ABSTRACT

Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) now provide a new

monitoring and control capability for monitoring the borders of the country.
Using this concept we can easily identify a stranger or some terrorists
entering the border. The border area is divided into number of nodes. Each
node is in contact with each other and with the main node. The noise
produced by the foot-steps of the stranger are collected using the sensor.
This sensed signal is then converted into power spectral density and the
compared with reference value of our convenience. Accordingly the
compared value is processed using a microprocessor, which sends
appropriate signals to the main node. Thus the stranger is identified at the
main node. A series of interface, signal processing, and communication
systems have been implemented in micro power CMOS circuits. A micro
power spectrum analyzer has been developed to enable low power operation
of the entire WINS system.

Thus WINS require a Microwatt of power. But it is very cheaper

when compared to other security systems such as RADAR under use. It is
even used for short distance communication less than 1 Km. It produces a
less amount of delay. Hence it is reasonably faster. On a global scale, WINS
will permit monitoring of land, water, and air resources for environmental
monitoring. On a national scale, transportation systems, and borders will be
monitored for efficiency, safety, and security.
 BORDER SECURITY USING
WIRELESS INTEGRATED NETWORK
SENSORS (WINS)

1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) combine sensing,
signal processing, decision capability, and wireless networking capability in
a compact, low power system. Compact geometry and low cost allows
WINS to be embedded and distributed at a small fraction of the cost of
conventional wireline sensor and actuator systems. On a local, wide-area
scale, battlefield situational awareness will provide personnel health
monitoring and enhance security and efficiency. Also, on a metropolitan
scale, new traffic, security, emergency, and disaster recovery services will
be enabled by WINS. On a local, enterprise scale, WINS will create a
manufacturing information service for cost and quality control. The
opportunities for WINS depend on the development of scalable, low cost,
sensor network architecture. This requires that sensor information be
conveyed to the user at low bit rate with low power transceivers. Continuous
sensor signal processing must be provided to enable constant monitoring of
events in an environment. Distributed signal processing and decision making
enable events to be identified at the remote sensor. Thus, information in the
form of decisions is conveyed in short message packets. Future applications
of distributed embedded processors and sensors will require massive
numbers of devices. In this paper we have concentrated in the most
important application, Border Security.
2. WINS SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Conventional wireless networks are supported by complex protocols
that are developed for voice and data transmission for handhelds and mobile
terminals. These networks are also developed to support communication
over long range (up to 1km or more) with link bit rate over 100kbps. In
contrast to conventional wireless networks, the WINS network must support
large numbers of sensors in a local area with short range and low average bit
rate communication (less than 1kbps). The network design must consider the
requirement to service dense sensor distributions with an emphasis on
recovering environment information. Multihop communication yields large
power and scalability advantages for WINS networks. Multihop
communication, therefore, provides an immediate advance in capability for
the WINS narrow Bandwidth devices. However, WINS Multihop
Communication networks permit large power reduction and the
implementation of dense node distribution. The multihop communication
has been shown in the figure 2. The figure 1 represents the general structure
of the wireless integrated network sensors (WINS) arrangement.

Continuous operation low duty cycle

Figure 1. The wireless integrated network sensor (WINS) architecture.

3. WINS NODE ARCHITECTURE
The WINS node architecture (Figure 1) is developed to enable
continuous sensing, event detection, and event identification at low power.
Since the event detection process must occur continuously, the sensor, data
converter, data buffer, and spectrum analyzer must all operate at micro
power levels. In the event that an event is detected, the spectrum analyzer
output may trigger the microcontroller. The microcontroller may then issue
commands for additional signal processing operations for identification of
the event signal. Protocols for node operation then determine whether a
remote user or neighboring WINS node should be alerted. The WINS node
then supplies an attribute of the identified event, for example, the address of
the event in an event look-up-table stored in all network nodes. Total
average system supply currents must be less than 30 A. Low power,
reliable, and efficient network operation is obtained with intelligent sensor
nodes that include sensor signal processing, control, and a wireless network
interface. Distributed network sensor devices must continuously monitor
multiple sensor systems, process sensor signals, and adapt to changing
environments and user requirements, while completing decisions on
measured signals.

Figure 2. WINS nodes (shown as disks)

For the particular applications of military security, the WINS sensor systems
must operate at low power, sampling at low frequency and with
environmental background limited sensitivity. The micro power interface
circuits must sample at dc or low frequency where “1/f” noise in these
CMOS interfaces is large. The micropower signal processing system must
be implemented at low power and with limited word length. In particular,
WINS applications are generally tolerant to latency. The WINS node event
recognition may be delayed by 10 – 100 msec, or longer.

4. WINS MICRO SENSORS

Source signals (seismic, infrared, acoustic and others) all decay in
amplitude rapidly with radial distance from the source. To maximize
detection range, sensor sensitivity must be optimized. In addition, due to the
fundamental limits of background noise, a maximum detection range exists
for any sensor. Thus, it is critical to obtain the greatest sensitivity and to
develop compact sensors that may be widely distributed. Clearly,
microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology provides an ideal path
for implementation of these highly distributed systems. The sensor-substrate
“Sensorstrate” is then a platform for support of interface, signal processing,
and communication circuits. Examples of WINS Micro Seismometer and
infrared detector devices are shown in Figure 3. The detector shown is the
thermal detector. It just captures the harmonic signals produced by the foot-
steps of the stranger entering the border. These signals are then converted
into their PSD values and are then compared with the reference values set by
the user.
 Figure 3. Thermal Infrared Detector

5. ROUTING BETWEEN NODES

The sensed signals are then routed to the major node. This
routing is done based on the shortest distance. That is the distance between
the nodes is not considered, but the traffic between the nodes is considered.
This has been depicted in the figure 4. In the figure, the distances between
the nodes and the traffic between the nodes has been clearly shown. For
example, if we want to route the signal from the node 2 to node 4, the
shortest distance route will be from node 2 via node 3 to node 4. But the
traffic through this path is higher than the path node 2 to node 4. Whereas
this path is longer in distance.

Figure 4. Nodal distance and Traffic

6. SHORTEST DISTANCE ALGORITHM
In this process we find mean packet delay, if the capacity and average flow

are known. From the mean delays on all the lines, we calculate a flow-weighted average

to get mean packet delay for the whole subnet. The weights on the arcs in the figure 5

give capacities in each direction measured in kbps.

Figure 5. Subnet with line capacities Figure 6.s Routing Matrix

In fig 6 the routes and the number of packets/sec sent from source to destination are

shown. For example, the E-B traffic gives 2 packets/sec to the EF line and also 2

packets/sec to the FB line. The mean delay in each line is calculated using the formula

Ti =1/(µc-λ)

Ti = Time delay in sec

C = Capacity of the path in Bps
µ = Mean packet size in bits
λ = Mean flow in packets/sec.

The mean delay time for the entire subnet is derived from weighted sum of all the

lines. There are different flows to get new average delay. But we find the path, which has

the smallest mean delay-using program. Then we calculate the Waiting factor for each

path. The path, which has low waiting factor, is the shortest path. The waiting factor is

calculated using

W = λi / λ
λi = Mean packet flow in path
λ = Mean packet flow in subnet
The tabular column listed below gives waiting factor for each path.

Figure 5. WINS Comparator response

7. WINS DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

If a stranger enters the border, his foot-steps will generate harmonic
signals. It can be detected as a characteristic feature in a signal power
spectrum. Thus, a spectrum analyzer must be implemented in the WINS
digital signal processing system. The spectrum analyzer resolves the WINS
input data into a low-resolution power spectrum. Power spectral density
(PSD) in each frequency “bins” is computed with adjustable band location
and width. Bandwidth and position for each power spectrum bin is matched
to the specific detection problem. The WINS spectrum analyzer must
operate at µ W power level. So the complete WINS system, containing
controller and wireless network interface components, achieves low power
operation by maintaining only the micropower components in continuous
operation. The WINS spectrum analyzer system, shown in Figure 7, contains
a set of parallel filters.

Figure 7. WINS micropower spectrum analyzer architecture.

8. PSD COMPARISION
Each filter is assigned a coefficient set for PSD
computation. Finally, PSD values are compared with background reference
values In the event that the measured PSD spectrum values exceed that of
the background reference values, the operation of a microcontroller is
triggered. Thus, only if an event appears, the micro controller operates.
Buffered data is stored during continuous computation of the PSD spectrum.
If an event is detected, the input data time series, including that acquired
prior to the event, are available to the micro controller. The micro controller
sends a HIGH signal, if the difference is high. It sends a LOW signal, if the
difference is low. For a reference value of 25db, the comparison of the DFT
signals is shown in the figure 8.

Figure 8. Comparator plot

9. WINS MICROPOWER EMBEDDED RADIO

WINS systems present novel requirements for low cost, low power,
short range, and low bit rate RF communication. Simulation and
experimental verification in the field indicate that the embedded radio
network must include spread spectrum signaling, channel coding, and time
division multiple access (TDMA) network protocols. The operating bands
for the embedded radio are most conveniently the unlicensed bands at 902-
928 MHz and near 2.4 GHz. These bands provide a compromise between the
power cost associated with high frequency operation and the penalty in
antenna gain reduction with decreasing frequency for compact antennas. The
prototype, operational, WINS networks are implemented with a self-
assembling, multihop TDMA network protocol.
The WINS embedded radio development is directed to CMOS circuit
technology to permit low cost fabrication along with the additional WINS
components. In addition, WINS embedded radio design must address the
peak current limitation of typical battery sources, of 1mA. It is critical,
therefore, to develop the methods for design of micropower CMOS active
elements. For LC oscillator phase noise power, Sφ , at frequency offset of
δω away from the carrier at frequency ω with an input noise power,
Snoise and LC tank quality factor, Q, phase noise power is:

Now, phase noise power, Snoise, at the transistor input, is dominated

by “1/f” noise. Input referred thermal noise, in addition, increases with
decreasing drain current and power dissipation due to the resulting decrease
in transistor transconductance. The tunability of micropower CMOS systems
has been tested by implementation of several VCO systems to be discussed
below. The embedded radio system requires narrow band operation and must
exploit high Q value components.

10. CONCLUSION
A series of interface, signal processing, and communication
systems have been implemented in micropower CMOS circuits. A
micropower spectrum analyzer has been developed to enable low power
operation of the entire WINS system. Thus WINS require a Microwatt of
power. But it is very cheaper when compared to other security systems such
as RADAR under use. It is even used for short distance communication less
than 1 Km. It produces a less amount of delay. Hence it is reasonably faster.
On a global scale, WINS will permit monitoring of land, water, and air
resources for environmental monitoring. On a national scale, transportation
systems, and borders will be monitored for efficiency, safety, and security.