrated properly, so the result is 2
degree lower than the true value; hence it is not valid.

A group of participants take a test designed to measure working memory.

The results are reliable, but participants score correlate strongly with their level of
reading comprehension. This shows the method has low validity, the test maybe
measuring participants’ reading comprehension instead of their working memory

Validity is harder to assess than reliability, but it is even more important.

To obtain useful results, the methods you use to collect your data must be valid:
the research must be measuring what it claims to measure. This ensures that
your discussion of the data and the conclusions you draw are also valid
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/reliability-vs-validity/

Discussion of Activity 1

Directions: Describe the difference between reliability from validity.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
 What’s More

Independent Activity 1

Directions: Using these given topics for your research, formulate one (1) question
that shows validity and reliability.

1. New Heroes of the Era: The Frontliners for Covid-19 Pandemic

_________________________________________________
2. Apathy towards Covid-19 issue
_________________________________________________
3. Benefits to be gained while staying at home during Covid-19 period
_________________________________________________

Independent Assessment 1

Directions: Think of three (3) topics that you prefer, then formulate one (1)
question and reason.

Topics Question/s Reason/s

Independent Activity 2

Directions: Match Column A with their meaning on Column B.

Column A Column B
Camp Officials Area of interest
1. Hospital physicians, nurses a. Implementor of policies
2. Audio visual director b. video equipment
3. Librarian c. front liners for Covid-19
4. President of the Philippines d. books, magazine, journal, data base
5. Guidance counselor e. depressed person
Independent Assessment 2

Directions: Complete the table and write three topics about validity and reliability

Topic Entries for references This is useful because

Independent Activity 3

Directions: From the given topic, formulate two (2)valid questions and tell on how
are they useful in proving reliability.

Independent Assessment 3

Directions: In your own words explain the importance of reliability and validity in
writing a Research. Use 50-100 words.

A. After you have formulated your questions from the topics listed above, you
start making an instrument tool for your research topic. These may be
accomplished in a form of questionnaires, survey forms, interviews and
observations that have been prepared and validated by the researcher and
research teacher,

Guide Questions in Survey Questionnaire:

Topic: New Heroes of the Era: The Frontliners for Covid-19 pandemic

1. How does Covid-19 affect the lives of the frontliners?

2. Why they are labelled as New Heroes of the Era?
3. How risky for the Frontliners in exposing themselves for Covid-19
infected?
4. How dedicated are they for their chosen career?
5. How hardest are the tasks placed on their back?
 What I Have Learned

Directions: Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by
completing the chart below in 2-4 sentences only.

What you had in

mind about the I had…
significant
relationship of
reliability and
validity in
research?

I learned that…
What new
learning ideas
can you share
after having
this lesson?

I applied that…
How would you
apply the
knowledge that
you have
learned here?
 Assessment

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

1. Reliability and validity are both useful in gaining accurate research results to
a wider population.
2. If you are getting inconsistent results of your study, then it is reliable.
3. The validity focused mainly on the measurement of the study.
4. If the research results are not both reliable and valid, it will contaminate the
findings of the study.
5. If reliability is for the consistency of the measurement research result, then
validity is for the accuracy of the measurement.
6. Reliability and validity are two concepts used to evaluate the quality of
research.
7. If he values are not valid for their intended used, then you could say the
testing instrument is valid.
8. Reliability and validity usually collaborates each other in getting accurate and
consistent results,
9. They are both concepts used to evaluate the quality of research.
10. A valid measurement is generally reliable
11.

Additional Activities

Directions: In a paragraph form, explain this idea “A reliable measurement is not

always valid, yet a valid measurement is always reliable.” At leat 50-
100 words.
Answer Key
References

Editha, C. et al (2008) research in various discipline Manila, Philippines: Mutya

Publishing House…

Monserate, L. P et al. (1998) Communication: A tool for research, Manila,

Philippines,,, Philippines Christian University.

Sterling, M. P et al (2006) Research process and products workbook/, Manila

Philippines: Trailblazer Publication.