NAME : NAWAB ZADA BILAL AFRIDI

BS ENGLISH 5TH
ID NO 13735
PAPER: INTERNATIONAL RELATIOn

QUESTION#3
ANSWER:
International Relations:
International relations is the study of the interaction of
nation-states and non-governmental organizations in
fields such as politics, economics, and security.
Professionals work in academia, government, and
non-profits to understand and develop cooperative
exchanges between nations that benefit commerce,
security, quality of life, and the environment
International Relations (IR) as a course of study
reflects the dynamics of the International System. The
System is a complex web with multiple but mutually
functioning components and is characterized by
interfacing changes and continuities, which are
instrumental in the dynamic nature of the discipline. IR
is a broad discipline that encapsulates the multivariate
aspects of man in the global contexts. It is what can be
described as a fusion of social science disciplines

The Value of International Relations in a Globalized

Society
Although international relations has taken on a new
significance because of our increasingly
interconnected world, it is certainly not a new concept.
Historically, the establishment of treaties between
nations served as the earliest form of international
relations.
The study and practice of international relations in
today’s world is valuable for many reasons:
• International relations promotes successful trade
policies between nations.
• International relations encourages travel related to
business, tourism, and immigration, providing people
with opportunities to enhance their lives.
• International relations allows nations to cooperate
with one another, pool resources, and share
information as a way to face global issues that go
beyond any particular country or region. Contemporary
global issues include pandemics, terrorism, and the
environment.
• International relations advances human culture
through cultural exchanges, diplomacy and policy
development.
The practice of international relations is valuable in a
wide array of settings. Some examples inlcude:

Humanitarian organizations
• Action Against Hunger
• Oxfam International
• World Food Programme

Government agencies
• Department of State
• Department of Homeland Security
• Department of Commerce
•
International corporations
• General Electric
• BP
• Exxon Mobile
• Toyota
• Nestle
• Siemens

Media outlets
• BBC
• Washington Post
• The Guardian
• Der Spiegal
• New York Times
• Forbes
• Wall Street Journal
Intergovernmental organizations
• World Trade Organization
• United Nations
• NATO

International communications
• Amnesty International
• Freedom House
• Human Rights Watch
• Reporters Without Borders

Research centers/Think tanks

• Brookings Institution
• Center for International Policy
• Council on Foreign Relations
• Global Public Policy Institute

QUESTION # 1:

ANSWER:
POWER(DEFINITION):
By the term power, we mean the personal capacity of an individual to influence others
to do or not to do an act. It is independent and informal in nature derived from
charisma and status. It is an acquired ability that comes from knowledge and expertise.
It is the right to control other’s actions, decisions and performances.

EXPLANATION:

Power is one of the most important and most discussed concepts in the field of
international relations, with some going as far as suggesting that international relations is
dominated by ideas of power. While there are many definitions of political or political
power, Payne defines power as “The ability to get others–individuals, groups, or nations–to
behave in ways that they ordinarily would not”Viotti & Kauppi (2013) define power as “the
means by which a state or other actor wields or can assert actual or potential influence or
coercion relative to other states and non state actors because of the political, geographic,
economic and financial, technological, military, social, cultural, or other capabilities it
possesses” (202). While we have definitions of power,
“Power is a complex and contested concept, in large part because
there are important but distinctive ways to understand how social relations shape the fates
and choices of actors. If international relations scholars have erred in their past attempts to
understand power, it is trying to identify and rely on a single conception. But no single
concept can capture the forms of power in international politics”

Power is not hierarchical, i.e. it can flow in any direction like it can
flow from superior to subordinate (downward) or junior to senior (upward), or between
the persons working at the same level, but different departments of the same
organization (horizontal), or between the persons working at different levels and
departments of the same organization (diagonal). In this way, it is not confined to any
boundaries. Moreover, the element of politics is usually attached to it.

Difference Between Power and Authority:

The difference between power and authority are follow.

1. Power is defined as the ability or potential of an individual to influence others

and control their actions. Authority is the legal and formal right to give orders
and commands, and take decisions.
2. Power is a personal trait, i.e. an acquired ability, whereas authority is a formal
right, that vest in the hands of high officials or management personnel.
3. The major source of power is knowledge and expertise. On the other hand,
position and office determine the authority of a person.
4. Power flows in any direction, i.e. it can be upward, downward, crosswise or
diagonal, lateral. As opposed to authority, that flows only in one direction, i.e.
downward (from superior to subordinate).
5. The power lies in person, in essence, a person acquires it, but authority lies in the
designation, i.e. whoever get the designation, get the authority attached to it.
6. Authority is legitimate whereas the power is not.
7. Power is an entity’s or individual’s ability to control or direct others while
authority is influence that is based on perceived legitimacy.
8. Power is necessary for authority, but it is possible to have power without
authority.
9. Power is a broad concept while authority is a narrow term.
10. Power is an ability to do something while authority is a right to do something.
Power and authority are separate but related concepts. A manager in an
organization has authority if he or she has the right to direct the activities of others
and expect them to respond with appropriate actions to attain organizational
purposes. Authority most often comes from the duties and responsibilities
delegated to a position holder in a bureaucratic structure. A company president can
order a product design change, for instance, or a police officer has the authority to
arrest an offender of the law.

Power is the possession of authority, control, or influence by which a person

influences the actions of others, either by direct authority or by some other, more
intangible means. A prime source of power is the possession of knowledge. A
person with knowledge is oftentimes able to use that knowledge to directly or
indirectly influence the actions of others. The authority of knowledge is often
independent of levels or positions. Power can reinforce authority, and authority is
one of the primary sources of power.

Question no 1:

ANSWER:
Realism:
Introduction:

• According to realism, states work only to increase their own power

relative to that of other states.
• According to Jonathan Haslam, professor of history of international
relations at the University of Cambridge,
• “Realism is a is a spectrum of ideas which revolve around the four
central propositions of Political Groupism, Egoism, International
anarchy and Power politics.”
• For Realists, global politics is about power and self interest.
Therefore, it is often portrayed as a ‘power politics’ model of international
politics

Realism Declare:

• Power: The world is a harsh and dangerous place. The only certainty in the
world is power. A powerful state will always be able to outdo—and
outlast—weaker competitors. The most important and reliable form of
power is military power.
• Self-preservation: A state’s primary interest is self-preservation. Therefore,
the state must seek power and must always protect itself.
• Moral behavior: Moral behavior is very risky because it can undermine a
state’s ability to protect itself.
• War: The international system itself drives states to use military force and to
war. Leaders may be moral, but they must not let moral concerns guide foreign
policy.
• International Law: International organizations and law have no power or force;
they exist only as long as states accept them.
• Enforcing Global Rule: There is no overarching power that can enforce global
rules or punish bad behavior.

Summarising Realism:
The key themes within realism are as follows;
 • State egoism and conflict
• Statecraft and the national interest
• International anarchy and its implications
• Polarity, stability and the balance of power

Application of Realism:
• Politicians have practiced realism as long as states have existed.
• Most scholars and politicians during the Cold War viewed international
relations through a realist lens.
• Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union trusted the other, and each
sought allies to protect itself and increase its political and military influence
abroad.
• Realism has also featured prominently in the administration of George W. Bush.

Classical Realism:
• A form of realism that explains power politics largely in terms of human
selfishness or egoism.
• Simply, it says that it is among the fundamental aspects of human nature to
‘drive for power’ and ‘dominate others’.

Neo-Realism or Structural Realism:

• Neo-Realism is derived from classical realism.

• However, instead of ‘human nature’, its focus is predominantly on the
‘anarchic structure’ of the international system.

Theory of Power Politics:

Based on two core assumptions;

• People are essentially selfish and competitive, meaning that ‘egoism’ is the
defining characteristic of human nature.
• The State-system operates in a context of international anarchy, in that
there is no authority higher than the sovereign state.
Egoism: Concern for one’s own interest or wellbeing, or selfishness; the
 belief that one’s own interests are morally to those of others

Famous Realists

Niccolo Machiavelli: (May 1469 – June 1527)

• An Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher and writer during the

Renaissance.
• Regarded as one of the founders of modern political science and more
specifically political ethics.
• His Masterpiece: The Prince (1513).
• "Machiavellianism" is a widely-used negative term to characterize
unscrupulous politicians of the sort Machiavelli described in The Prince.
• The term "Machiavellian" is often associated with deceit, deviousness, ambition,
and brutality.

Thomas Hobbes: (April 1588 – December 1679)

• English philosopher
• Famous Work: Leviathan (1651)
• A champion of ‘absolutism’ for the sovereign.

Hans Morgenthau: ((February, 1904 – July, 1980)

• Leading twentieth-century figures in the study of international politics.

• Famous Work: Politics among Nations (1948)
• Strongly opposed the U.S. role in the Vietnam War
• According to Morgenthau,’ Politics is a struggle for power over men, and
whatever its ultimate aim may be, power is its immediate goal and the modes
of acquiring, maintaining, and demonstrating it determine the technique of
political action’.
• He advocated an emphasis on ‘realistic’ diplomacy, based on an analysis of
balance of power and the need to the national interest.

Kenneth Waltz: (June, 1924 – May, 2013)

 • American political scientist
• Famous Work: Man, the State and War
• He is a founder of neorealism, or structural realism.
• Waltz argues that the world exists in a state of perpetual international
anarchy.
• He further argues that the interaction of sovereign states can be explained by
the pressures exerted on them by the anarchic structure of the international
system, which limits and constrains their choices
According to Waltz, proliferation of nuclear weapons would increase the
probability of international peace

Question no 5:
ANSWER:

Turkey’s role in the Syrian civil war:

In the turkey on august 24 2016 the Turkish armed forces
supported by the US began a declared direct military intervention into Syria on 24
august 2016 after two days of the militeray bombardment and air strike land forces
launched and attack on the isi held town of jalabulus followed by hundred of FSA
fighter .
After suffering its worst casualties in year turkey openly declaring war
against the Syria Turkey officially a trans continental country located mainly in the
Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan Peninsula in
Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered on its northwest by Greece and Bulgaria; north
by the Black Sea northeast by Georgia; east by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran; southeast
by Iraq; south by Syria and the Mediterranean Sea; and west by the Aegean Sea.
Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country's citizens are ethnic Turks. Istanbul,
which straddles Europe and Asia, is the country's largest city, while Ankara is the
capital.
One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present-day Turkey was home to
important Neolithic sites, and was inhabited by various civilizations. Hellenization
started in the area during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the
Byzantine era. The Seljuk Turks began migrating in the 11th century, and the Seljuk
Sultanate of Rum ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it
disintegrated into small Turkish principalities. Beginning in the late 13th century, the
Ottomans started uniting the principalities and conquering the Balkans, and the
Turkification of Anatolia increased during the Ottoman period. After Mehmed II
conquered Constantinople in 1453, Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I. During
the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a world power.
From the late 18th century onwards, the empire's power declined with a gradual loss of
territories and wars. In an effort to consolidate the weakening empire, Mahmud II
started a period of modernization in the early 19th century.[21] The 1913 coup d'état
effectively put the country under the control of the Three Pashas, who were largely
responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914. During World War I, the
Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian and Pontic
Greek subjects. After the Ottomans and the other Central Powers lost the war, the
Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. The Turkish War of
Independence, initiated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his comrades against the
occupying Allied Powers, resulted in the abolition of the sultanate on 1 November 1922,
and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
Turkey is a developing country, a regional power, and a newly
industrialized country, with a geopolitically strategic location. It is a charter member of
the UN, an early member of and the World Bank, and a founding member of and After
becoming one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became
an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995, and
started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. In a non-binding vote
on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend
Turkey's accession talks; which, despite being stalled since 2018, remain active as of
2020. Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary republic that adopted a
presidential system with a referendum in 2017; the new system came into effect with the
presidential election in 2018.

QUESTION 5(PART B)
Peace of Westphalia:
European settlements of 1648 which brought to an end the Eighty Years’ War between
Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. The peace was
negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalia towns of Munster and Osnabruck. The
Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24, 1648,
comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes,
France, and Sweden. England, Poland, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire were the only
European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies. Some scholars of
international relations credit the treaties with providing the foundation of the modern
state system and articulating the concept of territorial sovereignty.

The Delegates:
The chief representative of the Holy Roman emperor was Maximilian, Graf (count) von
Trauttmansdorff, to whose sagacity the conclusion of peace was largely due. The French
envoys were nominally under Henri II d’Orleans, duc de Longueville, but the marquis
de Sablé and the comte d’Avaux were the real agents of France. Sweden was
represented by John Oxenstierna, son of the chancellor of that name, and by John Adler
Salvius, who had previously acted for Sweden in negotiating the Treaty of Hamburg
(1641). The papal nuncio was Fabio Chigi, later Pope Alexander VII. Brandenburg,
represented by Johann, Graf von Sayn-Wittgenstein, played the foremost part among the
Protestant states of the empire. On June 1, 1645, France and Sweden brought forward
propositions of peace, which were discussed by the estates of the empire from October
1645 to April 1646. The ssettlementreligious matters was effected between February
1646 and March 1648. The war continued during the deliberations.
The Decisions:
Under the terms of the peace settlement, a number of countries received territories or
were confirmed in their sovereignty over territories. The territorial clauses all favoured
Sweden, France, and their allies. Sweden obtained western Pomerania (with the city of
Stettin the port of Wismar, the archbishopric of Bremen, and the bishopric of Verden.
These gains gave Sweden control of the Baltic Sea and the estuaries of the Oder, Elbe,
and Weser rivers. France obtained sovereignty over Alsace and was confirmed in its
possession of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, which it had seized a century before; France thus
gained a firm frontier west of the Rhine River. Brandenburg obtained eastern Pomerania
and several other smaller territories. Bavaria was able to keep the Upper Palatinate,
while the Rhenish Palatinate was restored to Charles Louis, the son of the elector
palatine Frederick V. Two other important results of the territorial settlement were the
confirmation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss Confederation as
independent republics, thus formally recognizing a status which those two states had
actually held for many decades. Apart from these territorial changes, a universal and
unconditional amnesty to all those who had been deprived of their possessions was
declared, and it was decreed that all secular lands (with specified exceptions) should be
restored to those who had held them in the 1618.