0% found this document useful (0 votes)

115 views75 pages

Applied Electronics

This document provides information about safety precautions and laboratory instruments. It discusses important safety guidelines when working in the electrical engineering lab, such as only working with authorized persons, prohibiting food or bags, and ensuring proper equipment usage. Precautions for high voltage circuits and hazardous materials are covered. Common laboratory instruments like voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters and oscilloscopes are introduced for measuring voltage, current, power and signals. The document aims to familiarize students with proper lab equipment use and safety procedures.

Uploaded by

GulMuhammadShah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

115 views75 pages

Applied Electronics

Uploaded by

GulMuhammadShah

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 75

Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Table of Contents
S
Topic Page
No
#
1. To learn about Electric Shock and Safety persuasions

2. Laboratory instruments

3. Familiarization with the working principle of Photodiode

Characteristics curve of the Phototransistor: I c= f (V ce) with

4.
constant irradiation
Understanding the types of Temperature Control using Bridge
5.
Temperature Control Experiment
LDR (CdS) based Automatic Light Dimming Circuit
6. Familiarization with working principle of LDR using Thyristor
proportional gate controller
Familiarization with working principle of OP-AMP operating in
7.
Inverting Mode

Familiarization with working principle of OP-AMP operating in

8.
Non-Inverting Mode

Familiarization with the working principle of OP-AMP operating at

9.
Integrator Mode
Familiarization with working principle of OP-AMP operating as
10.
differentiator Mode
11. Familiarization with the working principle of Op amp as Oscillator

Familiarization with the working principle of 555 timer operating as

12.
Oscillator

13. Characteristics of photo couplers

14. Characteristics of Ramp Generator

15. Verification of the integrity of the Junction of a BJT Transistor
Characteristic Curve of Transistor operating in Common Emitter
16. Mode

1 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 01

SAFETY AID

Name: _ Roll No:

Score: ___ Signature of the Lab Engr: _ Date: ___

TO STUDY PRECAUTION OF ELECTRIC SHOCK AND SAFETY AID

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

 Understand the precautionary steps.

 Understand the need of safety.

Discussion:

• Only students participating in scheduled classes and persons authorized according to

separate regulations are allowed to stay and work in the laboratory room.
• It is forbidden to stay in the laboratory room under the influence of alcohol, narcotic
drugs or stimulants.
• At the laboratory stands-including under the tables and by the tables—it is forbidden
to:
o Put any objects other than laboratory equipment, computers and notepads;
o Consume food;
o Store outer garment, umbrellas, bags etc.
• It is forbidden to lay down cables or place any objects in walking accessible space.
• Before using any device or laboratory unit one must get acquainted with its operation
manual, paying particular attention to advices and warnings related to equipment and
user safety.
• Laboratory devices and units should be used for purposes they are intended for, in
the way described in their operation manuals and only within the scope of the work
being carried out. The equipment should be operated in a careful, delicate and
thoughtful manner, bearing in mind its high value.
• Equipment used and investigated circuits intended to be supplied from the mains
should be connected using the protective earth (PE). Using sockets— including
extension cords—lacking a PE connector is prohibited.
Exceptions from this rule are admissible if:
o it is explicitly permitted in the operation or exercise manual,

2 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

o the unit has a factory-made two-connector (L and N) plug,

o the unit is supplied though an isolating transformer,

o Connecting the protective earth makes carrying out a given

experiment impossible as a rule, which has been stated by the
supervisor of the work.
 Students can use the three—phase mains only upon explicit consent
of their teacher or supervisor.
• Working with circuits supplied with a voltage higher than the extra—low voltage is
only allowed in presence of another person and requires special caution.
• Changes and switch-over in circuits supplied with a voltage higher than the extra—
low voltage or including high-current or inductive loops can only be made after
disconnecting or switching off the power source.
• One should not touch metal surfaces and elements of supplied circuits because of the
risk of shock or scald. Safety—grounded housings in justified cases are an exception.
• During works involving formation of noxious fumes, appropriate room ventilation
must be assured. For reasons of hygiene, the room should be aired after each class by
repealing both windows and opening the door at the same time.
• Works involving any risk of objects getting into the eye (burst, tear, splash etc.) must
be carried out using safety glasses.
• Before starting the experimental part of an exercise, one must get acquainted with
measurement set-up description and safety guidelines included in the exercise
manual and other manuals available at the laboratory stand.
• In circuits under investigation, the power supply can only be turned on after
obtaining teacher’s explicit consent and after the measurement set-up is checked by
the teacher. This also applies to re-supplying the circuit after changes are made to the
measurement set-up.
• In case anomalies in device operation or device malfunction are observed, the device
should be promptly turned off and a LAB employee should be notified.
• Only teachers and technical staff are authorized to assembly, disassembly or repair
educational set—ups and laboratory equipment

3 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Questions:

1) What precautions should be taken in laboratory while performing practical?

2) What is the importance of safety?

3) Write any two important safety precautions.

Conclusion:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

References:

Lab Experiment – 01 SAFETY AID

1) To study precaution of electric shock and safety aid.
2) www.osha.gov/Publications/electrical_safety.html
3) www.lanl.gov/safety/electrical/docs/elec_hazard
4) www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009

4 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 02

LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY MEASURING INSTRUMENTS & THEIR

APPLICATIONS
Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

 Understand the use of various equipment’s in the lab.

 Understand the kits usage.

Goals:
• Understand the connection of voltmeter, ammeter, Wattmeter and Oscilloscope in
electric circuit.
• Understand the applications of Function Generator, Oscilloscope & Power supply.
• Use the digital multi-meter (DMM) during laboratory exercise.
• Experience various laboratory equipment’s used during linear circuit analysis.

Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter

Oscillator Function Generator Dc Supply

Fig: 2.1 various Multimeters

5 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Ammeter:

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.

Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Instruments used to measure
smaller currents, in the milli-ampere or microampere range, are designated as milli-
ammeters or micro-ammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments which relied on
the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments
were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements
in electric power systems.

Fig: 2.2 Ammeter connected in circuit

Voltmeter:

A voltmeter, also known as a voltage meter, is an instrument used for measuring the
potential difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical or electronic circuit.
Some voltmeters are intended for use in direct current (DC) circuits; others are designed for
alternating current (AC) circuits. Specialized voltmeters can measure radio frequency (RF)
voltage.

A basic analog voltmeter consists of a sensitive galvanometer (current meter) in series with
a high resistance. The internal resistance of a voltmeter must be high.

A digital voltmeter shows voltage directly as numerals. Some of these meters can determine
voltage values to several significant figures. Practical laboratory voltmeters have maximum
ranges of 1000 to 3000 volts (V). Most commercially manufactured voltmeters have several
scales, increasing in powers of 10; for example, 0-1 V, 0-10 V, 0-100 V, and 0-1000 V.

Fig: 2.3 Connection of Ammeter and voltmeter

6 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Wattmeter:

It is an instrument that measures electric power. A variety of wattmeter is available to

measure the power in ac circuits. They are generally classified by names descriptive of their
operating principles. Determination of power in dc circuits is almost always done by
separate measurements of voltage and current. However, some of the instruments described
will also function in dc circuits, if desired.

Probably the most useful instrument in the measurement of ac power at

commercial frequencies is the indicating (deflecting) electrodynamics wattmeter. It is
similar in principle to the double-coil dc ammeter or voltmeter in that it depends on the
interaction of the fields of two sets of coils, one fixed and the other movable.

Fig: 2.4 Connections of Watt meter

Oscilloscope:

An oscilloscope draws a graph of an electrical signal. In most applications the graph shows
how signals change over time, with the vertical (Y) axis representing voltage and the
horizontal (X) axis representing time. You can find out many things about a signal from this
graph, including:
• The time and voltage values of a signal.
• The frequency of an oscillating signal.
• How much of a signal is direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC).

Fig: 2.5 Digital Oscilloscopes

7 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

A stand-alone oscilloscope looks like a small television set, except that it has a grid
(called a graticule) drawn on its screen and it has more controls than a television. The
front panel of an oscilloscope normally has control sections divided into vertical,
horizontal, and trigger sections.

Oscilloscopes are used by anyone who needs to monitor or analyze a regularly occurring, or
cyclic, phenomenon.

Function Generator:

A signal generator can produce any of various selectable waveforms, such as those of sine,
square, and saw tooth waves, over a wide range of frequencies. It is also called waveform
generator.
It is a circuit or device within an analog computer whose output signal corresponds to the value of a given
function. As its input variables vary, so does its output.

DC Power supply:

A DC power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more DC electric
loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical
energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy
(e.g., mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A DC regulated power supply is one
that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held
nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power
supply's energy source.

An AC powered unregulated power supply usually uses a transformer toconvert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to
produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage,
followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors,
to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage
component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon
Whether half- or full-wave rectification is used) ripple is unavoidably superimposed on the
direct output voltage.
Multimeter (DMM):

A multimeter is an electrical instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and

resistance. Digital multimeters have numerical displays, like digital clocks, for indicating the
quantity of voltage, current, or resistance. Analog multimeters indicate these quantities by
means of a moving pointer over a printed scale.

Analog multimeter tends to be less expensive than digital multimeters and more beneficial as
learning tools for the first-time student of electricity. I strongly recommend purchasing an
analog multimeter before purchasing a digital multimeter, but to eventually have both in
your tool kit for these experiments.
8 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Questions:

1) What is Oscilloscope?
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2) How ammeter and voltmeter are connected in circuit?
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3) How a wattmeter is connected in circuit?

Conclusion:
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

References:
1) Manual of Function Generator
2) Manual of Uni T Multimeter

9 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 03

PHOTO DIODE
Name:________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PHOTO DIODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working principle of photodiode.
 Understand various mode of operation of photodiode.
 Understand the reverse bias operation of photodiode.
 Understand the concept of dark current in photodiode.

Equipment’s:

 Power Module PS 1 – PSU / EV.

 C 16 / EV Photo electronic Module.
 Milli ammeter.
 Voltmeter.
 Connecting wires.

Note:

 Hands should be kept away while taking readings to avoid any errors.
 Check that nothing is in between LED 5 and P D.
 Follow the procedure to connect the module properly.
 Before switching on your circuit, please get it checked by you teacher.
Discussion:

A photodiode is a two terminal PN junction device which operates in reverse bias. It has a
small transparent window, which allows light to strike the PN junction. Fig. 1.1 and fig. 1.2
shows the structure and schematic symbol of a photodiode.

10 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Circuit:

Fig. 3.3 wiring diagram of photo diode

Definition:
Photodiode is a special diode which works on the intensity of light. As light falls
over its junction it will conduct current and allow to pass it.
Representing symbol is given below.

Working principle:
• The photodiode is a device that operates in reverse bias. As shown in Figure, where Iλ is the
reverse current.
• The photodiode has a small transparent window that allows light to strike the pn junction.
• When reverse-biased. A rectifier diode has a very small reverse leakage current. The same is
true for a photodiode.
• The reverse-biased current is produced by thermally generated electron-hole pairs in the
depletion region which are swept across the junction by the electric field created by the
reverse voltage.
• Figure and representing symbol is shown below

Fig: 3.4 photo diode in a circuit and typical photo diodes

11 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

• A photodiode differs from a rectifier diode in that when its pn junction is exposed to light,
the reverse current increases with the light intensity

• When there is no incident light. The reverse current, IA is almost negligible and is called the
dark current.

• An increase in the amount of light intensity, expressed as irradiance (mW/cm2), produces an

increase in the reverse current, as shown by the graph.

Fig: 3.5 general graph of photo diode

Circuit to show the working of photodiode is given below

Fig: 3.6 photo diode operation

12 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Procedure:

1. Plug the power module PS 1 – PSU / EV and set output voltage to 4 V using the
multi meter.
2. Connect the kit C 16 / EV with power module PS 1- PSU / EV (voltage must be set
to 4 Volts).
3. Set P4 to minimum.
4. Connect terminal 15 with ground.
5. Measure voltage across Photo Diode by connecting voltmeter across terminals 16
and 17; without connecting the ammeter between terminals 12 13.
6. Now connect ammeter between terminal 12 &13 and measure the reading from
ammeter.
7. Keeping the ammeter connected, measure the voltage across terminal 16-17 again
and take reading.

Reading from step 5 = ________________________

Reading from step 6 = ________________________

Reading from step 7 = ________________________

8. Now by varying P4 complete table below.

Observation Table 3.1

Sr. I (mA) VPD (V) VR9 (V) IPD( )
No. [12-13] [16-17] [17-grd]
1 3.0

2 6.0

3 9.0

4 12.0

5 15.0

13 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Questions:

1) Write two modes of operation of photodiodes.

2) When used as detector, photodiode is operated in which mode of operation.

3) What is the main disadvantage of using photodiode in reverse biased mode?

3) Mention few applications of photodiode.

References:
1) C16/EV manual
2) Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino
3) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiode
4) www.radio-electronics.com/…semicond/photo_diode

14 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 04

PHOTO TRANSISTOR
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF THE PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working principle of phototransistor.
 Understand relationship between collector current versus collector emitter Voltage.
 Understand the effect of various biasing voltages on operation of phototransistor.
 Understand the concept of dark current in phototransistor.

Equipments:

 Power Module PS 1 – PSU / EV.

 C 16 / EV Photo electronic Module.
 Digital voltmeter (3 digit and ½).
 Milli ammeter.
 Connecting wires.

Note:

 Hands should be kept away while taking readings to avoid any errors.
 Check that nothing is in between LED 6 and P T.
 Follow the procedure to connect the module properly.
 Before switching on your circuit, please get it checked by you teacher.

Discussion:

A phototransistor is a light-sensitive transistor. A common type of phototransistor, called a

photo bipolar transistor, is in essence a bipolar transistor encased in a transparent case so that
light can reach the base–collector junction.

15 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Symbols:

Types of Photo transistor

A) Three lead photo transistor
B) Two lead photo transistor.
a) Three lead photo transistor
In three lead configurations the base is electrically available & the device
can be used by light as input and also as normal BJT.
b) Two lead photo transistor
In two lead configurations the base is not electrically available & the device
can use as only light sensitive.
Characteristics curves of phototransistor & bias circuit of phototransistor

Fig: 4.1 characteristic curve and structure of photo transistor

The phototransistor has a light sensitive collector to base junction a lens in a transistor
package to expose base to an incident light. When no light is incident, small leakage current
flows from collector to emitter called(1+β)ICO=ICEO, due to small thermal generation. This is
very small current, of the order of nA. This is called dark current.
When the base is exposed to the light, the base current is produced which is proportional
to the light intensity. Resulting collector current is given by
IC= (1+β) (ICO+IL)

16 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Fig. 4.1 and fig. 4.2 shows the structure and schematic symbol of a phototransistor. Circuit:

Fig. 4.2 wiring diagram of photo transistor

Procedure:

1. Plug the power module PS 1 – PSU / EV and set output voltage, in the variable
section to minimum.
2. Connect the kit C 16 / EV with power module PS 1- PSU / EV via constant 5 Volt
output.
3. Set P5 & P6 to minimum.
4. Connect terminal 21 with ground.
5. Connect terminal 22 and 23.
6. Insert the Milliammeter between the terminals 18 & 19.
7. Apply DC voltage ranging from 0 to 24 V (positive pole in the terminal 25) between
terminals 25 and ground: this voltage is indicated with abbreviationVA.

8. Insert the voltmeter between the terminals 26 and ground, for readingVCE , and
between the terminals 25& 26, for the determination ofIC . Knowing that the value

ofR11is 560Ω,Icwould be equal to:

IC=VR11/R11

9. Now by varying P5 and setting VA, complete tables below.

17 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation Table 4.1

Sr. I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Observation Table 4.2

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Sr.

1
2

18 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation Table 4.3

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Sr.

4
5

Observation Table 4.4

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Sr.

19 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Draw the graph:

Graph: 4.1 curves of photo transistor

Review Questions:
1) What are advantages & applications of two and three lead phototransistors?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

2) What do you mean by dark current?

3) Can two lead photo transistors operate as normal BJT??

References:
1) Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino
2) www.radio-electronics.com/info/data/semicond/
3) C16/EV manual

20 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 5

Thermistor
Proportional Temperature Control

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WIH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THERMISTOR TO

CONTROL TEMPERATURE

Objective:

 Understanding the types and principle of temperature controllers

 Performing a proportional temperature control
 Thermistor working and resistance variation due to change in temperature

Equipments:

1. Power supply unit kl-51001

2. Isolation transformer kl-58002
3. Module kl-53008
4. Multimeter

Description of Experiment Circuit:

VR1 5K DV
12 V
NO
AC 12 V
Com
NC
TM1 SCR
VR2 1k
R3 R4
TM2 470 470
0V
SW LED 2
R1 100 LED 1

GND

Fig 5.1wiring diagram of experiment

21 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

VR2 and thermistors TM1 and TM2 form a resistive bridge. The VR2 is used to control the
bridge operating in balance. The VR1 is used to control the voltage applied to the bridge. Resistor
R1 is to limit the current flowing in bridge when VR1 at turn low value of resistance.
When the output voltage of the resistive bridge is set to zero, diode D1 and SCR are off so that
LED1 lights. If the resistance of TM1 decreases as the temperature increases, the output voltage
of the bridge increase and reaches 0.6 V to force D1 to conduct. Hence the SCR turns on and
energizes the relay on LED2 lights to indicate temperature over the setting range. To turn off the
SCR push SW once

Similarly, the resistance of TM2 decreases as the temperature increases. The increase of the
bridge output voltage triggers the SCR to conduct. Then LED2 lights to indicate the temperature
too high. Since the output voltage of the bridge is an AC voltage, therefore diode D1 should be
used to protect SCR against a negative pulse applied to the gate.

Procedure:

1. Connect a 12 V AC supply form power supply unit KL-51001, KL- 58002 to module KL-
53008 as show in fig
2. Turn the VR1 fully CCW, measure and record the voltage across VR2 by using the
Multimeter VR2 =______________________ V
3. Using the Multimeter, measure the output voltage of resistive bridge P pole of D1 and
GND side to get 0V by turning VR2. At this instant the resistive bridge operates in balance
4. Insert connect plug in position 1. Connect 12V DC supply from power supply unit module
KL-53008. Observe and record the states of LEDs and relay.
If any accident triggering is caused by touching the connect plug with finger, please push
switch SW once to initialize the operation
5. Approach a hot soldering iron to the TM1. Using the Multimeter measure and record the output
voltage of the resistive bridge
Vo = _________________V.
Is the SCR turned On?___________________________
Does the relay operate?____________________________
Which of the LEDs is on?___________________________
6. Remove the soldering iron from TM1 and cool TM1 for a while.
Is the resistive bridge is balance?____________________
Is the SCR turned off?______________________________________________
What is the reason? ________________________________________________
Push SW once. Observe and record the states of LEDs and relay
7. Approach the soldering iron to TM2. Measure and record the output voltageof the resistive
bridge
Vo = _________________V .
Is the SCR turned On?___________________________
Measure and record the turn on time of SCR
tON=________________________________
Which of the LEDs is on?___________________________

22 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

8. Remove the soldering iron from TM2 and cool TM2 for a while. Measure and record the
output voltage of the resistive bridge
Vo = _________________V .
Is the resistive bridge in balance?_______________________
What is the state of SCR=_______________
What is the reason?=_____________________
9. Push SW once. Observe and record the states of SCR and LEDs
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
10. Turn VR1 slight CW. Repeat steps 3 through 9. Comparing this SCR turn-on time with the
result of step 7, which is shorter?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

When the resistive bridge operates in balance, the measured output voltage should be about 0V.
LED1 light on because both SCR and relay are off. When approaching a hot soldering iron to
TM1 or TM2. The bridge loses balance, and the output voltage triggers the SCR on, LED 2 hence
lights on to indicate the temperature too high.

Since the SCR operates in DC voltage, the gate signal cannot control the SCR any more during
the SCR in Conducting. The SW is used to turn the SCR off.

Review Questions:
1) How thermistor works?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2) Write some applications of thermister.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Conclusion:

Reference:
1) Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino
2) Industrial Electronic Trainer KL 500 manual 1 and 2
3) Power electronics Module KL-53008 manual

23 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 06

LDR CDS
Automatic Lamp Dimming Circuits

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LDR DIAC TRIAC FOR

LIGHT CONTROL

Objective:

 Understanding the operation of TRIAC and SCR phase controls

 Understanding the operation DIAC-TRIAC phase control circuits

 Performing an Automatic Lamp dimming control using CDS (Light dependent

Resistor)

Equipments:
1. Power supply unit kl-51001
2. Isolation transformer kl-58002
3. Module kl-53007
4. Oscilloscope

Discussion

TRIAC phase control

1. RC phase control
The TRIAC like SCR, is often used in an AC circuit to control the power on load. A TRIAC
can operate in full-wave phase control circuits. Though the power rating of TRIACs is less
than that of SCR it is more convenient in AC application

R
AC V

VTT

VT T
C
VC

Fig: 6.1 triac control circuit

24 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

The most elementary form of full-wave phase control is the simple DIAC-TRIAC circuit of
fig when the capacitor voltage reaches the bleak-over voltage VBO, the DIAC turns on and
then turn TRIAC on. Since the values of VBO+ and VBO- are nearly equal, therefore the
triggering angles in positive and negative half cycles are equal as shown in fig 6.1.

Description:
The circuit of fig 6.2 is a lamp dimming control used in this experiment. A brief description
is made as follows

LP 220V
R1
10K
A

VR1
250K
5 9 T2
G SCR

1 6 10 TRIAC
AC K
G
220 V 2 R2 7
DIAC
11 T1
4.7 K
3 4 8 12
CDS
C2
0.1u

Fig: 6.2 connection diagram of experiment

The DIAC is a useful trigger device for TRIAC power control application. If the applied
voltage across two terminals reaches the break-over voltage of DIAC, the DIAC is thus
turned on. In the circuit of fig 6.2 when line voltage is applied the capacitor C1 charges
through R1 and VR1 and builds a sufficient voltage to trigger SCR or TRIAC to switch on.
By adjusting VR1, the conduction angle of SCR or TRIAC can be changed to achieve the
function of lamp dimming circuits.

Similarly, if DIAC is used and C1 charges to reach the break-over voltage of DIAC, DIAC
turns on and triggers SCR or TRIAC to conduct. R2C2 network is used to extend the range
of firing angles. Diode D1 is to protect the SCR gate from the negative triggering pulse.

The CDS is used to perform the function of automatic lamp dimming control. In normal
light level, the trigger potential is set at a low level that cannot trigger DIAC to turn on.
Thus SCR or TRIAC and LP are off. When the light source is blocked, an increase in CDS
resistance causes a sufficient trigger potential to turn the DIAC on. SCR or TRIAC is then
turned on and LP is on.

25 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Procedure:
1. Connect 110VAC power supply from power supply Unit KL-51001, KL-58002 to
Module KL-53007. Install the lamp in the socket on module.
2. Insert connect plugs in position 1,4, 5 and 9. Turning VR1 randomly, observe and record
the change of lamp brightness.
Do you find any hysteresis phenomenon?
__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Set VR1 at mid-position. Measure and record the voltage waveforms of SCR anode and
capacitor C1 in table

SCR A VC1

V V

O O

Graph: 6.1 waveforms of an SCR and voltage of capacitor

12. Which of the trigger circuit is the best?

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
13. Insert connect plugs in positions 1,3,6 and 11. Expose CDS to normal light level. Adjust
VR1 to Keep TRIAC in off state before conducting

14. Cover CDS window with your hand. Observe and record the states of lamp, DIAC and
TRIAC.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

26 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

15. Remove your hand from CDS window then Observe and record the states of lamp,
DIAC and TRIAC.

Note:
You have made an experiment on the automatic lamp dimming control. Single section of RC
Phase shifting control may cause a hysteresis phenomenon. This effect can be eliminated by
adding a RC network in series.
Since SCR conducts only during the positive half cycle of line voltage, the power delivered
to the load is smaller than the TRIAC control circuit. This effect has been demonstrated by
measuring the load voltages and observing the brightness of the lamp by the way. The CDS
light control circuit can be used as a streetlight control circuit.

Review questions:
1) How an LDR works
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Why diac is used in this experiment?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3) Write some applications of an LDR.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

References:
1) Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino
2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L. Floyd
3) www.circuitstoday.com/ldr-light-dependent-resistors
4) Power electronics Module KL-53007 manual
5) Industrial Electronic Trainer KL 500 manual 1 and 2

27 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 07

Inverting OpAmp

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

IN INVERTING MODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working of op-amp as inverting amplifier.
 Understand the gain of op-amp in inverting mode of operation.
 Understand the dependencies of op-amp gain on input resistance and feedback
resistance.
 Understand the concept of unity gain.

Equipments:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.
 OP-AMP 741
 Resistors of various ratings
 Connecting Leads
 Bread board
 Oscilloscope

Note:

 Hands should be kept away while taking readings to avoid any errors.
 Check that all cables from function generator and oscilloscope are connected
properly.
 Follow the procedure to connect the module properly.
 Before switching on your circuit, please get it checked by you teacher.

28 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Discussion:

The Operational Amplifier (O.A.) is the most important and used among the linear
integrated components. The amplifier is the basic building block of most electronic devices.
An amplifier produces an output with more power and more usually voltage.
It is an amplifier characterized by:
1) high gain
2) high input impedance
3) low output impedance
4) Power to amplified signals in continuous too.

An operational amplifier IC has eight pins, with seven having respective functions, the
figure below shows the IC along with the pins.

Fig: 7.1 operational amplifiers IC

The inverting op-amp:

An inverting amplifier using op amp is a type of amplifier using op amp where the output
waveform will be phase opposite to the input waveform. The input waveform will be amplifier
by the factor Av (voltage gain of the amplifier) in magnitude and its phase will be inverted. In
the inverting amplifier circuit the signal to be amplifier is applied to the inverting input of the
op amp through the input resistance R1. Rf is the feedback resistor. Rf and Rin together
determines the gain of the amplifier. Inverting operational amplifier gain can be expressed
using the equation Av= – Rf/R1.

Fig: 7.1 inverting operational amplifier

29 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Negative sign implies that the output signal is negated. The circuit diagram of a basic inverting
amplifier using op amp is shown above.
The input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier using op amp is shown below. The
graph is drawn assuming that the gain (Av) of the amplifier is 2 and the input signal is a sine
wave. It is clear from the graph that the output is twice in magnitude when compared to the
input (Vout = Av x Vin) and phase opposite to the input.

Fig: 7.2 waveforms of an inverting operational amplifier

Practical inverting amplifier using 741

Connect a 741 Op-amp on a bread board, a simple practical inverting amplifier using 741
IC is shown below. 741 is a high performance and of course the most popular operational
amplifier. It can be used in a verity of applications like integrator, differentiator, voltage
follower; amplifier etc. 741 has a wide supply voltage range (+/-22V DC) and has a high open
loop gain. The IC has an integrated compensation network for improving stability and has
short circuit protection.

Fig: 7.3 inverting amplifier 741

We will take the values of Rfand Ri according to the above figure and will calculate the gain,
and will make the circuit according to the figure on breadboard and will use oscilloscope to
draw the output wave form. The closed loop gain of the inverting amplifier circuit above is
given -10. We will set Vin to 5rms AC supply and for the pins Vcc and Vee we will give DC
supply of 12 v. Now we will vary the values of Rf and Ri and will calculate the closed loop gain
and will check the output waveforms.

30 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation table: 7.1

S. Vin Rf Ri
AV
No
1 5 100k 10k
2 5
3 5
4 5
5 5

Circuit:

Fi g. 7 .4 Inverting Configuration

Procedure:

1) Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL

3155AL2.
2) Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
3) Connect terminal 1 with terminal 2.
4) Connect terminal 3 with ground.
5) Set the switch S1 and S2 in accordance with Table 7.1
6) Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope according to the figure 7.3 7) Power
up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope.
8) Set output of function generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.

9) Taking input readings with multimeter at 1 & ┴ and output and at 6 &┴.

31 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Connection diagram:

Fig: 7.5 wiring diagram of experiment

Observation Table 7.2

INVERTING O.A
Ri[W]. Ri[W]. UI[V] UO[V] A A
SrNo. measured calculated
R2 R4
1

R2 R3
2

R1 R4
3

R1 R3
4

32 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Draw the graph:

Graph: 7.1 input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier

Review questions:
1. How to calculate the closed loop gain in Inverting Amplifier ?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Calculate the gain of inverting Op-Amp, when Rf is equal to 5k and Ri is 1k.

Reference:
1) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L. Floyd
2) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Operational Amplifiers
3) Mhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications
4) Inverting operational amplifier DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide

33 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 08

Non-Inverting OpAmp

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

IN NON-INVERTING MODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working of op-amp as Non-inverting amplifier.
 Understand the gain of op-amp in Non Inverting mode of operation.
 Understand the dependencies of op-amp gain on input resistance and feedback
resistance.
 Understand the use of non-inverting input.

Equipments:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

34 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

IC identification:
There are several types of OP Amp produced in the form of integrated circuit (IC) by
different manufacturers. These Op- Amp are identified using the seven character
identification (ID) Code. This code is something like LM 741C N. This code has three parts
namely prefix, designator and suffix. The prefix is used to identify the manufacturer, in our
case LM stands for National Semiconductors. The designator code indicates two things (1)
the three –digit number indicates the specific type of Op- Amp, (2) the final letter intended
application area. C= Commercial ( 0 - 70 o C); industrial ( -25 - 85 o C ); M= Military (-55
125 o C). Suffix Shows the package type like, D= Plastic DIP; J= Ceramic DIP; N,P= plastic
DIP with long leads.

Circuit:

Fig 8 .1 Inverting Configuration

Procedure:

1) Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL 3155AL2.
2) Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
3) Connect terminal 1 with terminal 3.
4) Connect terminal 2 with ground.
5) Set the switch S1 and S2 in accordance with Table 8.2
6) Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope according to the figure 8.3 7) Power
up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope.
8) Set output of function generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.
9) Taking input readings with multimeter at 1 & ┴ and output and at 6 &┴.

35 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Connection diagram:

Fig: 8.2 wiring diagram of experiment

Observation table 8.2

INVERTING O.A

Ri[W]. Ri[W]. UI[V] UO[V] A A

SrNo. measured calculated
R2 R4
1

R2 R3
2

R1 R4
3

R1 R3
4

36 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Draw the graph:

Graph: 8.1 waveforms of inverting amplifier

Review Question:
1) What can be the gain of Non- inverting amplifier?
________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2) With R2 = 10 K and R4= 56K which is the gain of a not inverting amplifier?

References:
1) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L.
Floyd
2) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Operational Amplifiers
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_application
4) Inverting operational amplifier DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide
5) DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide

37 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 09

OpAmp as Integrator
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

IN INTEGRATOR MODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working of op-amp as integrator.
 Understand the role of capacitor in integrator circuit.
 Understand the role of virtual ground.

Equipments:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

Discussion:

An ideal integrator is shown in Figure 9.1. Notice that the feedback element is a capacitor
that forms an RC circuit with the input resistor. A large value resistor is normally used in
parallel with the capacitor to limit the gain.

Peak-to-Peak output voltage:

Uo= - ∫

38 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Where =peak value of the input voltage

Lower cut off frequency ft = ( )
i)If fi>ft A.O = Integrator
ii)If fi<ft A.O =inverting op-amp with A =-(R3+R4)/R2

Fig 9.1: Basic integrator

Circuit:

Fig. 9.2 Integrator Configuration

39 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Procedure:

1) Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL 3155AL2.
2) Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
3) Connect terminal 1 with terminal 4.
4) Connect terminal 8 & 9 with terminal 10.
5) Supply the signal generator and adjust the output with a square wave signal of l V
peak-to-peak – l KHz
6) Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope according to the figure 9.3 7) Power
up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope.
8) Set output of function generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.

9) Taking input readings with multimeter at 1 & ┴ and output and at 10 &┴.

Connection diagram:

Fig: 9.3 wiring diagram of experiment

40 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation table 9.1

Sr.No. Uo[V] Uo[V] T [sec]

measured Calculated

Component Data:
R1 = 270 OHM
R2 = 10k OHM
R3 = 10k OHM
R4 = 90.9k OHM
R5 = 9.09k OHM
C1 = 0.1µF
C2 = 0.1µF
Draw the graph:

Graph 9.1 Input and Output waveforms

41 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Review Question
1) When sine wave is inserted at input of Integrator what is the output obtained?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2) How lower cutoff frequency is obtained?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3) What happens when fi<ft?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Reference:

1) Basic Electronic Devices Circuits and Systems, M.M Sirvoic ,Printice Hall
2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L. Floyd
3) www.electronicshub.org › Op-Amp
4) ww.allaboutcircuits.com › ... › Vol. III - Semiconductors › Operational Amplifiers
5) DL 3155M16 Practical and Theoretical Guide

42 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 10

OpAmp as Differentiator
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

IN DIFFERENTIATOR MODE

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working of op-amp as differentiator.
 Understand the role of capacitor in differentiator circuit.
 Understand the difference between integrator and differentiator.

Equipments:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

Discussion:
An ideal differentiator is shown in Figure 10.1. Notice how the placement of the capacitor
and resistor differ from the integrator. The capacitor is now the input element, and the
resistor is the feedback element. A differentiator produces an output that is proportional to
the rate of change of the input voltage.
Since the current at the inverting input is negligible, IR = IC. Both currents are constant
because the slope of the capacitor voltage (VC/t) is constant. The output voltage is also

43 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

constant and equal to the voltage across Rf because one side of the feedback resistor is
always 0 V (virtual ground).
Peak to peak output voltage Uo= -R3.C1.(dUi/dt)
Where:
Ui = peak to peak input voltage
T/2 = half period of the input = wave
Lower cutoff frequency:
Ft =
If fi<ft operation as integrator
If fi>ft operation as iverting O.A with A= -R3/R1

Fig 10.1: Basic Differentiator

Circuit:

44 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Fig. 10.2 Differentiator Configuration

Procedure:

Steps:
1) Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL 3155AL2.
2) Connect the output of function generator to terminal labeled G.
3) Connect terminal 1 with terminal 2.
4) Connect terminal 7 with terminal 10.
5) Supply the signal generator and adjust the output with a square wave signal of l V
peak-to-peak – l KHz
6) Now connect the Ch1 and Ch2 of oscilloscope according to the figure 10.3
7) Power up the supply module, function generator and oscilloscope.
8) Set output of function generator to 50 HZ Sinusoidal.

9) Taking input readings with multimeter at 1 & ┴ and output and at 10 &┴.

45 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Connection diagram:

Fig: 10.3 wiring diagram of experiment

Observation table 10.1

SrNo. Uo[V] Uo[V] T [sec]
measured Calculated

46 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Component Data:
R1 = 270 OHM
R2 = 10k OHM
R3 = 10k OHM
R4 = 90.9k OHM
R5 = 9.09k OHM
C1 = 0.1µF
N1 = µA741
C2 = 0.1µF

Draw the graph:

Graph 10.1 Input and Output waveforms

Review Question:

1) When sine wave is inserted at input of differentiator what is the output obtained?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2) How lower cutoff frequency is obtained?

47 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

3) What happens when fi<ft?

4) What happens when fi<ft?

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Reference:

1) Basic Electronic Devices Circuits and Systems, M.M Sirvoic ,Printice Hall
2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L.Floyd
3) www.electronicshub.org › Op-Amp
4) www.learningaboutelectronics.com/Articles/Differentiator-op-amp-circuit.php
5) DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide

48 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 11

OpAmp as oscillator

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF OP-AMP OPERATING

AS OSCILLATOR

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:
 Understand the working of op-amp as oscillator.
 Understand the difference between Schmitt trigger and oscillator circuit.
 Understand the use of comparator in oscillators.
Equipments:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

49 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Discussion:

The basic idea is illustrated in Figure 11. 1 where a dual—polarity, switched input is used.
This, however, is not practically implemented as such. The corresponding way obtained is
shown in fig 11.2

Fig 11.1: Basic Oscillator

Waveform:

Fig: 11.2 Output wave

When the switch is at position 1, the negative voltage is applied. And the output is a
positive-going ramp. When the switch is thrown into position 2, a negative-going ramp is
produced. If the switch is thrown back and forth at fixed intervals, the output is a triangular
wave consisting of alternating positive-going and negative— going ramps, as shown in
Figure l1.2.
One practical implementation of a triangular-wave oscillator utilizes an op—amp
comparator to perform the switching functions, as shown in Figure 11.3. The operation is as
follows
To begin, assume that the output voltage of the comparator is at its maximum negative level.
This output is connected to the inverting input of the integrator through Rl, producing a
positive—going ramp on the output of the integrator. When the ramp voltage reaches the
upper trigger point (UTP), the comparator switches to its maximum positive level. This
positive level causes the integrator ramp to change to a negative—going direction. The ramp
continues in this direction until the lower trigger point (LTP) of the comparator is reached.
At this point, the comparator output switches back to the maximum negative level and the
cycle repeats.

50 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Fig: 11.3 Practical implementation

Circuit:

Fig. 11.4 Oscillator (Ramp Generating) Configuration

The first O.A., Nl, (not reaction and therefore with a very high gain), compares the input
signal (Um) with the output one (U Out) of the second O.A.: it gives to its output (U/ Out) a
voltage limited from the two zeners V1 and V2 set to reaction, whose maximum value,
negative or positive, will be in relationship to the fact that the voltage Um is greater than the

51 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

output voltage U Out or vice versa. The second O.A., N2, integrates the output signal of the
first O.A. that can be adjusted through the potentiometer R2.
• If U out = Um in Ϸ U Out = O and the output voltage U Out remains constant to the
desired value.
• If Um > U Out Ϸ U out < O: the diode V4 conducts, since it is directly polarized, on
the contrary of the diode V3 that has an inverse polarization.
In the inverting input of the O.A. N2 there is a voltage to integrate, that can be varied by
acting on the potentiometer R2. In this way we can adjust the slope of the increase slope.
• If Uin<UoutϷ Uout> O.
In this case the diode V4 doesn't conduct while the diode V3 conducts; at the input of N2
the voltage U Out is applied and we have in this way a quick decrease of the output voltage.

Procedure:

1)
Connect the TIME module DL 3155M16 with power supply module DL 3155AL2.
2)
Configure the circuit in accordance to the fig 11.5
3)
Turn the potentiometer R2 completely clockwise
4)
supply the signal generator and adjust the sinusoidal output signal to 4V peak-to-
peak inKHz range
5) Draw in graph.11.1, the signal displayed on the Oscilloscope in Fig: 11.5 wiring
diagram
Connection diagram:

Fig: 11.5 wiring diagram

52 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Review Question:

1) How an oscillator works?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2) Write some applications of an oscillator.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3) how an oscillator differs than an operational amplifier?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Reference:

1) Basic Electronic Devices Circuits and Systems, M.M Sirvoic,Printice Hall

2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications
by Thomas L. Floyd
3) Electronic Principles by Albert Malvino
4) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Oscillator
5) DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide

53 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 12

555 as oscillator

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 555TIMER OPERATING

AS OSCILLATOR

Objectives:

Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

 Understand the working of 555 IC.

 Understand the connection of 555 IC to operate as oscillator.
 Understand the use of 555 oscillators in a stable mode.
Equipment s:

 Base frame with power supply and interface to pc i.e. DL 3155AL2.

 TIME electronic board Model DL 3155M16.
 Multimeter.
 Function Generator.
 Oscilloscope.
 Connecting Cables and wires.

Note:

Discussion:

The 555 timer consists basically of two comparators, a flip-flop, a discharge transistor, and a
resistive voltage divider, as shown in Figure 12.1. The flip-flop (bistable multi vibrator) is a
digital device. Briefly it is a two-state device whose output can be at either a high voltage
level (set, S) or a low voltage level (reset, R).
The state of the output can be changed with proper input signals.

54 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Fig 12.1: Basic 555 Internal construction

Waveform:

Fig: 12.2 Output wave

The resistive voltage divider is used to set the voltage comparator levels. All three
resistors are of equal value: therefore, the upper comparator has a reference of 2/3VCC, and
the lower comparator has a reference of 1/3VCC. The comparators` outputs control the state
of the flip-flop. When the triggering voltage goes below 1/3VCC, the flip-flop sets, and the
output jumps to its high level. The threshold input is normally connected to an external RC
timing circuit.
When the external capacitor voltage exceeds 2/3\/CC, the upper comparator resets the flip-
flop, which in turn switches the output back to its low level. When the device output is low,
the discharge transistor (Qd,) is turned on and provides a path for rapid discharge of the
external timing capacitor. This basic operation allows the timer to be configured with
external components as an oscillator, a one-shot, or a time-delay element.

55 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

The operation of the timer 555 as a stable multi vibrator is obtained by imposing that Us =
Ut= Uc(Fig.12.3.); therefore both the threshold and the trigger voltage depend on the voltage
at the ends of the capacity C external to the 555.
Circuit:
At the beginning let's suppose C unloaded (figure 12.4) Uc

Fig: 12.3 Practical implementation

Fig 12.4 wave forms

We will have therefore U C = 0.
Since in this case both UT and Us are smaller than l/3Vcc (S = l, R = 0, Q = 0), the output (3)
is high and T Off. The capacitor starts loading with time constant tl= ( R1+ R2 ) by tending
to the value +Vcc. When U C = Ut= 2/3Vcc, is activated the threshold input (6), so the output
of the threshold gauge change its state (S = 0, R = l, Q = l) the output (3) is low and T On.
The capacitor starts then discharging with time constant t2 = R2 · C till U C = Ut= l/3Vcc the

56 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

trigger activates and the 555 comes back in the starting condition and the cycle begins
again.
It is possible to calculate (see figure 12.4):

57 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Draw the graph:

Review Question:

1) What is 555 timer IC?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2) What functions can be achieved by 555 timer IC?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Reference:
1) Basic Electronic Devices Circuits and Systems, M.M Sirvoic ,Printice Hall
2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L.
Floyd
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC
4) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Waveform Generators

58 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 13

Photo-couplers
Understanding the characteristics of Photo coupler

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Objectives

 Understanding the characteristics of Photo couplers

 Performing the photo-coupler control circuit
Equipments

1. Power supply unit kl-51001

2. Isolation transformer kl-58002
3. Module kl-53008
4. Multimeter
5. Function generator

Discussion:

Photo couplers
Light emitting devices and light sensing devices have major applications in areas where
electrical isolation between the input signal and the output is important. Fig show the
appearance and circuit symbol of a photo coupler, optical isolator or phototransistor coupled
pair.
A C

K
E
Fig: 13.1 photo coupler circuit and shape

The advantage of photo-coupler over relays and transformer are

1 Low cost
2 Small size and light weight
3 High speeds switching with bounce less
4 No contact spikes

59 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

The operation of the photo coupler can be considered as a communication system as shown
in Fig when an input signal is applied to the light emitting diode LED the light emitter is
detected by the phototransistor and converted back to an electrical signal.

Transmitter Receiver
(light source) (light energy)
To
Signal LED Photo Amplifier Other
Applied detector Circuit
To LED

Fig: 13.2. Illustration of Photo-coupler operation

The photo-coupler is widely used as an interface between two different voltage levels. Fig
shows the application for conversion between high voltage indicator and low voltage signal.
In each of these two circuits, the electrical isolation between high voltage signal and low
voltage signal is excellent.

Description of Experiment Circuit

Photo-coupler control circuit

Transistor Q1 and photo coupler form the photo coupler controller. Transistor Q3 and Q4
and relay form the control circuit. When DC 5V is applied to the base of Q1, the collector
current of Q1 drives the LED of the photo coupler to light and the phototransistor conducts.
The voltage across R3 drives both Q3 and Q4 to conduct. Thus relay is energized and LED2
lights.
Circuit diagram:
DC 12 V
2
R2
680 R5 R6
10 100K

A C

Q4
R7
5 470

4 Q3
K 6 7
NO
5V DC Relay
1 Com
R1 1K
R3
NC
Q1
4.7 K
10 u
25 V R8 470 R9 470

LED2

GND

Fig: 13.3 circuit diagram of photo coupler

60 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

When the base of Q1 is connected to 0V, Q1 is off and phototransistor results in Q3 off and
Q4 off. Hence the relay is not energized and LED1 is on.

Procedure:

1. Connect 5V and 12 V DC supplies from power supply unit KL-51001 , KL- 58002
To module KL-53008
2. Set SW to off position. Insert connect plugs in position 1, 2, 5 and 7
3. Which of the LEDs is on?___________________________________
Is the relay energized?________________________________________
Does this circuit operates normally?_______________________________
4. Using the Multimeter, measure and record the voltage at Q1 collector, photo-coupler E,
Q3 collector and Q4 collector.
VC1=______________
VE1=______________
VC3 =______________
VC4 =______________
5. Set SW to ON position. Is the relay activated?___________________
Which of the LEDs is on?________________________
Does the photo coupler circuit operate normally?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Repeat step 4
VC1=______________
VE1=______________
VC3 =______________
VC4 =______________
7. if there is a function generator beside you, please do following additional experiment. Set
the output of function generator to 1 Hz , 5Vpp in TTL level and connect to DC 5V terminal
on Module KL- 53008. Observe and record the operation of this circuit. States of relay and
LEDs
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

Note:
You have experimented the operation and measurement of photo-coupler control circuit. In
photo-coupler control circuit, SW is used to control if the dc Power applied to Q1 base or
not.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

61 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Review questions:

1) How a photo coupler works?

2) What are main components of a photo coupler device?

3) Write few applications of photo coupler device.

Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Reference:
1) Basic Electronic Devices Circuits and Systems, M.M Sirvoic,Printice Hall
2) Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices & Applications by Thomas L.
Floyd
3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_timer_IC
4) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Waveform Generators

62 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 14

Op-amp Ramp Generator
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Objective:
 To determine the operation modalities of slop generator realized with an O.A

Equipments:
 Operational Amplifier DL3155M16
 Oscilloscope
 Signal Generator
 Connecting Wire

Discussion:

A ramp is generated by loading a capacitor at a specified speed and then by discharging it

quickly
Circuit:

Fig: 14.1 circuit diagram of ramp generator

The first O.A N1 not reaction and therefore with a very high gain compares the input signal
Uin with the output one Uout of the second O.A it gives to its output Uout a voltage limited
from the two Zener’s V1 and V2 set to reaction whose maximum value negative or positive
will be in relationship to the fact that the voltage Uin is greater than the output voltage
Uoutor vice versa
The second O.A N2integrates the output signal of the first O.A that can be adjusted through
the potentiometer R2. If Uout = UinUout= 0 and the output voltage Uout remains constant to
the desired value.
63 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

If Uin>UoutUout< 0 the diode V4 conducts since it is directly polarized on the contrary of the
diode V3 that has an inverse polarization
In the inverting input of the O.A N2 there is a voltage to integrate that can be varied by
acting on the potentiometer R2In this way we can adjust the slope of the increase slope
If Uin<UoutUout> 0
In this case the diode V4 doesn’t conduct while the diode V3 conducts at the input of N2 the
voltage Uout is applied and we have in this way a quick decrease of the output voltage.

t1 t2 ts td
1 1 1 1
T
Fig: 14.2 waveforms of ramp generator

Components List:

R1 = 10 kOhm – 1/4 W – 5%
R2 = 10 kOhm Trimmer
R3 = 470 Ohm – 1/4W – 5%
R4 = 330 Ohm – 1/4W -5%
R5 = 10 kOhm – 1/4 W – 5%
C1 = 0.1uF – 50V – polyster
V1 = Zener diode – 10 V – 0.5W
V2 = Zener diode – 10 V – 0.5 W
V3 =1N4148
V4 = 1N4148
N1= uA741
N2 = uA741

Calculation data

Frequency measure: f=

64 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation table: 14.1

Tt1[sec] t2 [sec] f [Hz]

Draw the graph:

Graph: 14.1 waveforms of ramp generator

Procedure:

Insert the module 16 in the console and set the oscilloscope as shown
Adjust the oscilloscope in the following way
CH1 = 1 V/Div
CH2 = 0.5 V/Div
Time/Div = 100 µsec
Coupling = AC;
Without supplying the signal generator, superpose at the half of the oscilloscope display the
line of channel 1 with the one of channel 2
Turn the potentiometer R2 completely clockwise
Supply the signal generator and adjust the sinusoidal output signal to 4V peak-to peak – khz
Observe on the oscilloscope display the slope generator output signal this signal is sawtooth
Write in graph the signal displayed on the oscilloscope

Measurement of the pulse duration:

measure the half period t1 and t2 and write the value in table

65 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Measurement of the pulse frequency

Measure the frequency and write the value in table
Adjust R2 observe and Describe what happens

Review Question

1) How a ramp generator works?

2) What are the advantages of ramp generator?

3) Write some applications of ramp generator.

References:

1) www.daenotes.com › Electronics › Digital Electronics

2) www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Operational Amplifiers
3) https://www.maximintegrated.com

66 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 15

Transistor
Verification of the integrity of the junction of a BJT transistor
Name:__________________________________ Roll No:____________________
Score:_________ Signature of the Lab Engr:____________ Date: ____________

Objective:
 Verify the integrity of the junction of anpn and pnp transistor by means of the use of an
ohmmeter

Equipments:
 Multimeter
 Transistor Time Laboratory Module DL3155M13

C N C P

B P B N

E N E P

NPN PNP

C
C
B
B
E
E

C C

B B

E E

C
C
B
B
E
E

Fig: 15.1. verification of transistor terminals

67 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation table: 15.1

Obtained terminals Measured Value

Positive (+) Negative (-)
Base (B) Emitter (E)
Emitter (E) Base(B)
Base (B) Collector (C)
Collector (C) Base(B)
Collector (C) Emitter (E)
Emitter (E) Collector(C)

Procedure:

1. Insert the module DL3155M13 in the console and set the main switch to ON
NPN TRANSISTOR
2. Connect the positive terminal of the Multimeter of an analog tester set as ohmmeter (on some
Multimeter the range is marked with the diode symbol) to the base of the transistor V1 and the negative
one to the emitter: in this way the base-emitter junction is directly polarized fig
3. Write in table 15.1 if the recorded resistance result low or high
4. Invert the position of the ohmmeter terminals so that the positive terminal is connected to the emitter
and the negative is connected to the base;
5. Write in table 15.1 if the recorded resistance result low or high
6. Move the positive terminal of the ohmmeter on the base of the transistor V1 and the negative one on the
collector fig
7. Write in table 15.1 if the recorded resistance results low or high
8. Invert the position of the ohmmeter terminals so that the positive terminal is connected to the collector
and the negative one is connected to the base
9. Write in table 15.1 if the recorded resistance results low or high;
10. Move the positive terminal of the ohmmeter on the collector of the transistor V1 and the negative
One on the emitter fig
11. Write in table 15.1 if the recorded resistance results low or high
12. Invert the position of the terminals and write in table if the recorded resistance results low or high

Observe Table 15.1 it is necessary because the transistor operates that

1 The base-emitter junction provides a low resistance
2 the emitter-base junction provides a high resistance
3 the base-collector junction provides a low resistance
4 the collector- base junction provides a high resistance
5 the collector- emitter junction provides infinite resistance
6 the emitter- collector junction provides infinite resistance

68 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Review Question:

1) How a transistor operates as a switch?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2) Why ohmmeter reads a high resistance value when the base- collector junction of an NPN
Transistor is inversely polarized?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

3) Why ohmmeter reads a low resistance value when the base- collector junction of an NPN
Transistor is directly polarized?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

References:

1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor
2) www.allaboutcircuits.com
3) Transistor time laboratory Manual of Module DL3155M13
4) DL 3155M16 Practical and theoretical Guide

69 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Lab Experiment No: 16

Common Emitter Transistor
Record of the input and output characteristics of a BJT transistor in the common emitter
configuration

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Objective:
 Determine the trend of the base current as a function of the base- emitter voltage for constant
voltages of the collector- emitter voltage
 Determine the trend of the collector current as a function of the collector-emitter voltage for
constant voltage of the base voltage

Equipments:

 3 Digital meters

Discussion:

By marking with IE, IB, IC respectively the emitter, base and collector currents according to the scheme of
fig we have in accordance with first Kirchhoff principle

IB + IC = IE

CB E IC
CB E IE
IC IE
IB IB

NPN PNP
Fig: 16.1 transistor configurations

In an NPN transistor is active region the current the current IE according to the conversion that have been
done will result positive because an electron motion (negative charges) from the emitter towards the base
corresponds to a positive current from the base towards the emitter; since we assumed for IE a conventional
direction going out from E we have IE> 0 besides IC and IB result positive too.

Obviously in a PNP transistor in active region the signs of the currents are changed fig

70 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

The currents flowing in an NPN transistor in active region are schematically represented in fig where the
most marked arrow indicates the current having a greater intensity (the one bond to the motion of electrons
from the emitter towards the collector)that has been indicated with InC and InB respectively in the collector
and emitter regionsInE - InC is the current that flows in the base for effect of the recombination of the
electrons with the holes of the base itself Besides IpE indicates the weak current associated to the motion of
the holes from the base towards the emitter and IOindicates the current, very weak too, associated to the
motion of the holes from the collector towards the base (the inverse current of the B-C junction)The
collector current can be therefore expressed asIC = I0= a.IEi.e as the sum of the inverse current relative to the
B-C junction and the current of free electron that from the emitter reaches the collectorThe parameter a
considers the fact that has been already observed that not all electrons emitted from the emitter reach the
collector because of the recombination phenomenon (without recombination we would have a = 1)
generally the value of a are included between 0.95 and 0.99

By using the first Kirchhoff principle it is possible to calculate the current IC as a function of the current IB
as a matter of fact we have

Introducing the parameter b defined as

We obtain
IC= (β+1) -Io + β-IB
In the silicon transistor Io is of the order of the nA since b assumes values that are generally
Included between 20 and 200 the term (β+1) -Iois lower than mA and it is therefore generally neglect-able.
We obtain therefore:

Ic = β (-IB)
β = - IC/IB

β results being the ratio between the collector current and the base one, normally indicated in the datasheets
as hFEin the cutoff region the E-B and B-C junctions are both directly polarizedIn this situation an
increasing of the base current do not determine appreciable changes in the collector current because the
electrons injected from the emitter towards the base are hindered in their motion towards the collector by a
barrier of negative potential. The potential difference between collector and emitter results of the order of
few tenth of Volts while the potential difference between base and emitter is equal to about 0.7 volt for the
silicon transistor and about 0.2 for the germanium ones the transistor corresponds in practice to a short
circuit and the relationship
IC =hFE -IB is not valid an longerWhen finally both the junctions are inversely polarized the transistor is
called in cutoff.
In this situation IE = 0 and therefore IC =-IB =I0 that for the silicon transistor has substantially neglectable
values the transistor corresponds therefore to an open circuit

71 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Circuit diagram:
A

V
R2 A
Ud
R2
uA
V
Ud

Fig: 16.2 connection diagram of a transistor

Component List
R1 = 100 kOhm – Trimmer
R2 = 100kOhm – 1/4W -5%
R3 = 100Ohm -1/4W – 5%
V1 = 2N3904

Calculation data

Current Gain
hfe= IC/IB
Observation table: 16.1

UBE IB [uA] IC hFE

[mA] [mA] (IC/IB)
0.2
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7

72 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

IB[uA]

0 UBE

IC[mA]

0 IB[uA]

hfe

0 IC[mA]

Ic[mA]

0 UCE[V]

Fig: 16.3 characteristic curves of transistor:

73 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Observation table: 16.2

IB IC(mA)
(uA) UCE (V)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 7 10
10
20
30

Procedure:
1. Insert the Module DL 3155M13 in the console and set the main switch to ON

Input characteristics

2. Connect the Multimeter as in fig

3. Turn the potentiometer R1 completely counter clockwise
4. Adjust the voltage +V so to read on the voltmeter a collector- emitter voltage of 5V
5. Move the terminals of the voltmeter on jack 2 and the ground
6. Adjust R1 for all the values of the base- emitter voltage written in table 2.1
7. Write in table 16.1 the values of the measured base and collector current
8. Calculate the value of hFE and write it in Table 16.1
9. With the obtained values draw in fig the characteristics of the base current as a function of the base-
emitter voltage [IB = f(UBE)] with UCE constant
10. Draw in fig the characteristics of the collector current as a function of the base current [IC=f(IB)]
with UCE constant to draw in fig the trend of the static parameter hFE as a function of the collector
current [hfe=f(IC)] with UCE constant

Output Characteristics

11. Connect the Multimeter as in fig

12. Adjust the potentiometer R1 until obtaining a base current IB =10 uA
13. Adjust the voltage +V from 0 to 10 V and read the values of IC in correspondence of the different
values of UCE shown in tab16.2
14. Write in table 2.2 all the measured current values
15. Repeat the procedure shown in points with red arrow for every value of IB set in table 16.2
16. With the obtained values draw in fig the output characteristics of the collector current as a function
of the collector-emitter voltage [IC =f(UCE)] for all the values of IB

74 Applied Electronics
Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

Review Question:
1) Write the input characteristics of a transistor.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
2) Write output characteristics of a transistor?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3) What are the advantages of common emitter configuration of a transistor?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

References:

1) http://www.electrical4u.com/bipolar-junction-transistor-or-bjt-n-p-n-or-p-n-p-transistor/
2) http://www.circuitstoday.com/transistor-amplifier
3) Transistor time laboratory Manual of Module DL3155M13

75 Applied Electronics

Work Process of C8 Truck Pump
No ratings yet
Work Process of C8 Truck Pump
110 pages
Part 2 C44 Electrical Operational Manual
No ratings yet
Part 2 C44 Electrical Operational Manual
37 pages
Introduction to Power System Protection
From Everand
Introduction to Power System Protection
Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli
4/5 (2)
PLC & Scada Lab Manual (Part-1)
70% (10)
PLC & Scada Lab Manual (Part-1)
33 pages
Industrial Applications of Infrared Thermography: How Infrared Analysis Can be Used to Improve Equipment Inspection
From Everand
Industrial Applications of Infrared Thermography: How Infrared Analysis Can be Used to Improve Equipment Inspection
Mohammed Hamed Ahmed Soliman
4.5/5 (3)
BEE Lab1
No ratings yet
BEE Lab1
33 pages
Eel 3123
No ratings yet
Eel 3123
31 pages
EEE231-E-I Lab Manual
No ratings yet
EEE231-E-I Lab Manual
120 pages
Experiment No. 1: 1.0 Title
No ratings yet
Experiment No. 1: 1.0 Title
7 pages
Lab Manual - Electronics Two
No ratings yet
Lab Manual - Electronics Two
203 pages
First Five Pages
No ratings yet
First Five Pages
5 pages
EEE205L - Electronic Circuits I Laboratory - Manual
No ratings yet
EEE205L - Electronic Circuits I Laboratory - Manual
48 pages
BEE Manual 2024-25 by Prof.S.M.more
No ratings yet
BEE Manual 2024-25 by Prof.S.M.more
75 pages
BELE Lab Manual
No ratings yet
BELE Lab Manual
66 pages
E-I Lab Manual - Updated - sp20
No ratings yet
E-I Lab Manual - Updated - sp20
133 pages
Lab Manual 21
No ratings yet
Lab Manual 21
46 pages
2039 Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Rev 21 Eee
No ratings yet
2039 Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronics Rev 21 Eee
49 pages
EE110 CAD LabManual
No ratings yet
EE110 CAD LabManual
66 pages
Screenshot 2024-01-25 at 11.47.33 AM
No ratings yet
Screenshot 2024-01-25 at 11.47.33 AM
46 pages
Electronics Lab Manual
100% (1)
Electronics Lab Manual
103 pages
Salman Es
No ratings yet
Salman Es
45 pages
Eel 4309
No ratings yet
Eel 4309
38 pages
PEC II LabManual
No ratings yet
PEC II LabManual
61 pages
B-ELE BE0100051 Lab Manul GEC Gandhinaga Students Print Removed
No ratings yet
B-ELE BE0100051 Lab Manul GEC Gandhinaga Students Print Removed
61 pages
BEE Lab Manual
No ratings yet
BEE Lab Manual
61 pages
23cse083 - Eee Lab Manual
No ratings yet
23cse083 - Eee Lab Manual
97 pages
EC6211 - Circuits and Devices Laboratory
No ratings yet
EC6211 - Circuits and Devices Laboratory
5 pages
Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual 3
No ratings yet
Basic Electrical Engineering Laboratory Manual 3
103 pages
Lab Manual ES
No ratings yet
Lab Manual ES
44 pages
Electrical Engineering Lab (2 Year Chemical)
No ratings yet
Electrical Engineering Lab (2 Year Chemical)
23 pages
Lab Manual Eee111 Jun 2008 Corrected 8
No ratings yet
Lab Manual Eee111 Jun 2008 Corrected 8
93 pages
Experiment No 01: Electronics Lab Fundamentals, An Introduction To The Components and Equipment. About This Experiment
No ratings yet
Experiment No 01: Electronics Lab Fundamentals, An Introduction To The Components and Equipment. About This Experiment
6 pages
PLC Scada Lab Manual Part 1 PDF
100% (1)
PLC Scada Lab Manual Part 1 PDF
33 pages
ND Lab Manual
No ratings yet
ND Lab Manual
73 pages
BEE Lab Manual
No ratings yet
BEE Lab Manual
63 pages
EDC Lab Manual
No ratings yet
EDC Lab Manual
76 pages
2007 Electrical Workshop Manual
No ratings yet
2007 Electrical Workshop Manual
99 pages
Front Page PE Lab1
No ratings yet
Front Page PE Lab1
6 pages
Syllabus in Fund. Elec3cty and Elec2ronics
No ratings yet
Syllabus in Fund. Elec3cty and Elec2ronics
6 pages
Acquintance of Electrical Lab and Its Equipments - B1
No ratings yet
Acquintance of Electrical Lab and Its Equipments - B1
15 pages
ESL130 Syllabus
No ratings yet
ESL130 Syllabus
4 pages
Caledonian College of Engineering: Laboratory Manual
No ratings yet
Caledonian College of Engineering: Laboratory Manual
35 pages
M03 Testing Comp
No ratings yet
M03 Testing Comp
132 pages
Digital Electronics LAB Manual PDF
No ratings yet
Digital Electronics LAB Manual PDF
64 pages
EMI Lab Manual
No ratings yet
EMI Lab Manual
81 pages
BEE 3110005 Lab Manual
No ratings yet
BEE 3110005 Lab Manual
64 pages
Lab Details ECE PDF
No ratings yet
Lab Details ECE PDF
50 pages
Title Page
No ratings yet
Title Page
85 pages
2007 Electrical Workshop Manual
No ratings yet
2007 Electrical Workshop Manual
68 pages
EEL 3123 Lab Manual - PDF LAB
No ratings yet
EEL 3123 Lab Manual - PDF LAB
79 pages
Electronics Engineering Work Practices (UPDATED MANNUAL)
No ratings yet
Electronics Engineering Work Practices (UPDATED MANNUAL)
32 pages
MR22 Beee Manual 10-09-2022 Final
No ratings yet
MR22 Beee Manual 10-09-2022 Final
131 pages
M03 Testing Comp
No ratings yet
M03 Testing Comp
132 pages
Applied Electronics
No ratings yet
Applied Electronics
29 pages
Practical Power Electronics: Applications, Experiments and Animations
From Everand
Practical Power Electronics: Applications, Experiments and Animations
Mustafa Husain
No ratings yet
Principles of Circuit Breakers and Switchgear: Definitive Reference for Developers and Engineers
From Everand
Principles of Circuit Breakers and Switchgear: Definitive Reference for Developers and Engineers
Richard Johnson
No ratings yet
Bioinstrumentation
From Everand
Bioinstrumentation
L Veerakumari
5/5 (6)
Introduction to Power System Protection
From Everand
Introduction to Power System Protection
Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassoulii
No ratings yet
Power Electronics: Lecture Notes of Power Electronics Course
From Everand
Power Electronics: Lecture Notes of Power Electronics Course
Dr. Hidaia Mahmood Alassouli
No ratings yet
Advanced Characterization Technologies for Secondary Batteries
From Everand
Advanced Characterization Technologies for Secondary Batteries
Tinglu Song
No ratings yet
The True Magic Magazine addon #1
From Everand
The True Magic Magazine addon #1
Alex Formatt
No ratings yet
Analog Dialogue, Volume 46, Number 2: Analog Dialogue, #6
From Everand
Analog Dialogue, Volume 46, Number 2: Analog Dialogue, #6
Analog Dialogue
No ratings yet
E01-007 - SCADA System Fundamentals - US PDF
No ratings yet
E01-007 - SCADA System Fundamentals - US PDF
24 pages
Network Theorems Lecture Notes
No ratings yet
Network Theorems Lecture Notes
44 pages
Apex'i AFC2 Wiring
0% (1)
Apex'i AFC2 Wiring
64 pages
A Comparative Study of The Performance of Traveling Wave Fault Location Method and Impedance Method in Hybrid Transmission Lines
No ratings yet
A Comparative Study of The Performance of Traveling Wave Fault Location Method and Impedance Method in Hybrid Transmission Lines
5 pages
Master of Engineering (M. Eng.) Program in Electrical Engineering
No ratings yet
Master of Engineering (M. Eng.) Program in Electrical Engineering
5 pages
DSP-Lec 07-Frequency Analysis of Signals and Systems
No ratings yet
DSP-Lec 07-Frequency Analysis of Signals and Systems
40 pages
Unit 2-A Sensors
No ratings yet
Unit 2-A Sensors
26 pages
ECE 465 Digital Signals Processing: Assoc - Prof. Pham Van Tuan
No ratings yet
ECE 465 Digital Signals Processing: Assoc - Prof. Pham Van Tuan
45 pages
TechnicalExams Dec2017
No ratings yet
TechnicalExams Dec2017
29 pages
Codes
No ratings yet
Codes
1 page
Data Communication Lecture 1
No ratings yet
Data Communication Lecture 1
29 pages
Electrical Troubleshooting in Seven Steps
No ratings yet
Electrical Troubleshooting in Seven Steps
9 pages
Unit-3-Relaying - Static Relays
No ratings yet
Unit-3-Relaying - Static Relays
62 pages
Semester Iii: TMA310 Advanced Engineering Mathematics 3-1-0
No ratings yet
Semester Iii: TMA310 Advanced Engineering Mathematics 3-1-0
36 pages
Dataforth SCM5B31 02 Datasheet 2017523123212
No ratings yet
Dataforth SCM5B31 02 Datasheet 2017523123212
4 pages
Laboratory Manual: Analogue and Digital Communication Lab
No ratings yet
Laboratory Manual: Analogue and Digital Communication Lab
17 pages
Poland - Poznan Univ Engineering
No ratings yet
Poland - Poznan Univ Engineering
2 pages
Chapter 1 Signal and Systems
No ratings yet
Chapter 1 Signal and Systems
16 pages
Phoenix Contact - FLM Ao 4 S m12
No ratings yet
Phoenix Contact - FLM Ao 4 S m12
96 pages
RD545 Acoustic Leak Detector: Advanced Electronic Ground Microphone
No ratings yet
RD545 Acoustic Leak Detector: Advanced Electronic Ground Microphone
2 pages
Digital Control of Power Converters Using Arduino and An STM32
No ratings yet
Digital Control of Power Converters Using Arduino and An STM32
226 pages
Fm452 Operating Instructions en-US
No ratings yet
Fm452 Operating Instructions en-US
200 pages
Analog vs. Digital
No ratings yet
Analog vs. Digital
6 pages
9 Sick Encoders Catalog Motor Feedback Systems With Hiperface PDF
No ratings yet
9 Sick Encoders Catalog Motor Feedback Systems With Hiperface PDF
58 pages
Introduction To Instrumentation (Eeng4183) : by Tesfamichael A
No ratings yet
Introduction To Instrumentation (Eeng4183) : by Tesfamichael A
24 pages
VHDL 1076.1: Analog and Mixed-Signal Extensions To VHDL: Ernst Christen, Kenneth Bakalar
No ratings yet
VHDL 1076.1: Analog and Mixed-Signal Extensions To VHDL: Ernst Christen, Kenneth Bakalar
23 pages
Vacon 100 Application Manual DPD00927F UK PDF
No ratings yet
Vacon 100 Application Manual DPD00927F UK PDF
342 pages
Case Study 1
No ratings yet
Case Study 1
2 pages

Applied Electronics

Uploaded by

Applied Electronics

Uploaded by

Department of Electrical Engineering MUET SZAB Campus Khairpur Mirs

3. Familiarization with the working principle of Photodiode

Characteristics curve of the Phototransistor: I c= f (V ce) with

Familiarization with working principle of OP-AMP operating in

Familiarization with the working principle of OP-AMP operating at

Familiarization with the working principle of 555 timer operating as

13. Characteristics of photo couplers

14. Characteristics of Ramp Generator

Lab Experiment No: 01

Name: _____________ Roll No: ____________

Score: _______ Signature of the Lab Engr: _________ Date: _______

TO STUDY PRECAUTION OF ELECTRIC SHOCK AND SAFETY AID

 Understand the precautionary steps.

• Only students participating in scheduled classes and persons authorized according to

o the unit has a factory-made two-connector (L and N) plug,

o Connecting the protective earth makes carrying out a given

1) What precautions should be taken in laboratory while performing practical?

2) What is the importance of safety?

3) Write any two important safety precautions.

Lab Experiment – 01 SAFETY AID

Lab Experiment No: 02

Score:_________ Signature of the Lab Engr:____________ Date: ____________

INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY MEASURING INSTRUMENTS & THEIR

 Understand the use of various equipment’s in the lab.

 Understand the kits usage.

Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeter

Oscillator Function Generator Dc Supply

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit.

Fig: 2.2 Ammeter connected in circuit

Fig: 2.3 Connection of Ammeter and voltmeter

It is an instrument that measures electric power. A variety of wattmeter is available to

Probably the most useful instrument in the measurement of ac power at

Fig: 2.4 Connections of Watt meter

Fig: 2.5 Digital Oscilloscopes

A multimeter is an electrical instrument capable of measuring voltage, current, and

3) How a wattmeter is connected in circuit?

Lab Experiment No: 03

Score:_________ Signature of the Lab Engr:____________ Date: ____________

FAMILIARIZATIONS WITH THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PHOTO DIODE

 Power Module PS 1 – PSU / EV.

Fig. 3.3 wiring diagram of photo diode

Fig: 3.4 photo diode in a circuit and typical photo diodes

• An increase in the amount of light intensity, expressed as irradiance (mW/cm2), produces an

Fig: 3.5 general graph of photo diode

Circuit to show the working of photodiode is given below

Fig: 3.6 photo diode operation

Reading from step 5 = ________________________

Reading from step 6 = ________________________

Reading from step 7 = ________________________

Observation Table 3.1

1) Write two modes of operation of photodiodes.

2) When used as detector, photodiode is operated in which mode of operation.

3) What is the main disadvantage of using photodiode in reverse biased mode?

3) Mention few applications of photodiode.

Lab Experiment No: 04

Score:_________ Signature of the Lab Engr:____________ Date: ____________

 Power Module PS 1 – PSU / EV.

A phototransistor is a light-sensitive transistor. A common type of phototransistor, called a

Types of Photo transistor

Fig: 4.1 characteristic curve and structure of photo transistor

Fig. 4.2 wiring diagram of photo transistor

ofR11is 560Ω,Icwould be equal to:

9. Now by varying P5 and setting VA, complete tables below.

Observation Table 4.1

Sr. I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Observation Table 4.2

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Observation Table 4.3

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Observation Table 4.4

I (mA) VA ( V ) VCE ( ) VR11 ( ) IC ( )

Draw the graph:

Graph: 4.1 curves of photo transistor

2) What do you mean by dark current?

3) Can two lead photo transistors operate as normal BJT??

Lab Experiment No: 5

Name: _ Roll No:

Score: ___ Signature of the Lab Engr: _ Date: ___

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Name:______________ Roll No:

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____

Score:_ Signature of the Lab Engr: Date: ____