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    Chapter 4 FLS

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    nurul najwa
    This document discusses phonons and crystal vibrations. It defines a phonon as a quantum of energy associated with vibrations in a crystal lattice. It describes phonons arising from vibrations with one or two atoms per primitive cell. Phonons exhibit dispersion relations that relate their frequency to their wavelength or wave vector. Phonons can have longitudinal or transverse polarizations depending on the direction of atomic vibrations. Both acoustic and optical phonon branches exist, with optical phonons having a frequency gap at zero wave vector.

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    Chapter 4 FLS

    Uploaded by

    nurul najwa
    120 views30 pages
    This document discusses phonons and crystal vibrations. It defines a phonon as a quantum of energy associated with vibrations in a crystal lattice. It describes phonons arising from vibrations with one or two atoms per primitive cell. Phonons exhibit dispersion relations that relate their frequency to their wavelength or wave vector. Phonons can have longitudinal or transverse polarizations depending on the direction of atomic vibrations. Both acoustic and optical phonon branches exist, with optical phonons having a frequency gap at zero wave vector.

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    This document discusses phonons and crystal vibrations. It defines a phonon as a quantum of energy associated with vibrations in a crystal lattice. It describes phonons arising from vibrations with one or two atoms per primitive cell. Phonons exhibit dispersion relations that relate their frequency to their wavelength or wave vector. Phonons can have longitudinal or transverse polarizations depending on the direction of atomic vibrations. Both acoustic and optical phonon branches exist, with optical phonons having a frequency gap at zero wave vector.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views30 pages

    Chapter 4 FLS

    Uploaded by

    nurul najwa
    This document discusses phonons and crystal vibrations. It defines a phonon as a quantum of energy associated with vibrations in a crystal lattice. It describes phonons arising from vibrations with one or two atoms per primitive cell. Phonons exhibit dispersion relations that relate their frequency to their wavelength or wave vector. Phonons can have longitudinal or transverse polarizations depending on the direction of atomic vibrations. Both acoustic and optical phonon branches exist, with optical phonons having a frequency gap at zero wave vector.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    CHAPTER 4.

    Phonons Crystal Vibrations

    • Vibrations of Crystals with Monatomic Basis


    • Two Atoms per Primitive Basis
    • Quantization of Elastic Waves
    • Phonon Momentum
    • Inelastic Scattering by Phonons
    Photons Phonons

    Collection of vibrational energy produced


    Fundamental particle of light
    by the oscillating atoms in a lattice crystal

    2
    What is Phonon?

    A quantum of energy or a quasiparticle associated with a compressional wave


    such as sound or a vibration of a crystal lattice.

    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    MONOATOMIC LATTICE
    Propagation along high symmetry directions → 1-D problem

    longitudinal wave transverse wave


    Important terms in this chapter

    Omega v/s K graph

    Dispersion relations describe the effect of dispersion in a medium on the


    properties of a wave traveling within that medium.

    A dispersion relation relates the wavelength or wavenumber of a wave to


    its frequency.

    K
    Wave vector, is a vector which helps describe a wave. Like any vector, it has a magnitude and direction

    10
    11
    OR

    12
    Entire plane of atoms moving in phase → 1-D problem

    Force on sth plane = Fs = −C (us − us +1 ) − C (us − us −1 ) (only neighboring planes interact )

    d 2us
    Equation of motion: M 2
    = C (us +1 + us −1 − 2us )
    dt

    us (t ) = us e − i ω t → − M ω 2us = C (us +1 + us −1 − 2us )


    2C
    u s = u0 e i K a s → − M ω 2 = C (ei K a + e − i K a − 2 ) ω2 = (1 − cos Ka )
    M
    Dispersion relation

    4C 2 1
    ω2 = sin Ka
    M 2

    4C 1
    ω= sin Ka
    M 2
    Try it yourself!!

    Buktikan bahawa

    14
    Announcement
    Week 11 presentation week

    TAJUK TUGASAN: Ball & stick model

    Arahan: Bina 14 model Bravais Lattices berdasarkan 7 sistem


    menggunakan toothpick & plastesin ikut kreativiti. Bentangkan secara
    terperinci mengenai parameter (a dan sudut), contoh- contoh jika
    Tugasan (20%) terdapat dlm bentuk SC, BCC, FCC. Sertakan contoh setiap satu.
    Cthnya: Cubic: NaCl.

    Kumpulan akan membentangkan pada minggu ke 11 dan 13.

    Group 1: Cubic Group 2: Triclinic

    Group 3: Monoclinic Group 4: Tetragonal

    Group 5: Rhombohedral Group 6: Hexagonal

    Group 7: Orthorombic
    15
    16
    17
    18
    IN DETAILS:
    Two Atoms per Primitive Basis

    d 2us
    M 1 2 = C (vs + vs −1 − 2us )
    dt
    d 2 vs
    M 2 2 = C (us +1 + us − 2vs )
    dt

    us = uei s K a − iω t − M 1ω 2u = Cv (1 + e − i K a )− 2Cu
    →
    vs = ve i s K a −iω t
    − M 2ω 2 v = Cu (1 + ei K a )− 2Cv

    2C − M 1ω 2 −C (1 + e − i K a )
    = 0 = M 1M 2ω 4 − 2C (M 1 + M 2 )ω 2 + 2C 2 (1 − cos Ka )
    −C (1 + ei K a ) 2C − M 2ω 2
    IN DETAILS:
    M 1M 2ω 4 − 2C (M 1 + M 2 )ω 2 + 2C 2 (1 − cos Ka ) = 0

    IMPORTANT!!
    " # 1 1 $
    % 2 C & + ' optical
    % M
    ( 1 M 2 )
    Ka → 0: ω2 ! *
    % C Gap
    K 2a2 acoustical
    % 2 (M 1 + M 2 )
    +

    Ka → π: 2
    "# 2C / M 2 optical
    (M1 >M2 ) ω !$
    #% 2C / M 1 acoustical

    # 2C − M 1ω 2 −C (1 + e − i K a )$ # u $
    % &% & = 0
    % −C (1 + e ) 2C − M 2ω & ' v (
    i K a 2
    ' (

    Transverse case:
    u M
    TO branch, Ka → 0: =− 2
    v M1
    TA branch, Ka → 0: u
    =1
    v
    21
    Dispersion relation
    For a one-
    dimensional
    alternating array of
    two types of ion or
    atom of mass m1, m2
    repeated periodically
    at a distance a,
    connected by springs
    of spring constant K,
    two modes of
    vibration result

    22
    Acoustic and optical phonon ONLY happen in solid with more than one atoms !!!

    23
    24
    QUIZ 1

    IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF
    OPTICAL PHONON OR
    ACOUSTIC PHONON?

    25
    QUIZ 2

    IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF OPTICAL PHONON


    OR ACOUSTIC PHONON?

    26
    Optical phonons are out-of-phase
    movement of the atoms in the
    lattice, one atom moving to the
    left, and its neighbour to the right

    27
    28
    Phonon Momentum

    Scattering of a phonon with other particles behaves as if it has momentum h K

    E.g., elastic scattering of X-ray: k! = k + G G = reciprocal lattice vector

    ( whole crystal recoil with momentum h G / Bragg reflection)

    Inelastic scattering with a phonon created: k! + K = k + G


    K is phonon creation
    wave vector
    Inelastic scattering with a phonon absorbed: k! = k + G + K
    30

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