Module 4 - Deterministic Inventory Models
Module 4 - Deterministic Inventory Models
1. What are the costs optimized in the basic Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model?
The EOQ model minimizes the total cost which is the sum of order costs and the
inventory carrying (holding) costs.
2. What are the components of ordering cost?
The following are the components of ordering cost: Salaries of people in purchase
department, cost of consumables, cost of transportation, cost of inspection, cost of
follow up, cost of interstate tariff, cost of insurance.
3. What are the components of holding or carrying cost?
The following are components of carrying cost: Cost of (borrowed) capital, cost of
space, salaries of personnel, cost of power, cost of special facilities, cost of
insurance, cost of pilferage, cost of obsolescence.
4. What are the components of shortage cost?
The following are components of shortage costs: Loss of goodwill, less profit, cost of
additional transportation.
5. How are the ordering cost and carrying cost related at the EOQ?
At the EOQ, the total cost is minimum. The order cost is equal to the carrying cost at
the EOQ.
6. Why do we not consider the total annual cost of the item when we optimize for
theOrder Quantity?
We minimize the total cost for a given period (year). The annual demand is a
constant and is not dependent on the EOQ, Therefore we do not consider the annual
item cost while optimizing for the EOQ.
7. For the same data, does the model considering shortage give a higher order
quantityand total cost?
The basic EOQ model will have a higher total cost compared to the model with
backordering because the basic model restricts it by not allowing backordering.
8. How are the ordering cost, carrying cost and shortage cost related at the optimum
whenshortage cost is included?
In the model that includes shortages, the total order cost is equal to the sum of the
carrying costs and shortage costs.
9. How are the order quantities and backorder quantities related in the model
involvingbackordering?
S = QCc/(Cc + Cs).
10. In which model we explicitly consider the cost of purchase of the items? Why?
We include the cost of the item in discount models. Here the cost of the item
depends on the discount rates and hence affects the optimization.
11. What are the two types of discount models? What is the difference?
Two types of discount models are the all quantity discount and marginal quantity
discount. In the all quantity model, when ordered above a certain quantity all the
items get the discount. In the marginal model, when ordered above a certain
quantity, only the additional items get the discount.
12. Where would the order quantity lie in the two discount models with respect to the
pricebreak quantities?
In the all quantity discount model, it is beneficial to order at the quantity where
there is a price break. In the marginal model, the order quantity is much higher than
the price break to get best benefit from the model.
13. What happens when there is a price break at a quantity less than the EOQ?
When there is a price break at a quantity less than the EOQ, the EOQ gets redefined
and the order is placed at the new EOQ
14. What happens to the order quantity if there is a restriction on the number of orders
andon total budget in a multiple item model and the EOQ violates both?
If the EOQs violate both the number of order restriction and budget restriction, it is
infeasible. One of the conditions have to be relaxed to create a feasible situation.
15. What happens to the order quantity if there is a restriction on the total space and
ontotal budget in a multiple item model and the EOQ violates both?
If the EOQ violates both, we should try one constraint at a time. One of the solutions
will be feasible to the other and this should be used.
16. What is the methodology used to solve multiple item constrained inventory
problems?Explain?
Multiple item constrained inventory problems are solved using Lagrangean
multipliers. The EOQs are computed and if they violate the constraint, this method is
used. The constraint is converted to an equation and the technique is applied.
17. Consider a two item inventory problem. If there is no saving due to joint ordering,
wouldit still be advantageous to consider joint ordering? Why or why not?
When there is no saving due to joint ordering, it will not be advantageous to
consider joint ordering because the EOQ will be optimum.
18. How are the batch quantities and backorder quantities related in the
productionconsumptionmodel involving backordering?
Im + s = QCc/(CC + Cs)
19. Where is the saving when we consider joint ordering of items?
Joint ordering of items result in the cycle times being equal or in integral multiples.
Since cycle times synchronize, the gain is in the savings in truck cost.
20. In multiple item inventory models the orders for individual items are integral
multiplesof other and some orders are synchronized. This model can give less cost
whencompared to the model with equal number of orders and joint ordering. Why?
When orders are synchronized, the order quantities get adjusted and there is saving
in truck cost. Equal orders can sometimes result in large quantities for some items.
Problems
1. Find the EOQ given D = 14000, C0 = 400, C = 40 and i = 20%. Find TC, N and T?
EOQ = 1183.32, N = 11.83 orders and T = 0.084 year
2. Given D = 14000, C = 40 and i = 20%. Find the value of C0 if Q = 1500?
Q is given and C0 is to be found. Substituting in the EOQ formula, we get C0 =
642.857.
3. Find the EOQ given D = 14000, C0 = 400, C = 40 and i = 20% and Cs = Rs 20/unit/year
Find TC, N and T? Is TC less when Cs is not considered?
EOQ (without Cs) = 1449.14; TC = 11593.1; With Cs, EOQ = 1714.64; TC = 9797.96. We
observe that for the same data, TC reduces when we consider Cs.
4. Find the EOQ given D = 16000, C0 = 600, C = 80 and i = 20% and Cs = Rs 30/unit/year.
Find TC, N and T?
EOQ (including Cs) = 1385.64; N = 11.55; T = 0.086 years = 31.6 days; TC = 13856.4
5. Given D = 14000, C = 40 and i = 20%. The supplier is willing to give an all
quantitydiscount of 2% if Q ≥ 2000 and 4% when Q ≥ 5000? Which is profitable?
Assume C0 = 400; EOQ = 1183.22; TC (including item cost) = 9465.73 + 14000x40 =
569465.73.
At Q = 2000 C = 39.2. TC = 2800 + 7840 + 14000x39.2 = 559440
At Q = 5000 C = 38.4. TC = 1120 + 19200 + 537600 = 557920.
It is profitable to accept 2% discount at Q = 2000.
6. Given D = 14000, C = 40 and i = 20%. The supplier is willing to give an all
quantitydiscount of 1% if Q ≥ 1500 and 3% when Q ≥ 5000? Which is profitable? How
do youcompute the order quantity when the discount is for a quantity less than
EOQ?
Assume C0 = 400; EOQ = 1183.22; TC (including item cost) = 9465.73 + 14000x40 =
569465.73.
At Q = 2000 C = 39.6. TC = 2800 + 7920 + 14000x39.6 = 565120
At Q = 5000 C = 38.8. TC = 1120 + 19400 + 543200 = 563720.
It is profitable to accept 3% discount at Q = 5000. The EOQ in this case is 1183.22.
Assume that we get 1% discount at 1000. Now, C = 39.6 Cc = 7.92, Substituting, we
get EOQ = 1189.18. There is a slight increase in EOQ.
7. Given D = 14000, C = 40 and i = 20%. The supplier is willing to give an all
quantitydiscount of 2% if Q ≥ 2000 and 4% when Q ≥ 5000? There is also a marginal
quantitydiscount of 5% and 10% at quantities 2000 and 5000 respectively. Find the
best orderingpolicy under the conditions?
Assume C0 = 400. At EOQ, TC = 569465.73. At Q = 2000, C = 39.2, TC = 559440.
At Q = 4000, C = 0.96x40 = 38.4, TC = 557920.
Marginal discount of 5% at 2000; Q = 4026.23 and TC = 558258.31
Marginal discount of 10% at 5000; Q = 7986.09, TC = 559393.81.
Marginal quantity of 5% at 2000 has minimum cost. TC = 559440 at Q = 2000 and 2%
all quantity discount. This can also be considered.
8. Given D = 14000, C = 40 and i = 20%. The supplier is willing to give an all
quantitydiscount of 1% if Q ≥ 1500 and 3% when Q ≥ 5000? There is also a marginal
quantitydiscount of 2% and 10% at quantities 1500 and 5000 respectively. Find the
best orderingpolicy under the conditions?
Assume C0 = 400. At EOQ, TC = 569465.73. At Q = 1500, C = 39.6, TC = 3733.33 +
5940 + 554400 = 564073.333
At Q = 5000 C = 38.8. TC = 1120 + 19400 + 543200 = 563720.
At Q = 1500, marginal discount of 2%, Q = 2420.15 and TC = 574417.57
At Q = 5000, marginal discount of 10%, Q = 7986.09 and TC = 559393.81.
The 10% marginal discount at 5000 gives the lowest TC. This can be chosen. The
ordering quantity is very high and more money is locked in inventory.
9. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 12000, D2 = 16000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. There is a limit of 15 on the total number of orders. Find the
orderquantities? Derive expressions used?
Item 1: EOQ = 1224.74, N = 9.8; TC = 19596; Item 2: EOQ = 1788.85, N = 8.94, TC =
17888.5. The total number of orders is 18.74 which exceed the limit of 15. We use
the Lagrangean multiplier method to get N1 = 7.844 with Q1 = 1529.8 and TC1 =
20078.4. N2 = 7.152, Q2 = 1432.41 and TC = 18337.7. The total cost increases.The
expressions are derived in the video lectures.
10. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 12000, D2 = 16000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. There is a limit of Rs 80000 on the money value of
averageinventory. Find the order quantities? Derive expressions used?
Continuing from the earlier problem, average inventory for item 1 = QC/2 = 48989.6,
for item 2 it is 44721.25. Total = 93710.85 which exceeds 80000. We use the
Lagrangean multiplier method to get Q1 = 1045.55 and TC1 = 19841.6. Q2 = 1526.96
and TC = 18113.12. The total cost increases. The expressions are derived in the video
lectures.
11. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 12000, D2 = 16000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. There is a limit of 10 on the total number of orders but joint
ordersare acceptable. Derive expressions used?
We assume that since joint orders are acceptable, both items have equal number of
orders n. There is no gain in order cost due to joint ordering. TC = 2000n + 96000/n +
80000/n. Solving, we get n = 9.38 TC = 37525. At EOQ for both items, TC = 37484.5
which is optimum in this case.
12. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 12000, D2 = 16000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. There is a limit of Rs 80000 on the money value of
averageinventory. There is also a space restriction of 80000 on the space for average
inventory.The two items require space of 100 and 60. Find the order quantities?
Deriveexpressions used?
We have solved the first part in an earlier question. The answer is Q1 = 1045.55 and
TC1 = 19841.6. Q2 = 1526.96 and TC = 18113.12. The average space requirement is
98086.3 which exceeded the available space of 80000. An approximation would give
us Q1 = 852.76 with TC = 20894. Q2 = 1245.39 with TC = 19074.33. TC = 39968.33.
13. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. The company has a policy of ordering the items together
eventhough there is no gain. What is their % loss when compared to the EOQ
solutions?
At EOQ, Q1 = 1500 and TC1 = 24000, Q2 = 2000. TC2 = 20000, TC = 44000.
When ordered together TC = 2000n + 144000/n + 100000/n. Differentiating, we get
n = 11.045 with TC = 44181.44. There is a 0.41% increase.
14. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 = 80
and C2 = 50, i = 20%. The order cost has two components – an administrative cost of
400 and truck cost of 600. The company can save one truck cost if the items are
orderedtogether. Find the %gain compared to EOQ?
At EOQ, Q1 = 1500, TC = 24000, Q2 = 2000, TC = 20000. Total = 44000. When ordered
jointly, C0 = 1400, n = 13.02 and TC = 36447.83. % gain = 20.72%
15. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 = 80
and C2 = 50, i = 20%. The order cost has two components – an administrative cost of
400and truck cost of 600. The company can save one truck cost if the items are
ordered together. Consider also the case of orders being a multiple of other and
partly jointordered. Does the cost reduce further?
In the previous question, we obtained n = 13.02 and TC = 36447.83
. Comparing the EOQs, we have N1 = 12 and N2 = 10. They seem to be equal and the
costs are also equal. It is likely that this will be the best. However we try 2n orders
for item 1 and n orders for item 2. We get n = 8.47 and TC = 40634.96. The solution
with equal orders looks the best.
16. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80and C2 = 50, i = 20%. The order cost has two components – an administrative cost
of 400and truck cost of 600. The company can save one truck cost if the items are
ordered together. The company has an additional restriction that the maximum
amount ofmoney invested in inventory at any point should not exceed Rs 1.5 lakhs.
Find the orderquantities?
From an earlier question, we have n = 13.02 and TC = 36447.83. The average
inventory cost is 93702.85. The restriction is Rs 1.5 lakhs. The given solution is
optimum.
17. Given D = 14000, C0 = 400, C = 40 P = 20000/year and i = 20%. Find the production
quantity Q, TC, N and T?
Q = 2160.25; N = 6.48, T = 0.154 year = 56.32 days; TC = 5184
18. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 = 80
and C2 = 50, i = 20%. Use P = 25000 for both the items. Find the individual production
quantities Q and verify if the production cycles clash or not?
Assume C0 = 400. Using a production consumption model, we have Q1 = 1792.84. T =
36.35 days, t1 = 26.18 days. Consumption time = 26.18 days. For item 2, Q2 =
2828.43, T = 51.62. Production time = 41.29 days. Since production time of item 2 is
more than the consumption time of item 1, there is a clash.
19. Given D = 14000, C0 = 400, C = 40 P = 20000/year, Cs = 20/unit/year and i = 20%. Find
the production quantity Q, TC, s, Imax, N and T?
Q = 2556.03, TC = 4381.78, s = 219.08, Im = 511.21
20. Consider two items with the following data D1 = 18000, D2 = 20000, C0 = 1000, C1 =
80,C2 = 50, Cs = 50/unit/year and i = 20%. Use P = 25000 for both the items. Find the
individual production quantities Q and verify if the production cycles clash or not?
Q1 = 3256.86, T = 66 days, Production time = Q/P = 47.55 days, consumption time =
18.45 days. For item 2, Q = 4898.98, T = 89.4 days, Production time = Q/P = 71.52
days. Consumption time = 17.87 days. Since production time of first item is more
than the consumption time of second item, we have a clash.