16

The Digestive System

FOCUS: The function of the digestive system is to hollow tube. Food enters the mouth and passes to
take in food, break it down into smaller the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
compounds, and absorb those compounds so that intestine, and rectum, with undigested food
the body can use them. This process provides the exiting through the anus. Regulation of digestive
body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients. The tract functions is accomplished by the nervous
digestive tract consists of a system and hormones.

CONTENT LEARNING ACTIVITY

Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System

❛❛Nearly all portions of the digestive tube consist of four layers or tunics.❜❜
A . Match these tunics with the Mucosa Serosa or adventitia
correct description or definition: Muscularis Submucosa

MUCOSA 1. Innermost tunic; consists of mucous epithelium, lamina propria,

and muscularis mucosa.

SUBMUCOSA 2. Tunic just outside the mucosa; a thick layer of loose connective
tissue containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands.

MUSCULARIS 3. Tunic composed of a circular layer and a longitudinal layer of

smooth muscle.

SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA 4. Outermost tunic; composed of epithelium or connective tissue.

Nerve plexuses, composed of parasympathetic nerve fibers, are found in the submucosa
and muscularis layers. Together, the nerve plexuses of both layers compose the
intramural plexus, which is extremely important for control of digestive tract functions.

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B. Match these terms with
the correct parts labeled
in figure 16.1:

Circular muscle
Intramural plexus
Longitudinal muscle
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Submucosa

1. MUCOSA

2. SUBMUCOSA

3. MUSCULARIS

4. CIRCULAR MUSCLE

5. LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE

6. SEROSA
Figure 16.1
7. INTRAMURAL PLEXUS

Oral Cavity
❛❛The oral cavity, or mouth, is the first portion of the digestive tract.❜❜
A. Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. ORBICULARIS ORIS

Buccinator Orbicularis oris 2. CHEEKS

Cheeks Taste
Frenulum Tongue 3. BUCCINATOR
Mastication
4. MASTICATION
The oral cavity, or mouth, is bounded by the lips and cheeks,
and contains the teeth and tongue. The lips are muscular
5. TONGUE
structures formed mostly by the (1) muscle, and covered
internally by mucosa and externally by stratified squamous
6. FRENULUM
epithelium. The (2) form the lateral walls of the oral cavity;
most of their thickness is contributed by the (3) muscle,
which flattens the cheek against the teeth. The lips and 7. TASTE
cheeks are important in the processes of (4) and speech. The
(5) is a large, muscular organ that occupies most of the oral
cavity. The anterior portion of the tongue is attached to the
floor of the mouth by a thin fold of tissue called the (6) . The
tongue is important in mastication, swallowing, speech, and
is a major sensory organ for (7) .

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B. Match these numbers with the One Two
correct statement : Three

TWO 1. Number of incisors in each quadrant of the adult mouth.

ONE 2. Number of canines in each quadrant of the adult mouth.

TWO 3. Number of premolars in each quadrant of the adult mouth.

THREE 4. Number of molars in each quadrant of the adult mouth.

C . Match these terms with the Alveoli Primary teeth

correct statement or definition: Gingiva (gums) Secondary teeth
Periodontal ligaments

PRIMARY TEETH 1. Deciduous teeth; also called milk teeth.

SECONDARY TEETH 2. Teeth of the adult mouth.

ALVEOLI 3. Sockets containing the teeth.

GINGIVA (GUMS) 4. Dense, fibrous connective tissue, and moist stratified squamous
epithelium that cover alveolar ridges.

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS 5. Connective tissue that holds the teeth in the alveoli.

D . Match these terms with the Cementum Neck

correct statement or definition: Crown Pulp
Dentin Pulp cavity
Enamel Root

CROWN 1. Cutting or chewing surface with one or more cusps (points).

NECK 2. Part of the tooth between the crown and the root.

PULP CAVITY 3. Center of the tooth; contains blood vessels, nerves, and
connective tissue.

PULP 4. Connective tissue located in the pulp cavity.

DENTIN 5. Living, cellular, bonelike tissue surrounding the pulp cavity.

ENAMEL 6. Extremely hard, acellular substance that protects the tooth

against acids and abrasion.

CEMENTUM 7. Substance covering dentin in the root; helps anchor teeth in the
jaw.

ROOT 8. Part of the tooth anchored in an alveolus by periodontal

ligaments.

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E. Match these terms with
the correct parts labeled 1. CUSP
in figure 16.2: 2. ENAMEL
3. GINGIVA
Cementum
4. DENTIN
Crown
Cusp 5. PULP CAVITY
Dentin 6. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS
Enamel 7. CEMENTUM
Gingiva
8. ROOT
Neck
Periodontal ligaments 9. NECK
Pulp cavity 10. CROWN
Root

Figure 16.2

F. Match these terms with the Hard palate Tonsils

correct statement or definition: Soft palate Uvula

HARD PALATE 1. Anterior bony portion of the roof of the oral cavity.

SOFT PALATE 2. Posterior portion of the roof of the oral cavity, composed of
skeletal muscle and connective tissue.

UVULA 3. Projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate; prevents
food from passing into the nasal cavity during swallowing.

TONSILS 4. Collection of lymphoid tissue, located in the lateral posterior

walls of the oral cavity.

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G . Match these terms with the Parotid glands Sublingual glands
correct statement or definition: Saliva Submandibular glands

SALIVA 1. Mixture of serous (watery) and mucous fluids that contains

digestive enzymes.

PAROTID GLANDS 2. Serous glands located just anterior to each ear; its duct enters
the oral cavity adjacent to the second upper molar.

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS 3. Glands that produce more serous than mucous secretions,
located along the inferior border of the mandible.

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS 4. Glands that produce mainly mucus, located below the mucous
membrane in the floor of the oral cavity.

Pharynx and Esophagus

❛❛The esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.❜❜
Match these terms with the Esophageal sphincters Oropharynx
correct statement or definition: Laryngopharynx Pharyngeal constrictors
Nasopharynx

OROPHARYNX 1. Two portions of the pharynx that transmit food.

AND LARYNGOPHARYNX

PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTORS 2. Form posterior walls of oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTERS 3. Circular muscles that regulate the movement of food into and
out of the esophagus.

Stomach
❛❛The stomach is an enlarged segment of the digestive tract in the left superior abdomen.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Body Pyloric opening
correct statement or definition: Cardiac opening Pyloric sphincter
Fundus Rugae
Greater and lesser curvatures

CARDIAC OPENING 1. Opening between the esophagus and the stomach.

FUNDUS 2. Most superior portion of the stomach.

GREATER AND LESSER CURVATURE 3. Formed when the body of the stomach turns to the right.

PYLORIC OPENING 4. Opening between stomach and small intestine.

PYLORIC SPHINCTER 5. Thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds pyloric opening.

RUGAE 6. Large folds of the submucosa and mucosa formed when the
stomach is empty.

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B. Match these terms with
the correct parts labeled
in figure 16.3:

Body
Cardiac region
Fundus
Gastroesophageal opening
Lower esophageal sphincter
Pyloric opening
Pyloric region
Pyloric sphincter
Rugae

1. LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

2. GASTROESOPHAGEAL OPENING

3. CARDIAC REGION

4. PYLORIC SPHINCTER
5. PYLORIC OPENING

6. PYLORIC REGION
Figure 16.3
7. RUGAE

8. BODY

9. FUNDUS

C. Match these terms with the Chief cells Mucous neck cells
correct statement or definition: Endocrine cells Parietal cells
Gastric glands Surface mucous cells
Gastric pits

GASTRIC PITS 1. Tubelike openings in the mucosal surface of the stomach.

GASTRIC GLANDS 2. Glands in the stomach that open into the gastric pits.

SURFACE MUCOUS CELLS 3. Mucus-producing cells on the inner surface of the stomach and
lining the gastric pits.

MUCOUS NECK CELL 4. Mucus-producing cells in the gastric glands.

PARIETAL CELLS 5. Gastric gland cells that produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic
factor.

CHIEF CELLS 6. Gastric gland cells that produce pepsinogen.

ENDOCRINE CELLS 7. Gastric gland cells that produce regulatory hormones.

6
 Small Intestine
❛❛The small intestine is about 6 meters long and consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Circular folds Lacteals
correct statement or definition: Common bile duct Microvilli
Ileocecal junction Pancreatic duct
Ileocecal valve Villi
Ileocecal sphincter

COMMON BILE DUCT AND 1. Two ducts that join together and empty into the duodenum.
PANCREATIC DUCT

CIRCULAR FOLDS 2. Folds in mucosal and submucosal layers that run perpendicular
to the long axis of the digestive tract.

VILLI 3. Tiny fingerlike projections of the mucosa.

MICROVILLI 4. Cytoplasmic extensions from cells on the surface of villi.

LACTEALS 5. Lymphatic capillaries found in villi.

ILEOCECAL JUNCTION 6. Junction between the ileum and large intestine.

ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER 7. Ring of smooth muscle surrounding the ileocecal junction.

ILEOCECAL VALVE 8. One-way valve at the junction between the ileum and small
intestine.

The circular folds, villi, and microvilli function to increase surface area in the small
intestine.

B. Match these terms with the Absorptive cells Granular cells

correct statement or definition: Duodenal glands Intestinal glands
Endocrine cells Peyer's patches
Goblet cells

ABSORPTIVE CELLS 1. Cells in duodenal mucosa with microvilli; produce digestive

enzymes and absorb food.

GOBLET CELLS 2. Cells in duodenal mucosa that produce mucus.

GRANULAR CELLS 3. Cells in duodenal mucosa that help protect intestinal epithelia
from bacteria.

ENDOCRINE CELLS 4. Cells in duodenal mucosa that produce regulatory hormones.

INTESTINAL GLANDS 5. Tubular glands at the base of villi; produce epithelial cells.

DUODENAL GLANDS 6. Mucous glands in the submucosa of the duodenum.

PEYER’S PATCHES 7. Clusters of lymph nodules in the ileum.

7
 Progressing sequentially from the duodenum to the jejunum and ileum, there is a gradual
decrease in diameter of the small intestine, a decrease in thickness of the intestinal wall,
and a decrease in the number of circular folds and villi.

Liver
❛❛The liver consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.❜❜
A. Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. HEPATIC ARTERY

Common bile duct Hepatic artery 2. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

Common hepatic duct Hepatic ducts
Cystic duct Hepatic portal vein 3. HEPATIC VEINS
Duodenal papilla Hepatic veins
Gallbladder 4. HEPATIC DUCTS
The liver has two sources of blood. The (1) brings oxygen-
5. COMMON HEPATIC DUCT
rich blood into the liver and the (2) carries blood that is
oxygen-poor but rich in absorbed materials from the
6. CYSTIC DUCT
digestive tract to the liver. Blood exits the liver through (3) .
Right and left (4) transport bile from the liver and join to
form the (5) . The common hepatic duct is joined by the (6) 7. COMMON BILE DUCT
from the gallbladder to form the (7) , which joins the
pancreatic duct to open into the duodenum at the (8) . The 8. DUODENAL PAPILLA
(9) is a small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores
bile. 9. GALLBLADDER

B. Match these terms with the Bile canaliculus Hepatic sinusoids

correct statement or definition: Central vein Lobules
Hepatic cords Portal triads
Hepatocytes

LOBULES 1. Subdivisions of the liver separated by connective tissue septa.

PORTAL TRIADS 2. Corners of a liver lobule where three vessels are commonly
located.

CENTRAL VEIN 3. Blood vessel in the center of each lobule.

HEPATOCYTES 4. Functional cells of the liver; produce bile.

HEPATIC CORDS 5. Platelike groups of hepatocytes between the central vein and
margins of each lobule.

BILE CANALICULUS 6. Cleft-like opening between the cells of each hepatic cord;
bile flows through this.

HEPATIC SINUSOIDS 7. Blood channels that separate the hepatic cords.

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C . Match these terms with Bile canaliculi
the correct parts labeled Central vein
1. HEPATIC CORDS
in figure 16.4: Hepatic cords
Hepatic sinusoid 2. BILE CANALICULI
Hepatocyte 3. HEPATOCYTE
Liver lobule
Portal triad 4. HEPATIC SINUSOID
5. PORTAL TRIAD
6. CENTRAL VEIN
7. LIVER LOBULE

Figure 16.4

Pancreas
❛❛The pancreas is a complex organ composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissues.❜❜
Match these terms with the Acini Pancreatic islets
correct statement or definition: Pancreatic duct

ACINI 1. Exocrine portions of pancreas; produce digestive enzymes.

PANCREATIC ISLETS 2. Endocrine portion of the pancreas that produces insulin and
glucagon.

PANCREATIC DUCT 3. Carries digestive enzymes; joins the common bile duct.

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 Large Intestine
❛❛The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Appendix Descending colon
correct statement or definition: Ascending colon Sigmoid colon
Cecum Teniae coli
Crypts Transverse colon

CECUM 1. Blind sac that extends inferiorly past the ileocecal junction.

APPENDIX 2. Small blind tube attached to the cecum.

ASCENDING COLON 3. Part of the colon closest to the cecum.

TRANSVERSE COLON 4. Extends from the right colic flexure to the left colic flexure.

DESCENDING COLON 5. Extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis.

SIGMOID COLON 6. S-shaped tube that ends at the rectum.

CRYPTS 7. Straight tubular glands in the mucosal lining of the colon.

TENIAE COLI 8. Three longitudinal smooth muscle bands that run the length of
the colon.

B. Match these terms with the Anal canal Internal anal sphincter
correct statement or definition: External anal sphincter Rectum

RECTUM 1. Straight, muscular tube between sigmoid colon and anal canal.

ANAL CANAL 2. The last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract.

INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER 3. Thick involuntary smooth muscle layer at the superior end of
the anal canal.

EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER 4. Voluntary skeletal muscle at the inferior end of the anal canal.

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 Peritoneum
❛❛The body walls and organs of the abdominal cavity are lined with serous membranes.❜❜
Match these terms with the Greater omentum Parietal peritoneum
correct statement or definition: Lesser omentum Retroperitoneal organs
Mesenteries Visceral peritoneum
Omental bursa

PARIETAL PERITONEUM 1. Serous membranes that cover the body wall of the
abdominopelvic cavity.

MESENTERIES 2. Connective tissue sheets; hold many abdominal organs in place.

LESSER OMENTUM 3. Mesentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the
liver and diaphragm.

OMENTAL BURSA 4. Pocket formed by the long, double fold of greater omentum.

RETRROPERITONEAL ORGANS 5. Abdominal organs that lie against the abdominal wall, and have
no mesenteries.

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus

❛❛Food is taken into the mouth, saliva is added, and the food is chewed and swallowed.❜❜
A. Match these terms with the Lysozyme Salivary amylase
correct statement or definition: Mucin

SALIVARY AMYLASE 1. Starch-digesting enzyme in the serous portion of saliva.

LYSOZYME 2. Enzyme in the serous portion of saliva that has a weak

antibacterial action.

MUCIN 3. Proteoglycan found in the mucous portion of saliva.

Salivary gland secretion is regulated primarily by the autonomic nervous system.

Parasympathetic stimulation increases the secretion of the salivary glands, whereas
sympathetic stimulation increases the mucus content of saliva.

B. Match these phases of Esophageal phase Voluntary phase

deglutition with the correct Pharyngeal phase
statement or definition:

VOLUNTARY PHASE 1. Phase of swallowing that involves forming a bolus of food and
forcing it into the oropharynx.

PHARYNGEAL PHASE 2. Reflex that involves closing the nasopharynx, forcing food
through the pharynx, and covering the opening into the larynx.

ESOPHAGEAL PHASE 3. Phase of swallowing that uses peristaltic waves to move food
from the pharynx to the stomach.

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C. Match these terms with the Epiglottis Pharyngeal constrictor
correct statement or definition: Peristaltic waves muscles

PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR MUSCLE 1. Muscles that force food through the pharynx.

EPIGLOTTIS 2. Part of the larynx that covers the opening into the larynx.

PERISTALTIC WAVES 3. Wave of contraction of circular esophageal muscles preceded

by a wave of relaxation.

Peristaltic contractions are sufficiently forceful to allow a person to swallow even while
standing on his head.

Stomach
❛❛The stomach functions primarily as a storage and mixing chamber for ingested food.❜❜
A . Match these terms with the Chyme Mucus
correct statement or definition: Gastrin Pepsin
Hydrochloric acid Pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor

CHYME 1. Semifluid mixture of food and stomach secretions.

MUCUS 2. Substance that lubricates and protects the epithelial cells of the
stomach wall.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID 3. Produces a low pH in the stomach and acts as an antimicrobial

agent.

PEPSINOGEN 4. Protein secreted by chief cells.

PEPSIN 5. Enzyme produced from the conversion of pepsinogen by

hydrochloric acid.

INTRINSIC FACTOR 6. Substance that binds with vitamin B12 and makes it more readily
absorbed in the ileum.

GASTRIN 7. Hormone secreted by the stomach; helps regulate stomach

secretions.

B. Match the phases of Cephalic phase

stomach secretion with the Gastric phase
correct statement or definition: Intestinal phase

CEPHALIC PHASE 1. Phase of stomach secretion that responds to taste, smell,

thoughts of food, and sensations of chewing and swallowing.

GASTRIC PHASE 2. Phase of stomach secretion that is initiated by the presence of

food in the stomach; greatest volume of gastric secretion.

INTESTINAL PHASE 3. Phase of stomach secretion that is controlled by the entrance of

acidic chyme into the duodenum.

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 1. INCREASE
C. Using the terms provided, complete these statements:
2. INCREASE
Decrease(s) Increase(s)
3. INCREASE
Several mechanisms regulate gastric secretions. Through the
medulla, the smell, taste, or thought of food can 4. INCREASE
(1) stomach secretion. As a result of parasympathetic
stimulation, gastrin is secreted, which travels through the 5. DECREASE
blood back to the stomach where it further (2) gastric
secretion. In the stomach, distention initiates reflexes that
6. DECREASE
(3) stomach secretions. In the duodenum, if chyme has a pH
of 3 or above, there is a(n) (4) in the secretion of gastrin. If
the chyme has a pH of 2 or below, the hormone secretin is
released, which (5) gastric secretions. Fatty acids or lipids in
the duodenum cause the secretion of cholecystokinin and
gastric inhibitory peptide, which also cause a (6) in gastric
secretions.

D. Match these terms with the Mixing waves

correct statement or definition: Peristaltic waves

MIXING WAVES 1. Relatively weak contractions of the stomach that cause ingested
food to be mixed with stomach secretions.

PERISTALTIC WAVES 2. Powerful contractions of the stomach that force chyme toward
the pyloric sphincter.

Small Intestine
❛❛Secretions from the mucosa of the small intestine include mucus, electrolytes, and water.❜❜
A. Match these terms with the Disaccharidases Peptidases
correct statement or definition: Mucus

PEPTIDASES 1. Enzymes on the surface of intestinal wall epithelial cells that

break down peptides into single amino acids.

DISACCHARIDASES 2. Enzymes on the surface of intestinal wall epithelial cells that

break down disaccharides to monosaccharides.

MUCUS 3. Secreted by duodenal glands and goblet cells.

Secretion by duodenal glands is stimulated by the vagus nerve, secretin release, and
chemical or tactile irritation of the duodenal mucosa.

13
B. Match these terms with the Peristaltic contractions
correct statement or definition: Segmental contractions

SEGMENTAL CONTRACTIONS 1. Propagated for short distances, and function to mix intestinal
contents.

PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS 2. Proceed along the small intestine for variable distances;
function to move chyme along the small intestine.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the duodenum and jejunum, although some absorption
also occurs in the ileum.

Liver
❛❛The liver performs important digestive and excretory functions, stores and processes nutrients,❜❜
synthesizes new molecules, and detoxifies harmful chemicals.

A. Match these terms with the Inhibits

correct statement or definition: Stimulates

STIMULATES 1. Effect of secretin on bile secretion.

STIMULATES 2. Effect of cholecystokinin on contraction of the gallbladder.

STIMULATES 3. Effect of parasympathetic stimulation on bile secretion and

release.

B. Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. BILE SALTS

Bile pigments Glycogen 2. BILE PIGMENTS

Bile salts Phospholipids
Blood proteins Store 3. STORE
Conversion Transformed
Detoxifies Urea 4. GLYCOGEN
Although bile does not contain digestive enzymes, it does
5. CONVERSION
have (1) , which emulsify fats. Bile also contains excretory
products such as (2) , cholesterol, and fats. Another function
6. TRANSFORMED
of the liver is to (3) fat, vitamins, copper, and iron. The liver
can also remove sugar from the blood and store it as (4) .
Another function that the liver performs is the (5) of 7. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
nutrients, in which the proportion of nutrients is controlled
by changing one type of nutrient into another (e.g., amino 8. DETOXIFIES
acids into glucose). Substances can be (6) to more readily
usable substances within the liver. Ingested fats, for example, 9. UREA
are combined with choline and phosphorus to produce (7) .
The liver also (8) many harmful substances by altering their 10. BLOOD PROTEINS
structure, such as converting ammonia to (9) . The liver can
also produce its own unique new compounds, including
albumins and other (10) .

14
 Pancreas
❛❛The exocrine secretions of the pancreas include bicarbonate ions and pancreatic enzymes.❜❜
A. Match these enzymes with the Lipases Pancreatic amylase
correct statement or definition: Nucleases Trypsin and
chymotrypsin

TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN 1. Major proteolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas.

PANCREATIC AMYLASE 2. Continues polysaccharide digestion that started in the oral

cavity.

LIPASES 3. Lipid-digesting enzymes.

NUCLEASES 4. Enzymes that break down DNA and RNA.

B. Match these hormones with the Cholecystokinin

correct statement or definition: Secretin

SECRETIN 1. Initiates the release of watery pancreatic solution that contains

bicarbonate ions.

CHOLECYSTOKININ 2. Stimulates release of an enzyme-rich solution from pancreas.

SECRETIN 3. Acidic chyme in duodenum stimulates release of this hormone.

CHOLECYSTOKININ 4. Presence of fatty acids and amino acids in duodenum

stimulates release of this hormone.

Large Intestine
❛❛While in the colon, chyme is converted to feces.❜❜
Match these terms with the Defecation Microorganisms
correct statement or definition: Defecation reflex Mucus
Mass movement Water and salts

WATER AND SALTS 1. Absorbed from chyme in the production of feces.

MUCUS 2. Secreted into chyme in the production of feces.

MICROORGANISM 3. Responsible for vitamin K synthesis and 30% of the dry weight
of feces.

DEFECATION 4. The process of elimination of feces.

MASS MOVEMENT 5. Strong peristaltic contractions that propel the contents of the
colon considerable distances.

DEFECATION REFLEX 6. Local and parasympathetic reflexes that result in relaxation of

the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the rectum.

15
 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
❛❛Digestion, absorption, and transport are components of nutrition.❜❜
Match these terms with the Absorption Fatty acids and glycerol
correct statement or definition: Amino acids Monosaccharides
Digestion Transport

DIGESTION 1. Breakdown of chemical bonds of organic molecules by digestive

enzymes.

ABSORPTION 2. Begins in the stomach; most occurs in the duodenum and

jejunum, although some occurs in the ileum.

TRANSPORT 3. Requires a carrier molecule; may require energy.

MONOSACCHARIDES 4. Product of carbohydrate digestion.

AMINO ACIDS 5. Product of protein digestion.

FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL 6. Products of lipid digestion.

Carbohydrates
❛❛Ingested carbohydrates consist primarily of starches, glycogen, sucrose, and small amounts of❜❜
lactose and fructose.

Match these terms with the Disaccharidase Pancreatic amylase

correct statement or definition: Glucose Polysaccharide
Insulin Salivary amylase

SALIVARY AMYLASE 1. Enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates in the

mouth.

PANCREATIC AMYLASE 2. Enzyme that continues starch digestion in the duodenum.

DISACCHARIDASE 3. Enzyme that is bound to the microvilli of intestinal epithelium.

GLUCOSE 4. Other monosaccharides are converted into this molecule by the

liver; transported by the circulatory system to cells that require
energy.

INSULIN 5. Hormone that greatly increases the rate of glucose transport

into most types of cells.

Glucose enters most cells by the process of facilitated diffusion and is used as a source of
energy.

16
 Lipids
❛❛Lipids are molecules that are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water.❜❜
Using the terms provided, complete these statements: 1. TRIACYGLYCEROLS

Bile salts Micelles 2. SATURATED

Chyle Saturated
Emulsification Triacylglycerols 3. UNSATURATED
Lipase Unsaturated
4. EMULSIFICATION
Lipids include triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids, and fat-
soluble vitamins. (1) (commonly called fats) consist of three fatty 5. BILE SALTS
acids bound to glycerol. Fats are (2) if their fatty acids have only
single bonds between carbon atoms, and (3) if they have one or more
6. LIPASE
double bonds between carbons. The first step in lipid digestion is (4)
, which is the transformation of large lipid droplets into much
smaller droplets. This process is accomplished by (5) secreted by the 7. MICELLES
liver. (6) secreted by the pancreas and intestinal absorptive cells
digests the lipids. Bile salts form around the small lipid droplets to 8. CHYLE
form (7) . The contents of these structures pass by simple diffusion
into the epithelial cells of the small intestine. The digested lipids are
packaged inside a protein coat and released into lacteals. The lipid-
rich lymph in these structures is called (8) , which is transported
through the lymphatic system to the blood. The blood transports the
digested lipids to adipose tissue and to the liver.

Proteins
❛❛Proteins are found in most plant and animal products we eat.❜❜
Match these terms with the Growth hormone Peptidases
correct statement or definition: Insulin Trypsin
Pepsin

PEPSIN 1. Enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller
polypeptide chains.

TRYPSIN 2. Enzyme produced by the pancreas that continues the digestion

of proteins started in the stomach; produces small peptide
chains.

PEPTIDASES 3. Enzymes bound to the microvilli of intestinal epithelial cells;

completes the breakdown of small peptide chains to release
amino acids.

INSULIN & GROWTH HORMONE 4. Two hormones that stimulate the uptake of amino acids by

cells.

Amino acids are used to form new proteins within cells. Some amino acids may be used
for energy.

17
 Water and Minerals
❛❛Water can move in either direction across the wall of the small intestine.❜❜
Match these terms with the Active transport Out of small intestine
correct statement or definition: Diffusion Reabsorption
Into small intestine

OUT OF SMALL INTESTINE 1. The direction of water movement when chyme is dilute.

REABSORPTION 2. Fate of 99% of the water that is secreted into the stomach or
small intestine.

ACTIVE TRANSPORT 3. Method of transport of sodium, potassium, and calcium,

magnesium, and phosphate ions out of the small intestine.

19