A STUDY ON INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO OF

FEWA FINANCE COMPANY LIMITED

POKHARA

By:
KRISHNA KUMAR K.C.
Prithvi Narayan Campus
Roll. No. 65/063
T.U. Registration Number: 7-1-297-469-2000

A Thesis Submitted to:

Office of the Dean
Faculty of Management
Tribhuwan University

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of

Master of Business Studies (M.B.S.)

Pokhara
February, 2011

1
 RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that the thesis:

Submitted by
Krishna Kumar K.C.

Entitled

A Study on Investment Portfolio of Fewa Finance

Company Limited, Pokhara

has been prepared as approved by this Department in the

prescribed format of Facultyof Management.
This thesis is forwarded for examination.

------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------

Dr. Puspa Raj Sharma Dr. Puspa Raj Sharma Campus Chief
Thesis Supervisor Head of Department
Department

Date :------------------

VIVA-VOCE SHEET

We have conducted the viva-voce examination of the

 thesis presented by

Krishna Kumar K.C.

Entitled

A Study of Investment Portfolio of

Fewa Finance Company limited, Pokhara
and found the thesis to be the original work of the student and written according
to the prescribed format. We recommend the thesis to be accepted as partial
fulfillment of the requirement for Master's Degree in
Business Studies (M.B.S)

Viva-voce Committee

Chair Person (Viva voce committee): --------------------------------

Member (Thesis Supervisor): --------------------------------

Member (External Expert): ---------------------------------

Campus Chief: ---------------------------------

Date:-…………………….
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Giving me great opportunity to prepare this thesis to fulfill the partial

requirement of MBS program held under Tribhuvan University, I would like
to heartily thank to Tribhuvan University.
I would like to express my gratitude to all my respected lecturer for their
support and guidence in the completion of this dissertation. I am highly
indebted to my supervisor associate professor Dr. Puspa Raj Sharma, Head of
Department of Management of P.N. Campus, Pokhara for his scholarly
guidence, comments and suggestions for making this thesis possible.

My special thanks goes to Mr. Amrit Lal Shrestha and Mr. Hari Pathak for
their valuable suggestions. I also owe an indebtedness to all reputed authors
whose writings have provided me the necessary guidance and invaluable
materials for the enrichment of my research paper in all possible ways. I
would like to express my genuine appreciation to all the staff of Prithivi
Narayan Campus, Central library staff and Fewa Finance Company Limited
that provide me necessary information and data.

I am very much grateful to my friends Mr. Santosh Sharma, Mr. Bimal

poudel and Mrs. Hari Maya Rana who helped me by providing different
supports for my research work. I am too much grateful to my parents and all
my family members for their continuous support and inspiration throughout
my study period.

Krishna Kumar K.C.

February, 2011
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
[

Recommendation
Viva Voce Sheet
Acknowledgements
Page

Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 1-7

Background of the Study 1
Focus of the Study 4
Statement of the Problem 4
Objectives of the Study 5
Significance of the Study 5
Limitation of the Study 6
Organization of the Study 7

Chapter II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-36

Conceptual/ Theoretical Review 8
Review of Related Studies 26
Justification of the Study/Research Gap 36

Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 37-46

Background 37
Research Design 37
Sources of Data 39
Data Analysis Tools 39

Chapter IV: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 47-82

Data Presentation and Analysis 47
Major Findings of the Study 79

Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 83-88
Summary 83
Conclusions 85
Recommendations 87

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
2.1 Objectives of Portfolio Management 13
4.1 Investment Portfolio of FFCL 47
4.2 Hire Purchase Loan Investment of FFCL 49
4.3 Housing Loan Investment of FFCL 50
4.4 Fixed Deposit Loan Investment of FFCL 51
4.5 Others Loan Investment of FFCL 53
4.6 Sector wise Loan Investment of FFCL 54
4.7 Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio 56
4.8 Cash and Bank Balance to Total Current Assets Ratio 57
4.9 Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio 59
4.10 Loan and Advances to Total Assets Ratio 60
4.11Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio 61
4.12 Return on Total Assets Ratio 63
4.13 Return on Equity Ratio 64
4.14 Return on Total Investment Ratio 65
4.15 Liquidity Risk Ratio 66
4.16 Credit Risk Ratio 68
4.17 Growth Ratio of Total Deposit 69
4.18 Growth Ratio of Total Investment 69
4.19 Growth Ratio of Total Loan and Advances 70
4.20 Correlation between Deposit and Investment 71
4.21 Correlation between Deposit and Loan and Advances 72
4.22 Correlation between Investment and Loan and Advances 73
4.23 Trend Value of Total Investment 74
4.24 Trend Value of Deposit 76
4.25 Trend Value of Loan and Advances 77
4.26 Trend Value of Net profit 78
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

4.1 Hire Purchase Loan Investment of FFCL 49

4.2 Housing Loan Investment of FFCL 51
4.3 Fixed Deposit Loan Investment of FFCL 52
4.4 Others Loan Investment of FFCL 53
4.5 Sector wise Loan Investment of FFCL 55
4.6 Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio 57
4.7 Cash and Bank Balance to Total Current Assets Ratio 58
4.8 Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio 59
4.9 Loan and Advances to Total Assets Ratio 61
4.10 Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio 62
4.11 Return on Total Assets 63
4.12 Return on Equity 64
4.13 Return on Investment 65
4.14Liquidity Risk Ratio 67
4.15Credit Risk Ratio 68
4.16 Growth Ratio of Total Deposit 69
4.17 Growth Ratio of Total Investment 70
4.18 Growth Ratio of Total Loan and Advances 71
4.19 Trend Value Analysis of Total Investment 75
4.20 Trend Value Analysis of Total Deposit 76
4.21 Trend Value Analysis of Total Loan and Advances 78
4.22 Trend Value Analysis of Net Profit 79
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

C. V. Coefficient of Variation
S.D. Standard Deviation
C/D Ratio Credit to Deposit Ratio
B.S. Bikram Sambat
ROA Return on Assets
ROE Return on Equity
ROI Return on Investment
Rs. Rupees
P.E. Probable Error
FFCL Fewa Finance Company Limited
MBS Master of Business Studies
AFCL Annapurna Finance Company Limited
NCC Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited
NEPSE Nepal Stock Exchange
Govt. Government
NABIL Nabil Bank Limited
EBL Everest Bank Limited
NIBL Nepal Investment Bank Limited
HBL Himalayan Bank Limited
BOKL Bank of Kathamndu Limited
NRB Nepal Rastra Bank
T.U. Tribhuvan University
i.e. That is
r Correlation Coefficient
r2 Coefficient of Determination
P.N. Prithvi Narayan
S.No Serial Number
 CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Nepal is a small Himalayan country, which is located between the two most
populous countries in the world namely China and India. Its total area is 147181 square
kilometer. Nepal occupies 0.03 and 0.3 percent land of the world and Asia respectively.
The elevation of the country ranges from 59 meter above sea level to the highest point
on earth, Mt Everest at 8848 meter, all within average distance of 855 kilometer from
east to west and 195 kilometer from south to north with climate conditions ranging
from subtropical to Artic.
Nepal is a developing country. Most of the people are depend on agriculture
sector for their livelihood. Agriculture is the key sector of the Nepalese economy,
which is characterized by low productivity due to lack of technical know-how, poor
infrastructure, support services like agriculture credit etc. More than 80% of the total
population is directly or indirectly engaging in agriculture farming and agro-based
industries. In Nepal context traditional agriculture system was barrier of agriculture
development. There was not any agency or institution to help the agriculture
development. Lack of effective manpower, economic support and lack of infrastructure
of agriculture, the development could not successes. To remove these types of
problems banking sector plays important role.
According to national population census 2001 population of Nepal is
2,31,51,423 with an annual growth rate of 2.24%.Current population of urban areas
comes to be 32,27,879 (i.e. 14.20%) and that of rural areas is 1,93,23,544 (i.e.
85.80%). About 31% of population of Nepal is absolutely poverty line. The
development of any country largely depends upon its economic development. The
process of economic development depends upon various factors, to uplift the country's
economy we should consider that type of factors. Nepal is developing country so
depended in foreign aid too. Dependency upon foreign aid is dramatically inclining in
each year. For the development to trade and industry within the country it is essential
to invest capital in huge level. Nepalese people are poverty stricken as well as
characterized by low saving capacity. This is the main reason for making investment.
Financing and baking sector plays an important role in the economic development of
the country. Finance companies are one of the vital aspects of this sector, which deals
in the process of channelising the available resources to the needy sector. A finance
company is an institution, which deals with money and credit. It accepts deposits from
the public and mobilizes the fund to productive sectors. It also provides remittance
facility to transfer money from one place to another place. Generally, finance company
accepts deposits from business institutions and individuals, which is mobilized or
invested into productive sectors mainly business and consumer lending. Finance
company is therefore known as a dealer of money.
At present context, Finance company is not only confined to accepting deposits
and distributing loan. In addition to this, a finance company may exchange currency,
joint venture underwriting, bank guarantee discounting bills etc. Finance company also
promote investment in different enterprises of the national economy that spontaneously
assist in alleviating poverty, uplifting of employment opportunities and thereby
developing the society and country and then disburse them among the different
economic facets as per the priorities laid by national plan policy. Finance company has
the intermediary role between the deficit and surplus of financial resources. People
keep their surplus money as deposit in the finance company and then finance company
invests such fund.
Investment operation of the finance company is very risky one. For this finance
company have to make better consideration while formulating investment policy. A
proper and viable investment policy can be suitable and effective for the nation to uplift
national economy. A proper investment policy attracts both borrowers and lenders,
which help to increase the volume and quality to deposits, loan and investment.
Ojha (1965) “Before 1848 B.S., the goldsmith used to store people’s goods and
charge nominal charge against the deposits. At that time, people deposited their gold
and valuable goods for the security rather than earning” (p.68).
Samuelson (1980) “The depositor would leave their gold and valuables for
safekeeping and are given a receipt by the goldsmith. Whenever the receipt was
presented, the depositors would get back their gold and valuables after paying a small
fee for safekeeping services” (p.17).
 Nepal Rastra Bank (2004) “Financial Sector is regarded as the backbone or
engine of growth of any economy whether developed or developing or in transition or
emerging. It plays a very important role in the development of all sectors of the
economy and actually works as a lubricator by providing financial resources. It
operates as an intermediary between financial surplus units and financial deficit units."
(p.16)
Gurung (2005) “Finance companies are important component of financial
system in under developing countries. They work as financial intermediaries and
basically deal on consumers and business loan. They collects small savings and
mobilize savings in various tasks like hire purchase, purchase of land, housing loan
between the person who has got saving and investors, finance company and also
persons or organizations which need the loan of small amount, as well as term loan in
trade, industry, education, health agriculture etc. Moreover most of the finance
companies are also offering their services in bank guarantee, Collection of shares and
underwriting shares” (p.163)
After the arrival of democracy in 2007 B.S., the government began to perform
several reforms. As an outcome, “Nepal Rastra Bank” came in B.S. 2013 Baishakh 14
as central bank in the arena of Nepal under Nepal Bank Act, 2012 (B.S.). Afterwards,
Agriculture Development Bank was established in B.S. 2024and “Commercial Bank
Act” was amended in B.S. 2031. Nepal Arab Bank Limited, “Nabil Bank” came as first
joint venture in 2041 B.S. and went up to Nepal Grindlays Bank Limited” in 2043 B.S.
under partyless Panchayat system.
On the reports of World Bank stated that the first finance company, the ‘Nepal
Housing Development Finance Company Limited’, began operations in 1992. One
study urges that these companies make up 6.5% of the total assets, 6.6% of the total
deposits and 9.8% of the total credits of the banking system compared to 0.6%, 0.4%
and 0.8% respectively in 1994 (excluding NRB). This rapid growth in the number of
finance companies has also been accompanied by a corresponding rapid increase in the
level of total assets that they hold (p.72).
Fewa Finance Company Limited (FFCL) is the one of the best finance
company. It was established in the year 2060 B.S. under Finance Company Act 2053
B.S. It consists of one head office located in B.P. Chowk Chipledhunga Pokhara, and
branch offices are in Bagdarbar Sundhara Kathmandu, in Jomsom Mustang, in Birauta
Pokhara, in Amarsinghchowk Pokhara, and in Bagar Pokhara. FFCL has, authorized
capital of Rs. 10 million, issued Capital of Rs. 5 million and paid up capital of Rs. 3
million.
The main objectives of FFCL is to collect scattered saving of people through
attractive different schemes, accept to the deposit and mobilize the saving through
financial instruments, convert them into capital and lend them to individuals and
institutional borrowers. As a whole its main objectives is to uplift the national economy
by considering financial and technical facility to general public.

1.2 Focus of the study

Finance company has no longer history and it is new horizon in Nepal. The title
also clears that focus of the study. The main focus of the study is to find out the
investment structure and investment process of the Fewa Finance Company limited.
Finance company performs various activities. Among them, investing in different
sector is also considered as important one. The objective is to maximize the return by
minimizing the risk. The good investment policy attracts both borrowers and lenders
which help to increase the volume and quality to deposits, loans and investment.
In this study whole time and energy spend on analysis of investment structure
and investment decision process of the Finance company. In this study, the trend of
investment process of Finance company in various sectors is analyzed and the existing
investment situation and its investment strategy are also carefully observed.

1.3 Statement of the problem

For the development of the country's economy financial institutions and

banking sectors play the vital role. Most of the government banks in Nepal running in
loss though the private sector banks are somehow running in profit. Nepal Rastra Bank
is running under the government rules and regulations so here we have a question why
the most of government banks are running in loss? And why the private sectors
financial institutions and banks are running in profit? We know that all banks have the
same rules and regulations. It means that banking sector do not absorb systematic rules
and regulations. It is also says that bank do not have proper managing system. Another
reason is that there is increasing competition among the banks. They are facing stiff
competition between financial institutions, commercial banks, development banks and
co-operatives. Due to stiff competition no any bank can earn smoothly without well-
managed portfolio of investment.
The general problem of the study is to examine into the investment policy of
the Finance company. Based on this general problem the specific problems are raised,
these specific problems are as follows:
1. What is the trend of investment made by Finance company for past five years?
2. What is the relationship between the deposit mobilization and loan investment?
3. What is the liquidity position of the Finance company?
4. What is trend of risk and return of the company?
5. What are the level, trend and stability of the company’s profit? Is the rate of
return satisfactory or not?

1.4 Objective of the study

Undoubtedly the role of the bank in mobilizing and utilizing scare and scattered
resources of nation is praiseworthy one. The basic objective of the study is to have true
insight into investment portfolio aspects of Finance company. The specific objectives
of this study are given below:-
1. To analyze the trend of investment of the finance company in past five years.
2. To analyze the deposit mobilization and investment trend of the Finance
company.
3. To examine the liquidity position of the Finance company
4. To evaluate the risk return of the company
5. To evaluate the level, trend and stability of Finance company’s profit.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study itself has its own importance because its main objective is to gain
some knowledge and to add a drop of literature in the field of research. This study will
be helpful to the management of Finance company to make new plans, policies and
strategies. It will suggest to policy makers the areas for further improvement in
financial institutions. On the other word the study may also be guideline to the
management of the financial institutions. The study shows the actual figure of the
Finance company. It is expected that the study will helpful to the all banking sectors,
and to show a small way to make an important decision and policy. The study of
investment portfolio of Fewa Finance limited will be beneficial to the followings:-
To the management: This study will be helpful to compare and analyze own with
others regarding performance success or failure, effective and so forth.
To policy makers: Central bank, ministry, officers of government, security exchange
and tax office can formulate appropriate policy regarding Development bank limited
with the help of this study.

To policy makers: Central bank, ministry, officers of government, security exchange

and tax office can formulate appropriate policy regarding Development bank limited
with the help of this study.
To the shareholders: Shareholders are the true owner of the finance company. This
study will be useful to them for acquiring the answer to the following questions:
How funds are utilized as investment?
To what extent they are gaining?
Is the productivity of their limited resources satisfactory?
To outsiders: Debtors and depositors, creditors, competitors, investors, financing
agencies, stock exchange, and personnel can get information about the investment
performance of Fewa Finance limited with the help of this analysis. They can make yes
or no decision regarding investment decision.

1.6 Limitation of the study

Each and every study has its own limitations. We can not write freely where we
want. No study can be free from constraints such as economic resources, time etc. All
the necessary data may not be available due to business secrecy. This study too is no
exception and is characterized by the following limitations:
This study examines only the investment portfolio Fewa Finance limited, so all
the activities and efforts are intended to analyze the investment portfolio
The reliability of the study greatly depends on accuracy of data provided and
collected. Hence, it is not free from limitations of secondary data.
Necessary data are collected from secondary sources
The study use the limited tools and techniques
Only five years data are taken into consideration for the study.
 There are so many external variables which directly affect the finance
company’s activities which are not considered in this study.
This study is conducted only for suggesting the concerned limited but not for
directing.

1.7 Organization of the study

The study investment portfolio of Finance company is presented in organized
form. The whole research report is bifurcated into five chapters and they are as
given below:
The first chapter entitled "Introduction chapter" disclose the subject matter of
the study. This contains general background of the study, focus of the study,
statement of problem, objectives of the study, significance of the study,
limitation of the study and organization of the study.
The second chapter deals with the review of literature. It contains conceptual
framework of the review and review of related studies.
The third chapter concerned with the research methodology. It includes
research design, justification for the selection of the study unit, sources and
procedure of data collection data processing procedure, tools and techniques
and limitation of the methodology.
The forth chapter named by 'presentation and analysis of data' describe the
actual study of investment portfolio of Finance company, with the uses of
techniques relating to analysis such as descriptive expression, diagrams and so
forth. Similarly, statistical tools are used wherever and whenever necessary to
twinkle the research work.
Like this way the final chapter summarizes the whole study. It also contains the
summary of the report, conclusion derived on the basis of data analyzed and
recommendations or some solid suggestions for improvements to the concerned
institution.
 CHAPTER - II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES

The investment portfolio decision has played an important role in banking

sectors as well as other organizations. Effective investment portfolio decision
encourages to each and every investor to invest their funds on profitable field in order
to achieve high return. Before proceeding to descriptive study, the researcher made an
effort to clarify, understand and explore the concept and theory of Investment portfolio
and Portfolio Management. The review of literature helps the researcher to avoid
repetition in the same task. Every possible effort has been made to grasp knowledge
and information that is available from libraries, document collection centers, other
information managing bureaus and concerned Finance company. This chapter helps to
take adequate feed back to broaden the information base and inputs to the study. This
part of the study will be directed to examine and review some of the related books,
articles published in various newspapers, economic journals, related business
magazines and websites. Basically, this chapter gives more emphasizes on the literature
relevant to the study. Some literatures relevant to the chapter are as follows:

2.1 Conceptual/Theoretical Reviewed

Conceptual and theoretical review deals with the theoretical aspects of investment,
return, risk, portfolio, diversification etc. Various books are reviewed under this.

2.1.1 Investment

Sharpe, Alexander & Baily (2002) “Investment brings forth vision of profit,
risk, speculation and wealth. For the uninformed, investing may result in disaster. In
general sense; investment means to pay out money to get more. But in the broadest
sense, investment means the sacrifice of current money for future money. Two
different attributes are generally involved time and risk. The sacrifice takes place in the
present and is certain. The reward comes later, if at all, and the magnitude is generally
uncertain” (p.1).
 Francis (1986) “Investment in its broadest sense means the sacrifice of current
dollars for future dollars. Two different attributes are generally involved: time and risk.
The sacrifice takes place in present and is certain. The reward comes later, if at all, and
the magnitude is generally uncertain” (p.1).
Charles (1991) has defined that, investment as the commitment of funds to one
or more assets that will be held over some future time period. Investment is
concerned with the management of an investor’s wealth, which is the sum of
current income and present value of all income (p.2).
Bhattarai (2004) “Investments are made in assets. Assets in all are of two types,
real assets (land, buildings, factories etc) and financial assets (stocks, bond, T-
bill etc.). These two investments are not competitive but complementary.
Highly developed institutions for financial investment greatly facilitate real
investment” (p.3).

Frank & Reilly (2004) “Investment is the current commitment of funds for a
period of time to derive a future flow of funds that will compensate the
investing unit for the time funds are committed, for the expected rate of
inflation and also for uncertainty involved in the future flow of the funds”( pp.
298-299).

An investment involves sacrifices of current rupees in future rupees. Investment

is not a gamble rather it is the systematic and scientific way of using the excess
fund to get the maximum return at minimum level of risk. Investment made to
obtain some expected profit. Investment forgives the present return for future
return. Present investment is contribution to the future return. Investment is not
gambling rather than it is systematic and scientific way of using excess fund
from income to gain expected return with lower level of risk. While investing
future return one should not forget that the amount she/he investing i.e. capital,
a collective form of surplus. The surplus is that part of money deducting all the
expenses from income.

A person spends their years in capital formation process. That is why each one
should be rational while investing. Since most of investors are risk averters, they
require additional unit of return for bearing one more level of risk. People always try to
reduce the risk factor. Common definition say us that contribution of present value for
future return is investment or it’s a search of certainty within the uncertainty. An
investment is a commitment of money that expects to generate additional money.
Every investment entitles some degree of risk; it required a present sacrifice for a
future uncertain benefit. The motivating factor of investment is collective form of
saving, expectation of future return and wealth position maximization.

2.1.2 Investment process

Sharpe (2002) has stressed that the investment process describes how an
investor makes decision about what securities to invest in, how extensive this
investment should be and when they should be made. The investment process involves
these steps:-
Set investment policy:
The first step of the investment process is to set the investment policy. It
determines the objectives and the amount of his/her investment fund. Investor objective
should be stated in terms of both risk and return. This step involves the identification of
the potential categories of financial assets for consideration in the ultimate portfolio.
Perform securities analysis:
In this step, securities analysis involves examining a number of individual
securities/group of securities within the broad categories of financial assets. The
investor will evaluate them in term of their price whether they are under priced or
overpriced, risk associated with that specific security; his/her expected return and real
return and so on. There are two main techniques to securities analysis: -
I) Technical analysis
II) Fundamental analysis
Construct a portfolio:
Construction of portfolio involves identification of specific securities in which
to invest, along with the proportion of invest able wealth to be put into each security.
The investor may construct portfolio according to his/her interest either he/she wants
active or passive strategy to manage his/her investment. There should be clear vision of
strategy, risk bearing capacity and required rate of return before deciding the
alternatives of investment.
Revise the Portfolio:
 Portfolio revision concerns the periodic repetition of the previous three
steps. That is, overtime the investor may change his or her investment
objectives, which in turn may cause the currently held portfolio to be less than
optimal.

Evaluate the Performance of the Portfolio:

It involves determining periodically how the portfolio performed, in terms
not only the return earned but also the risk experienced by the investor (pp. 11-
14).

2.1.3 Investment alternatives:

Cheney & Moses (1995) “In the market, a wide range of investment alternatives
are available to an individual investor” (p.8).

Traditionally, there are various investment alternatives like, common stocks,

preferred stock and bank as financial assets. But with the increase in financial
market concept and principles, a lot of other financial alternatives have mesh
roomed. Commercial bankers, investment bankers and brokers provide the
financial manager with detailed information on each of the forms of investment
listed.

The financial manager decides on a suitable maturity pattern for the holdings on
the basic of how long the funds are to be held. If the funds are wrongly invested
without any financial risk, business risk and other various types of risk and facts, the
bank cannot obtain profitable return as well as it should sometimes lose its principle.
Therefore the suitable alternative can be selected and balanced in such a way those
maturities and risk appropriate to the financial situation of the firm is obtained. There
are various alternatives, which are as follows:-
1. Equity Securities:
Equity securities represent ownership shares in a corporation. Equity securities
are traded in organized exchanges OTC market.
Common Stock: Common stock is an ownership share in a corporation.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stock is a fixed income security. Preference
shareholder does not have voting rights. It is suitable for that investor who does
not want to bear high risk but wants fixed return.
2. Debt Securities:
Debt securities are those on which interest has to pay and they have certain
maturity period. Debt securities can be divided into two parts. They are as follows:-
a) Short Term Debt Securities: It is the obligation that matures in one year or
less. Short term debt securities are traded in to money market. They are negotiable
certificates of deposit, commercial paper, bankers acceptance and treasury bills.
b) Intermediate and long-term debt securities: It is the obligation that matures
in more than one year. Intermediate and long-term debt securities are traded in OTC
market. They are as follows:
Government Securities: Government securities are fixed income securities
issued by the government. These securities are among the safest of all investment as
the government is unlikely to default on interest or on principle repayments. They are
treasury notes, treasury bonds and saving bonds.
Agency Securities: Agency securities are traded in the OTC market.
Government national mortgage association, Federal home loan mortgage corporation,
Federal National mortgage association are the example of it.
Municipal Securities: Municipal bonds are debt obligation issued by state or
local government and agency. Revenue bonds and general obligation bonds are
municipal securities.
Corporate Bonds: It is traded in organized exchanges and the OTC market.
3. Hybrid Securities:
Securities that have characteristics of both equity and debt are called hybrid
securities. They are convertible preferred stock, convertible bonds.
4. Derivative securities:
Securities that derive their value from the value of an underlying asset. They are
option, commodity futures, financial futures, option of futures, rights and warrant.
5. Real Assets:
Real assets are the non-financial assets. Precious metals, real estate, collectibles
are the real assets.
6. International Investment:
International investments are the investment by individual in debt or equity
securities issued by organizations outside country of residence of the investor. They
are:-
Multinational corporations.
 Foreign stocks traded on a local exchange.
American depository Receipts are the international investment.
7. Other Investment alternatives:
There are some other investment alternatives they are Pension funds, Mutual
funds and closed end companies.
2.1.4 Portfolio Management
Portfolio management is concerned with efficient management of
portfolio investment in financial assets, including shares and debentures of
companies. The management may be by professionals, by others or by
individuals themselves. A portfolio of an individual or corporate unit is the
holding of securities and investment in financial assets. These holding are the
results of individual preferences and decisions regarding risk and return.
Foerge et al.(1999) “Portfolio management is the art of handling a pool
of funds so that it not only preserves its original worth but also over time
appreciates in value and yields an adequate return consistent with the level of
risk assumed” ( p.75).

2.1.5 Objective of portfolio management

There are several objectives under portfolio management. The main
objective of portfolio analysis is to develop a portfolio these has a maximum
return at whatever level of risk, the investors seems appropriate. There are two
types of objectives, they are as follows:-
Table 2.1
Primary Objectives Secondary Objectives
- Maximization of return - Regular Return
- Minimization of Risk - To stable income
- Appreciation of Capital
- To ever liquidity
- To easy Marketability of assets
- To get income by interest and dividend
- To safety of Investment through diversification
- Tax planning- capital gain tax, income tax and
wealth tax
2.1.6 Portfolio Management Policies

There are so many portfolio management policies which directly affect the
portfolio management decision. They are as follows:-

Aggressive Policy:

Aggressive policy is normally based on yields of securities. This policy

assumed that the market is strong and rising, that common stocks will be best outlets
for the portfolio in rising market. This policy depends more on short-terms source of
fund.

Defensive Policy:

Policy gives more emphasis on safety of principal amount. This policy will be
useful when it is suspected that the marker will decline in near future. Bonds and
preferred stocks are defensive types of securities. This policy depends more upon long
term source of fund.

Moderate Policy:

Policy suggests for the construction of balanced portfolio of various types of

securities. It is the hedge of aggressive and defensive policy or hedge against a rise or
fall in the stock market.

Income vs. Growth policy:

The income policy gives more emphasis upon maximization of current income
and attaches insignificant importance to capital gain and growth. The growth policy
gives more emphasis on the capital appreciation of the portfolio.

2.1.7 Factor affecting Portfolio decisions

Amount of Decision:

While determining the investment portfolio the finance manager should actually
consider the amount of fund available with organization trading and manufacturing
organization deal in securities only for the purpose of best utilization of their available
surplus cash resource. The amount of surplus funds available with them will therefore
decide the quantum of their investment in securities.
Objective of Investment Portfolio:

While determining the investment portfolio we should be clear about objective

of making investment in securities. The objective may differ from organization to
employees can think of having in its investment portfolio only such securities which
can assure safety of the fund and its returns.

Selection of Investment:

This is an essential decision which a finance manager has to take. He has to

decide the kind of investment in which he has to put his fund. The selection of
investment involves deciding about the type of securities, proportion between fixed and
variable yield securities, selection of industries, selection of companies etc.

Timing of Purchase:

To maximize the profit it is not only important for the finance manager to buy
the right security but it is also equally important to buy and sell it at the right time. It is
the most intricate and complex decision for finance manager.

2.1.8 Sources of Investment Risk

Every investment involves uncertainties that make future investment
returns risky. The sources of uncertainty that contribute to investment risk are :
Interest Rate Risk:
Interest rate risk is potential variability of return caused by changes in the
market interest rate. If market interest rates rise, then, investments’ values and market
price will fall and vice versa. The variability of return that results is interest rate risk.
1
PV of investment α =
InterestRate

Thus, the investment rate risk affects the prices of securities like stocks, bonds,
real estate, gold, puts, calls, and other investments as well.
Purchasing Power Risk (Inflation risk):
It is the variability of return an investor suffers because of inflation. Economists
measure the rate of inflation by using a price index. The percentage change in the
consumer price index is a widely followed measure of the rate of inflation. The rate of
inflation is measured by consumer price index.
 CPI t CPI t 1
Rate of inflation =
CPI t 1

Where,
CPI t
= consumer price index in period t.

CPI t 1
= consumer price index in period t-1.

When inflation takes place, financial assets such as stocks, bonds, etc. may lose
their ability to command the same amount of real goods and services they did in
the past.

Bull-Bear market Risk:

When a security index rises fairly consistently from a low point for a period of
time, this upward trend is called a bull market. The bull market ends when the market
index reaches a peak and starts a downward trend. The period during which the market
declines to the next trough is called a bear market.

Management Risk:

Errors made by business managers can harm those who invested in their
firms. Forecasting management errors is difficult work that may not be worth
the effort and, as a result, imports a needlessly skeptical outlook. Agency theory
provides investor with an opportunity to replace skepticism with informed
insight as they endeavor to analyze subjective management risks.

Default Risk:
Default risk is that portion of an investments’ total risk that results from
changes in the financial integrity of the investment. The variability of returns that
investors experience as a result of changes in the creditworthiness of a firm in which
they invested is their default risk.
Liquidity Risk:
Liquidity risk is that portion of an assets’ total variability of return which
results from price discounts given or sales commissions paid in order to sell the asset
without delay.

24
Callability Risk:
Some bonds and preferred stocks are issued with a call provision. Issuers like
the call provision because it allows them to buy back outstanding preferred stocks
and/or bonds with the funds from a new issue if market interest rates drop below the
level being paid on the outstanding securities. But, whatever the issuing company gains
by calling in on issue is gained at the expense of the investors who have their securities
called.
That portion of a security’s total variability of returns that derives from the
possibility that the issue may be called is the callability risk. Callability risk commands
a risk premium that comes in the form of a slightly higher average rate of return. This
additional return should increase as the risk that the issue would be called increases.
Convertibility Risk:
Conversion is a contractual stipulation that is included in the terms of original
security issue. This provision alters the variability of returns from the affected security.
Convertibility risk is that portion of the total variability of return from a convertible
bond or preferred stock that reflects the possibility that the investment may be
converted into the issuer’s common stock at a time or under terms harmful to the
investors’ best interests.

Political Risk:

Political Risk arises from the exploitation of a politically weak group for the
benefit of a politically strong group, with the effects of various to improve their relative
position increasing the variability of return from the affected asset regardless of
whether the charges that causes political risk are sought by political or by economic
interests, the resulting variability of return is called political risk if it is accomplished
through legislative, judicial or administrative branches of the government. Political risk
can be international as well as domestic.

Industry Risk:

Industry risk is that portion of an investments total variability of return caused

by events that affect the products and firms that make up an industry. The stage of the
industry’s life cycle, international tariffs and/or quotas on the products produced by an
industry, product or industry related taxes; industry wise labor union problems,
environmental restrictions, raw material availability, and similar factors interact and

25
affect all the firms in an industry simultaneously. As a result of these commonalities,
the prices of the securities issued by competing firms tend to rise and fall together.

Thus, total Risk = Interest rate risk + Purchasing power risk +Market risk +
Management risk + Default risk + Liquidity risk + Call-ability risk + Convertibility
risk + Taxability risk + Political risk + Industry risk + Other risk factors.

2.1.9 Portfolio Risk and Return

Investment is made with the goal of earning some expected rate of return.
Investors seek to minimize inefficient deviations from this expected rate to return. To
minimize inefficient deviations, diversification is essential to the creation of an
efficient investment as it can reduce the variability of returns around the expected
return.
Weston &Copeland (1992) “The risk and return of an individual security should
be analyzed in terms of how that security affects the risk and return of the portfolio in
which it is held” (p.183).
i. Portfolio expected return

The expected portfolio return is the simple weighted average of the expected
return from the investment represented by a portfolio. This expected return is
calculated by determining the expected return of each component of the
portfolio and using these returns to compute a weighted average. The weights
used are the portfolio weights, which describe how the portfolio’s investment is
weighted among the various assets/securities. Portfolio weights are percentage
of the total amount available to be invested in the portfolio and sum to 1. The
portfolios expected return is defined in equation as follows: -

E(Rp) = W1K1 + W2K2 +… + WnKn

Where,
E(Rp) = The expected return on the portfolio
 W1 = Weight for stock 1
W2 = Weight for stock 2
K1 = Expected return for stock 1
K2 = Expected return for stock 2

ii. Portfolio Risk

Thapa, Bhattarai & Basnet (2006) defined that Portfolio risk is a function of the
proportional invested in the components. Portfolio risk is the risk as a whole for the
specific portfolio. In totally, what is the risk of wealth is the risk of portfolio.
Calculation of portfolio risk is not as easy as portfolio return. The portfolio risk
depends upon the risk of each securities and the covariance of particular securities.
Portfolio risk can be measured in terms of standard deviation and variance. The
variance used to measure the risk of the portfolio. It is the square root of the standard
deviation.
The variance of a portfolio of assets depends on not only the variance portfolio
but also how the assets track each other asset in the portfolio. This introduces the
concept of covariance or correlation; that is to say the degree by which the returns of
two assets vary or change together. To determine the variance of a portfolio of assets,
the sum of the weighted variances of the individual assets and the sum of the weighted
covariance of the assets added together. Portfolio risk is measured by statistical tool
standard deviation and variance. It is a function of the proportions invested in the
components. The riskness of the components and the correlation of returns on the
components securities are computed by using the following equations:

n n n n
Var(rp) or σp2 = Σ Σ Wi Wj cov ij or =Σ Σ Wi Wj cov ij Wi Wij Pij σi σj.
i=1j=1 i=1j=1
Where,
σp = Standard deviation of portfolio’s return
Wi = Proportion of investment in asset i
Wj = Proportion of investment in asset j
Covij = covariance of the return between asset i and asset j
Pij = Correlation co-efficient between asset I and asset j (p. 150).
2.1.10 Correlation Coefficient and Portfolio Risk
Thapa (2003) “The risk of the portfolio can be measured by using covariance of
the returns of assets in the portfolio. The covariance’s simply means the degree to
which the returns of the two assets vary together. In other words its measures how two
variables co-vary. A positive covariance indicates that the returns of two assets move in
the same direction where as a negative covariance indicates that the return of two assets
moves in opposite direction. If the covariance is zero, it means the rate of return on
assets is independent. The correlation coefficient is the covariance divided by the
product of the standard deviation for the investments.

Correlation coefficient (ρij) = cov (rirj)

σiσj
Where,
Ρij = Correlation coefficient between assets i and j
Σi = Standard deviations of return for asset i
Σj = Standard deviation of return for asset j

The correlation coefficient between –1 and +1, if the value of correlation is 1, it

is perfectly positively correlated. It indicates that the return on two assets move
together exactly the same way. In additional, the value of correlation –1 means
perfectly negatively correlated which indicates that the return on two assets move
together perfectly opposite way. If the value of correlation 0 means that, there is no
relationship between two assets return”(pp. 38-39).

2.1.11 Measurement of risk

Standard Deviation:
Standard deviation is a statistically concept and is widely used to measure risk
from holding a single assets. A high standard deviation represents a large dispersion of
return and is a high risk, a low deviation is a small dispersion and represents low risk.
It provides more information about the risk of the assets.
Coefficient of variation:
 Risk is measured by the standard deviation, and then risk per unit of expected
return can be measured by the coefficient of variation (c.v.). High C.V. represents the
higher risk of the investment. The c.v. shows the risk per unit of return and it provides
a more meaningful basis for comparison when the expected return and risk on two
alternatives is not the same.

2.1.12 Features of Sound Lending and Investing Policy Some of

the main characteristics of sound lending and investment policies which most
of the banks must consider have been given by many authors are as under:
i. Safety and Security:
While selecting the sectors for investing the funds, a bank should be very much
conscious. It should never invest its funds in those securities, which are too
volatile because a little difference may cause a great loss. Similarly, the
businessman who is bankrupt at once or earns a million in a minute should not
be financed at all. The companies invest its funds in legal securities only. The
company should accept that type of securities, which have marketability;
ascertainability, stability & transferability and it also accept those securities,
which are commercial, durable and high market prices. For the safety and
security in investing funds the company can use the investment portfolio tools
also.
ii. Liquidity:
Liquidity generally refers to the cash or any assets that can be converted into
cash immediately. Generally, people deposit money at the finance company in
different account with confidence that the bank will repay their money
whenever it is needed. In order to maintain the confidence to the depositors, the
company must always be ready to meet current or short-term obligations when
they become due for repayment Liquidity is the capacity of company to pay
cash against deposits. Hence the liquidity position of a bank is such an
important factor.
iii. Profitability:
Finance companies invest on those sectors from where more and
more return can flow because through maximizing the returns on its investment,
 company can maximize its volume of wealth. Hence the investment or granting
of loan & advances by them are highly influenced by the profit margin.
Generally, the profit of finance company depends upon the interest rate of the
company, volume of loan provided, time period of loan and nature of
investment on different securities. Profitability is only the term, which always
motivates finance companies to invest their money more and more.
iv. Suitability:
A banker should always know why a customer is in need of loan.
If a borrower misuses the loan granted by the bank, he will never be able to
repay the loan and bank will possess heavy bad debts. Therefore, in order to
avoid such circumstances, advances should be allowed to select suitable
borrowers and it should demand all the essential detailed information about the
scheme of the project. Bank should also keep in mind the overall development
plans of the nation and the credit policy guidelines of the central bank.
iv. Purpose of Loan:
In the viewpoint of security, a banker should always know that why a customer
is in need have loan. If a borrower misuses the loan granted by the bank, he can never
repay therefore in order to avoid this situation each and every bank should demand all
the essential detailed information about the scheme of project or activities.
v. Diversification:
The finance company should be careful that while
granting loan, it should not be always in one sector. To minimize risk and
maximize the profit, a company must diversify its investment on different
sectors. Diversification of loan helps to sustain loss according to the law of
average because if securities of a company depreciated, there may be
appreciation in the securities of other companies. In this way, the loss can be
recovered.
vi. Tangibility:
A commercial bank should prefer tangible security to an
intangible one. Though it may be considered that tangible property doesn’t
yield an income apart from intangible securities, which have lost their value due
to price level inflation.
vii. Legality:
 Illegal issued securities may cause problems to the investors. Therefore, all the
finance companies should follow the directives of NRB, Ministry of Finance and other
relevant organization at the time of mobilizing funds.
viii. National Interest:
In additional to its own profitability the bank should also consider the national
interest. Even though the bank cannot get maximum return from such investment, it
should carry out its obligation towards the society and the country. The bank is
required to invest on such sectors as per the government and Nepal Rastra Bank’s
instruction. Investment on government bonds, priority and deprived sector lending are
the examples so such investments.

2.1.13 Sources of Funds for the Investment

There are different sources of funds for the investment of the Finance
Company: -

a) Capital:
Capital is the lifeblood of the trade and commerce. Therefore, capital is
needed for the operation of the finance company as in other business. The capital
fund consists of two elements like:-
 Issuing Shares: - Finance company issues its share for the collections of
capital. So this is one of the sources of fund to invest. By increasing in
the issue of share, the bank can increase its capital.
General Reserves: - Reserves are kept by the bank separated from the
profit. This reserve is also invested at the time of contingency and to
cover the loss in future.
b) Accumulated profit:
If the capital is not sufficient and there is need of more money to
invest in that case the finance company uses the accumulated profit to invest. In
the time of contingency also, the company invests its accumulated profit for
recovering its future loss.
c) Deposits:
 Deposits are the main source of funds. By providing certain rate
of interest, finance company calls for the deposit from the customer. Mainly,
three types of deposits are accepted by the company like current deposit, fixed
deposit, saving deposits. These different types of deposits are used for lending
the money to different sectors like agriculture, production, trade, service sector
and other industry. The deposits will lead to increase in the working capital of
the bank.
d) External and Internal Borrowings:
The funds can be collected by borrowing money through
different banks or different institution. In a developing country like Nepal,
those types of borrowings are very important. The finance companies may not
have sufficient fund to invest in different sector. In that case it has to borrow
from other bank or other financial institutions. Generally the finance company
borrows from two sources i.e. external and internal. Generally external
borrowing means the borrowing from foreign banks, and foreign government.
Internally, the company borrow mainly from inter bank and Nepal Rastra Bank.
So the finance company cannot provide loan or investment without the funds.
From the fund collected from above different source, the finance company
grants loan.
2.1.14 Portfolio Analysis and Diversification
Portfolio Analysis considers the determination of future risk and return in
holding various blends of securities. The objectives of portfolio analysis is to develop a
portfolio that has the maximum returns at whatever level of risk the investor deems
appropriate. Diversification of portfolio helps to minimize risk and different
diversification techniques have been developed for reducing portfolio's risk. The
objectives of portfolio analysis are to reduce risk by combing securities of low risks
with securities of high
Van Horn (2000) stated that portfolio manager seeking efficient investments
works with two kinds of statistics –expected return statistics and risk statistics. The
expected return and risk statistic for individual assets are the exogenously determined
input data analyzed by the portfolio analyst. The objective of portfolio analysis is to
develop a portfolio that has the maximum return at whatever level of risk the investor
seems appropriate (p.90).
 The real meaning of diversification is dividing available assets across a number
of different securities. The key to diversification is the correlation across the securities.
Portfolio theory suggests creating a well-diversified investment portfolio that has the
maximum return at whatever level of risk the investor seems appropriate. Portfolio
theory was originally proposed by Harry M. Markowitz. Professor of Finance Harry M.
Markowitz began a revolution by suggesting that the value of a security to an investor
might best be evaluated by its mean return, its standard deviation (risk), and correlation
to other securities in the portfolio.

Weston & Copeland (2003) “Investment risk can be reduced by including more
than one alternative or categories of assets in the portfolio and by including
more than one asset from each category. Hence, diversification is essential to
the creation of an efficient investment because it can reduce the variability of
returns around the expected return. This diversification may significantly
reduce risk without a corresponding reduction in the expected rate of return on
the portfolio” (p. 366).

The main objective of portfolio construction is to diversify the risk by

combining securities of low risk with securities of high risk to obtain the
highest expected return for a given level of risk. One of the well-said proverbs
“never keep all the eggs in a same basket” supports this. So diversification
plays an important role in designing efficient portfolios (that is portfolios whose
return is maximize for a given level of risk or, equivalently, portfolios whose
risk is minimized for a given level of return.).

Bodie, Kane & Marcus (2000) “Diversification is the one important means that
control portfolio risk. Investments are made in a wide variety of assets so that exposure
to the risk of any particular securities is limited. By placing one’s eggs in many
baskets, overall portfolio risk actually may be less than the risk of any component
security considered in isolation” (p.162).
Diversification simply means spreading the risk among the various companies,
industries and asset class. It reduces the portfolio risk thereby eliminating the
unsystematic risk, which is not rewarded. There are two types of risk attached with
investment; systematic and unsystematic risk. The investors are only rewarded for
systematic risk that is market risk, which is unavoidable. It is important to investors as

33
it protect them from business risk, financial risk and the volatility. There are different
types of diversification risk management techniques that help in reducing portfolio
risk. There are some different diversification techniques for reducing a portfolio's risk:-
I. Simple diversification
In simple diversification is the random selection of securities to add to a
portfolio. It would reduce unsystematic risk or diversifiable risk. According to this
approach, it is found that 10- 15 securities in portfolio brings adequate returns with
average risk and each selected securities in this portfolio is provided equal weight in its
portfolio. This is better way of reducing the risk.
II. Superfluous Diversification
If 10 or 15 different assets are selected for a portfolio, the maximum risk
reduction benefits from simple diversification have most likely been attained. Further
spreading of the portfolio’s assets is superfluous diversification and should be avoided.
Superfluous diversification will usually result in the following portfolio management
problems:
1. Impossibility of good portfolio management.
2. Purchase of lackluster performer.

3. High search costs.

4. High transaction costs.

Although more money is spent to manage a superfluously diversified portfolio, there

will most likely be no concurrent improvement in the portfolio’s performance. Thus,
superfluous diversification may lower the net return to the portfolio’s owners after the
portfolio’s management expenses are deducted

III. Diversification across Industries

Some investment counselors advocate selecting securities from different
industries to achieve better diversification. It is certainly better to follow this advice
than select all the securities in a portfolio from one industry. Since all the industries are
highly correlated with one another, diversification across industries is not much better
then simply selecting securities randomly.
IV. Simple Diversification across quality Rating Categories
Quality rating measure defaults risk-essentially the risk of bankruptcy. The
highest quality portfolio of randomly diversified stocks was able to achieve lower
levels of risk than the simply diversified portfolios of lower quality stocks. This result

34
reflects the fact that default risk (as measured by the quality ratings) is part of total risk.
The higher quality portfolios contain assets with less default risk. This finding suggests
that portfolio managers can reduce portfolio risk to levels lower than those attainable
with simple diversification by not diversifying across lower-quality assets.
V. Markowitz Diversification

Markowitz Diversification may be defined as combining assets which are less

than perfectly positively correlated in order to reduce portfolio risk without
sacrificing portfolio return. It can sometime reduce below the un-diversifiable
level. There is a nature trade off between risk return in the market but at any
given level of expected return, Markowitz diversification can reduce risk more
than simple diversification. Applying diversification to a collection of potential
investment assets with a computer is Markowitz portfolio analysis. It is a
scientific way to manage a portfolio and its results are quite interesting. Since,
Markowitz portfolio analysis considers both the risk and return of dozen and
hundreds of different securities simultaneously. It is a more powerful method of
analyzing a portfolio than using intuition.

2.1.15 Review of related studies

Every scientific research is based on past knowledge. The previous studies
cannot be ignored because they provided the foundation to the preset study.
Therefore, in the light of this dissertation in this section review of articles,
review of research papers & review of thesis of previous study are taken into
consideration.

Markowitz, (1952) “portfolio selection” entitled the portfolios theory

establishes a relationship between a portfolios expected return and its level of
risk as the criterion for selecting the optimum portfolio. So as to find the
efficient set of portfolios and select the most effecting one, the portfolio
manager will need to know the expected returns and the risk of these returns for
the individual securities. The portfolio model developed by Markowitz is based
on the following reason able assumptions.

The risk of an individual asset or portfolio is based on the variability of returns

(standard deviation or variance)
 Investors depend solely on their estimates of return and risk in making their
investment decisions. This means that an investor’s utility (indifference) curves
are only a function of expected return and risk.
Investors adhere to the dominance principal. That is, for only given level of
risk, investors prefer assets with a highest expect return to assets with lower
expected return, for the expected return, for assets with the same expected
return, investors prefer lower to higher risk.
The expected return of the portfolio is the weighted average of the expected
returns of the individual assets in the portfolio. The weights are defined as the
portion of the investor’s wealth invested in a particular asset.
Rp = ∑ R i × X i
Rp = R1X1 + R2X2 + R3X3 + …+ RnXn

Where,
Rp = expected return to portfolio.
Ri = expected return to security.
Xi = the proportion of total portfolio investment in security.

The Markowitz has presented the risk of the portfolio consists of the risk ness
of the individual securities and the covariance between the returns of the securities
among all possible combinations of them. Thus, portfolio risk can be calculated as
follows:-
The portfolio risk
s p 2 X 1 2s 2
1 X 2s
2 2
2
2X 1 X 2 s 1s 2 s12

Where,
X1 = proportion of funds invested in security 1.
X2 = proportion of funds invested in security 2.
2 2
s 1 ,s 2 = variance of the returns on securities 1 and 2.

r12 = correlation between the return of 1 and 2 (pp.77-91).

 Shrestha (1998) has given a short foretaste on the “Portfolio Management in
Commercial Bank, Theory and Practice”. Shrestha has highlighted the following issues
in his article.
The portfolio management becomes very important for both individuals as well
as institutional investors. Investors would like to select a best mix of investment assets
subject to the following aspects:
Higher return which is comparable with alternative opportunities available
according to the risk class of investors.
Good liquidity with adequate safety of investment.
Certain capital gain.
Maximum tax concession.
Flexible investment.
Economic, efficient and effective investment mix. In
view of above aspects, following strategies are adopted:
Do not hold any single security i.e. try to have a portfolio of different securities.
Do not put all the eggs in one basket i.e. to have a diversified investment
(making investment in different sectors).
Choose such a portfolio of securities, which ensures maximum return with
minimum risk or lower of return but added objectives of wealth maximization.

However, Shrestha also presented the following approaches to be adopted for

designing a good portfolio and its investment:
To find out the invisible assets (generally securities) having scope for better
returns depending upon individual characteristics like age, health, need,
disposition, liquidity, tax liability etc.
To find out the risk of securities depending upon the attitude of investor toward
risk.
To develop alternative investment strategies for selecting a better portfolio this
will ensure a trade off between risk and return to attach the primary objective of
wealth maximization at lowest risk.
To identify securities for investment to refuse volatility of return and risk.
In this study, Shrestha has presented two types of investment analysis
techniques i.e. fundamental analysis and technical analysis to consider any securities
such as equity, debentures bond and other money and capital market instruments. He
has further suggested that the banks having been international net work can also offer
assess to global financial market. He has also point out the required skilled work force
research and analysis and proper management information system in any type of
commercial banks to get success in portfolio management and customer’s confidence
(pp.28-67).

Kane & Burser (1979) in the title “Portfolio diversification at commercial

banks” deals with how a firm performs a useful function by holding a portfolio of
efficiently priced securities.
According to them, it is rational for a form to engage in prior found of assets
diversification of behalf of its shareholder even when all assets are priced efficiently
and available for direct purchase by shareholders. As a way of testing their perceptive
empirically, they estimated regression model designed to explain the no. of distinct of
U.S. treasury and federal agency debt held in a time series of cross section of large US
commercial banks. They interpret the systematic pattern of diversification observed for
large US commercial banks as evidence that bank stockholder for a relatively uniform
diversification clientele. For firm, marginal benefits from diversification take
reductions in the cost equity funds offered by its specific clientele of stockholders. To
maximize the value of the firm, these benefits must be weighted against the explicit
and implicit marginal cost of diversification.
The Kane and Burser drown following concluding remarks:
a. Even wealthy investors should be sensitive to administrative costs associated
with selection, evaluation, managing, and continually keeping track of a large number
of securities.
b. Either homemade of firm produced diversification, reduces the variance of
shareholders portfolio return. If homemade diversification bears in ordinary high levels
of information risk, some benefit of form-produced diversification might not be
reproduce able by individual investors acting on their own.
c. Investors with even modest resources, the stock of financial institutions should be
relatively less attractive than the stock of that avoided extensive diversification costs by
engaging in specialized activities (pp. 19-31).
 Bajracharya (1990), in his article "Monetary policy and deposit mobilization in
Nepal”, has concluded that mobilization of domestic savings is one of the prime
objectives of the monetary policy in Nepal and commercial banks and the more active
financial intermediary for generating resources in the form of deposit of private sector
and providing credit to the investor in different sectors of the economy (pp.93-97).

In an interview with Annapurna post (2008), Sushil Joshi, Managing Director

of Himalayan, Bank clarified that commercial banks are not able to invest in
hydropower projects, road and other infrastructure because of huge amount of capital
required for those projects and due to the political instability of the country. At present
banks are willing to invest in these projects. (Annapurna post, 22 sep. 2008).

Thapa (1994) expresses his views in his research paper “Financial System of
Nepal” that the commercial banks including foreign joint venture banks seem to
be doing pretty well in mobilizing deposits. Likewise, loans and advances of
these banks are also increasing. But compared to high credit needs particularly
by newly emerging industries, the bank still seems to lack adequate funds. The
banks are increasing their lending to non –traditional sectors along with the
traditional sectors.
Out of all commercial banks (excluding two recently opened regional
commercial banks), Nepal Bank Ltd. and Rastriya Banijya Bank are operating
with a nominal profit, the later turning towards negative from time to time.
Because of growing competition and limitation of investment sectors, the
spread between interest income and interest expenses is declining. These banks
have not been able to increase their income from commission and discount. On
the contrary, they have got heavy burden of personal and administrative
overheads. Similarly, due to accumulated overdue and defaulting loans, profit
position of these banks has been seriously affected.
He concludes that by its very nature of the public sector, these two domestic
banks couldn’t compete with the private sector banks, so only remedy to the
problems of these banks, as the government decided, is to hand over the
ownership as well as the management of these banks to the private hands (pp.
29-37)
2.1.16 Review of unpublished master’s thesis
Basnet (2002) research entitled “Portfolio management of joint venture banks
in Nepal” is try to presented data of eight years from 1994-2001 A.D. The objective of
the research was to find out the situation of the portfolio management of joint venture
banks in Nepal. To evaluate the investment and advances portfolio of joint venture
banks, to evaluate the financial performance of joint venture bank. To analyze the risk
and ratio of commercial banks. Mr. Basnet summarized the findings as NBBL, HBL,
SCB, and EBL was investing very high amount of its fund in government securities. It
has providing very high amount of its loan and advances to the private sector in
increasing trend. It has also given the priority to foreign bills purchase and discount.
He analyzed portfolio by only banking industries using secondary data provided by
bank. According to him banks are very strong in investment in comparison to
individual investors.

Bhatta (2003) prepared a thesis “Portfolio Management of listed finance companies

of Nepal”. The main objective of the study was to identify the present situation of
portfolio management of finance com. in Nepal with the help of risk return and other
relevant variables. Which conclude that the most of finance companies have enough
unsystematic risk (diversifiable risk) that means there is no effective portfolio
management of listed finance companies. In context of portfolio risk and return of
Nepalese finance companies investor has to bear higher portfolio risk to increase little
bid of portfolio return.
The major problem to manage the portfolio is volatility of different securities in
Nepalese capital market. For the selection of portfolio in Nepal technical analysis does
not work effectively but fundamental analysis work effectively. In Nepalese stock
market passive strategy is more suitable then active strategy to achieve better result.
Corporate investor think portfolio evaluation is necessary but lack of specific
knowledge they depend on conventional method.

Shrestha (2004) study on "Optimum portfolio investment in Nepal", the main

theme of the study is to analyze rationalities of portfolio theory in context Nepalese
security market. Always investor tries best to make sure return, return is not cent
percent sure or investment will not ruin. The study mainly focused on the specific
sector of market i.e. currently listing in NEPSE for last 6 years and this study mainly
based on the companies listed in NEPSE and applies the different categories. His
analysis is based on secondary data as well as primary data of 6 years collected by
small survey of 25 investors main objectives of this study are to find out and analyze
the major problem of investor regarding selection of optimal portfolio. He try to
analyze the risk and return, market sensitivity, composition of risk and pricing status of
securities. And to suggest the measure for the improvement of investment rationalities.
Investor should be aware of risk and return. This research helps them to find out the
degree of risk associated with the stock, systematic and unsystematic risk estimation of
stock.

Shrestha, (2005) in her thesis entitled “Portfolio Analysis of Common Stock of

Commercial Banks in Nepal” has been done in 2005. The main objective of the study
is to find out level of portfolio risk and return on stock of commercial bank investment
and other objective are; to analyze the trend of NEPSE index, to analyze the risk and
return of common stock of reviewed banks, to analyze the market price movement of
the common stock, to try to find out the best portfolio from NEPSE. She describes that
the correlation of stock, return and market shows that all of the banks stock are highly
positive correlated with the market. The correlation values of common stock of all bank
with the markets is nearly equal +1. Stock of NBB is highest positive correlation which
has values of +O.918 and HBL is lowest positive correlated which has a value of
+0.82. Nepal Bangladesh bank (NBB) has highest portfolio return and highest portfolio
risk. NBB has invested its more funds on risky assets and fewer funds on risk free
assets. So there exist highest risks as well as return. The principle “higher the risk
higher the return” is applied for it. Likewise, Himalayan bank limited (HBL) has the
lowest portfolio return and portfolio risk. It has invested more of its fund in on risk free
assets and least fund in risky market. The principle “no risk no gain” is applied for it.
The performance measure shows the ranking stock by different method.

Shrestha (2006) in his thesis entitled “A Study on Investment Portfolio of

Commercial Banks in Nepal” has been done in 2006. The general objective of this
research is to identify the current situation of investment portfolio of CBs in Nepal.
The main objectives are to analyze the investment portfolio, to analyze the risk and
return, to forecasting and examine the trend of investment. In his study he stated that
the return on share and debenture of commercial banks shows wide fluctuation. These
fluctuations in returns are caused mainly by the volatility of the shares prices in market
and by the changes in dividends in some extent. Comparatively to other assets, share
and debenture has higher return and higher risk. Hence, it is cleared from analysis that
investment on share and debenture is high risky assets. The return is slightly lower than
average return from loan and advances and share and debentures. The portfolio risk on
investment is less than that of risk on loan and advances and risk on share and
debenture. It shows there is vital role of government securities to reduce the risk. The
study shows that the portfolio return is decreasing trend every year. It shows the
investment portfolio concept is not using properly by the selected banks.

Paudyal (2006) conduct a study on “A study on Portfolio Analysis of

Commercial Banks in Nepal”. In his study he conclude the major findings, they are; the
industrial mean ratio of investment to total deposit is 21.86%. The only EBL has a
greater ratio above industrial mean ratio. But other banks have lower investment to
total deposit ratio than industrial mean ratio. It shows that EBL has effective
mobilization its deposit on investment to generate the return. Among four commercial
banks HBL has invested its more funds on government securities and lesser fund on
share and debenture. All of the selected commercial banks are granting very high
amount its loan and advances to private sector. NIBL and HBL have given second
priority to government enterprise and EBL and BOKL give second priority to foreign
bills purchase and discount. EBL and BOKL have granted very low (less than 1%) loan
and advance to government enterprises. BOKL stock has the highest expected return
and HBL has the lowest expected return. NIBL has negative return. EBL is utilizing its
more collected fund on loan and advances and investment which mean percentage ratio
is 95.85%. It is the highest average ratio among four commercial banks. HBL is in lost
position on its 67.36%. Other banks NIBL and BOKL are utilizing their deposit in loan
and investment is 83.59% and 94.73% respectively.

Adhikari (2008) study on “Portfolio analysis on investment with special

reference to Nepalese Commercial & Development Bank”. On his study he found that
the overall market return and risk, the shares of all commercial banks are attractive for
investment. Considering the return and risk characteristics of the common stock of all
the selected Development Banks, the common stock of DCBL is most attractive and
NDBL is seen most risky. All sampled Commercial Banks are providing Cash
Dividend most often. Development Banks are not providing dividend regularly as
Commercial Banks. Most of stocks of Commercial and Development Banks move in
the same direction, they are highly positively correlated to the market. The stocks of all
sampled Commercial Banks and most Development Banks are under-priced, since their
required rate of returns are less than average rate of returns. While making two or three
assets portfolio between commercial banks, investing large proportion in NIBL and
small portion in NABIL and HBL significantly reduces the risk without significant
reduction in return likewise while making two or three assets portfolio between
Development Banks, investing large proportion in DCBL and small portion in NDBL
and ACEDBL significantly reduces the risk without significant reduction in return.
Forming the portfolio between Commercial and Development Banks, higher weights
providing in Commercial Banks and lower in Development Banks can reduces risk
significantly without significant reduction in return.

Wagle (2008) "Portfolio management of commercial bank in Nepal”. The major

objective of the stuy are to find out the portfolio of commercial banks for an investor,
to analyze risk and return of investment securities, to find out the optimum portfolio of
security trading in NEPSE. This study is also helpful to find out, to what extent
commercial banks manage their risk and return using portfolio concept. Main objective
of the studies are to find out the portfolio of commercial banks for an investor, analyze
risk and return of investment securities, analyze risk and return of investment securities
He stated that most of commercial banks are interested to invest their funds in more
liquid and less risky sectors. Investment on loan and advances is better than that of
investment on share, debentures and government securities because loan and advances
provides fixed interest income. Commercial bank most mobilizes their deposit and
other funds to profitable sector. All the bank able to attract the investors because of
their performance. The expected return of all the banks are above 45%. The banks
providing good return to the investors and able to achieve the trust of people. All the
banks has beta of greater than 1 that means all the banks has aggressive stock. By the
analysis of different tools and techniques and monitoring closely the market.

Shrestha (2009) performed research on “Investment policy and portfolio

management of Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited”. The main objectives of
the study are to evaluate the Investment Policy of the bank for loans and advances and
that for investment on securities, to analyze the investment portfolio of bank in ground
of portfolio’s liquidity, portfolio management, portfolio performance and portfolio’s

43
profitability, to analyze how efficiently the resources have been utilized, to evaluate
changes in the portfolios after the improvement in the Capital Adequacy position of the
bank.

On her study she found that bank has formulated a satisfactory loans and
advances policy. Most of the credit related matters were found well incorporated in the
policy documents. Current assets of NCC Bank have exceeded current liabilities in
average position, Liquid loans to total loans ratio reflects poor liquidity position of the
loan portfolio, Financial ratio of marketable or liquid securities to total securities
indicated improving situation. The loan and advance to total assets ratio ranges from
the minimum of 53.67% to the maximum of 92.41%, which shows the ratios are
inconsistent over the study period. Investment on government securities to total assets
ratio has shown fluctuating trend in her study period. The ratio of NCC Bank shows
decreasing trend, it might be due to increasing competition in the banking sector or
bank was not paying enough attention towards non-funded business. Portfolio
performance ratios reflects the non- performing loan of the bank face the major
problem, and Profitability ratio analysis reflects poor profitability position of bank. The
Interest incomes to total income ratios were more or less consistent over the study
period.

Thapa (2009) conduct a research on “investment portfolio of Annapurna

finance ltd”. The researcher found that maximum of investment is made on loans and
advances. He found that investment regarding on hire purchase loan, housing loan,
term loan, and fixed deposit loan are increasing trend with fluctuating. Researcher said
that highest percentage of investment in initial year and thereafter percentage of
investment is decreasing year by year. The loan loss provision to total loans and
advances ratio has fluctuating trend, the loan and advance to total asset ratio of AFCL
has increasing with fluctuating trend likewise the loan and advances to total deposit
ratio of AFCL has increasing as well as slightly decreasing trend. Investment to total
deposit ratio of AFCL has decreasing trend over the researcher study period.
Researcher found that non-performing loan ratio and return on total assets ratio of
AFCL has fluctuating trend. From the analysis of growth ratios of total deposit, total
loans and advances and total investment of AFCL during his study period shows that
the total deposit of the company is increasing.

2.1.17 Justification of the study / Research gap

 Going through the review of various books, articles, publications and also
the unpublished research works previously done in this field, Portfolio investment is
the most important part of finance because they can strong impact on investment. Thus,
it is not very new concept. Many researchers have done research on this aspect. As
long as researcher knows, no specific research has yet been able to go in-depth of the
topic and has successfully accomplished the specified objectives of the research work.

All of the previous researcher has been used same statistical tools on this
topic so result is same each other, previous researchers did not show the trend of
investment, deposit, loan and advances and net profit. Hence, this research will fulfill
the prevailing research gap by showing trend of investment, deposit, loan and advances
and net profit, using some new statistical tools and by adding some new literature. This
study further evaluate the existing situation of investment portfolio management, and
also evaluate the liquid risk and credit risk, under current investment portfolio
management which is not shown by previous study.

Furthermore, there is no any research regarding the portfolio investment of

Fewa finance company Limited. Predicting portfolio investment on the basis of
financial statements may lead into false interpretation. Investment portfolio aims at
creating high yielding portfolio structure. So, portfolio structure should be analyzed
side-by-side to evaluate the policy’s effectiveness. This type of study is not found in
the past.

This study covers the more recent financial data, literature and NRB
directives/circulars and literature so that the recent issues and scenarios can be
highlighted. In this research, researcher presents the current data up to 2010.
 CHAPTER- III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Background of the study

Research methodology describes the methods and process applied in the entire
aspect of the study. It includes all the procedures from theoretical foundation to the
collection and analysis of data. Research methodology is a systematically way to solve
the research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how research is
done scientifically.
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem. It
refers to the various sequential steps that are to be adopted by a researcher during the
course of studying the problem with certain objectives. This chapter refers to the
overall research method from the theoretical aspects to the collection and analysis of
data. This study covers quantitative methodology in a greater extent and also uses the
descriptive part based on both technical aspects and logical aspect. This research tries
to perform a well-designed, quantitative, and qualitative research in a very clear and
direct way by using both financial and statistical tools.

3.2 Research Design

Kerlinger (1986) “Research design is the plan, structure and strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtain answer to research questions and to control
variance. The plan is the over all scheme or program of the research. It includes an
outline of what the investigator will do from writing the hypothesis and their
operational implications to the final analysis of data. The structure of the research is
more specific. It is the outline, the scheme, the paradigm of the operation of the
variables. When we draw diagrams that outline the variables and their relation and
juxtaposition, we build structural schemes for accomplishing operational research
purpose “(p.275)

The present study is mainly based on two type of research design i.e.
descriptive and analytical. Descriptive research design describe the general pattern of
the Nepalese investors, business structure, problem of portfolio management etc.
The analytical research design makes analysis of the gathered facts and information
and makes a critical evaluation of it.
Finally research design is the plan, structure and strategy of investigations
conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions and to control variances. To
achieve this study descriptive and analytical research designs have been used.
Further added that after analyzing the sequences and inter-relationships of these
facts, he or she conducts a comprehensive study of social unit as it functions in society.
The research design for this thesis is shown below:-

Procedure of preparation of research

For the preparation of this research, following procedure is followed:

Conception phase:
For the appropriate topic, various interaction with friends, college library
visit, net surfing was done. After making this effort the topic "Investment portfolio"
was chosen.
Definition Process:
In the definition phase, certain vision to be carried out for research was developed, the
description of the problems and the research topic were analyzed. After that, the aim of
the research was listed out.
Planning phase:
Planning is very important phase. In this phase, the methodology to gather
information was developed, reference books and reports were collected and the overall
work schedule was prepared. Appropriate Finance Company for the topic was selected.
Implementation phase:
The real work started in this phase. “Fewa Finance Company Limited" was
visited. The effort made by the staff in managing investment portfolio was observed.
Finally, the annual financial reports of the Finance company were collected.
Termination phase:
The final assignment report was edited, printed and binded with a copy of
collected information and then was submitted to the college. As per above diagram,
first of all the necessary data related with Fewa Finance were collected from Fewa
Finance Company Limited. Collection of data consists of compiling useful information
to quantify and analyze to ascertain the conclusion of the research. Then a thorough
analysis of all the data collected was made. After that, necessary data were sorted and
analyzed in a systematic manner.
Some financial and statistical tools have been applied to examine facts and
descriptive analysis techniques have been adopted to evaluate Investment Policy and its
influences on the investment portfolio of Fewa Finance.

3.3 Sources of Data

Secondary sources of data refer to the readymade data and report, which is
already published by the concerned organization, or data that has been compiled by
others. Secondary data is thus defined as the data collected earlier for a purpose other
than one currently being pursued. Secondary data are the brochures, annual reports,
published reports and statements, published official documents, etc
This study mainly based on secondary data. However, besides the annual
reports of the subjected Finance company, the following sources of data have also been
used in the course of the study:
- Nepal Rastra Bank Directives.
- Economic Survey (Published by Ministry of Finance)
- Banking and Financial Statistics.
- Journal of Finance.
- Journal of Business.
- Various text books.
- Previous Research Studies, Dissertation and Articles on the Subject
- Different Library
- Different website related to study.

3.4 Data Analysis Tools

Various financial and statistical tools were used to analyze the data ratio
analysis, correlation coefficient, trend analysis, risk and return, standard deviation,
hypothesis test, etc were used in the study. A brief explanations of statistical and
financial tools employed in this study is given below.
3.4.1 Financial Tools

Financial tools basically help to analyze the financial strength and weakness of
a firm. Ratio analysis is one of the important financial tools that have been used in the
study. A ratio is relation between two or more variables. It expresses the quantitative
relationship between any two numbers. Ratio can be expressed in terms of percentage,
proportion and as coefficient. Financial ratio is the mathematical relationship between
two accounting figures. Even though there are many ratios to analyze and interpret the
financial statement, only those ratios that are related to the investment operation of the
bank have been used to complete this research.

3.4.1.1 Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity Ratio measures the firm's ability to meet its current obligation.
Financial company collect fund from the community with a commitment to
return depositor's fund, facilitate withdrawal on demand. A firm should ensure
that it does not suffer from lack of liquidity and also that it does not have excess
liquidity. It is necessary to strike a proper balance between high liquidity and
lack of liquidity. The following ratios are evaluated under liquidity ratio.
i) Cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio:
They are the most liquid of current assets to pay off depositors immediately.
This ratio is calculated by dividing cash and bank balance by total deposits. In
order to bring about consistency in this research, checks for clearing have been
excluded from cash and bank balance and included in other assets.
Mathematically,

Cash & Bank Balance

Cash & Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposits

Cash and bank balance includes cash in local currency & foreign
currency on hand or with banks. The total deposits consists of deposits in
current account, savings account, fixed deposit account, money at call deposits,
margin deposits etc. A higher ratio indicates greater ability of banks to meet
their deposits and vice-versa.
ii) Cash and bank balance to current assets ratio:
 This ratio measures the percentage of liquid assets i.e. cash and bank balance in
the current assets of the firm. Higher ratio shows greater capacity of firms to
meet cash demand. The ratio is calculated by dividing cash and bank balance by
current assets. Mathematically,
Cash & Bank Balance
Cash & Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio =
Current Assets

3.4.1.2 Assets Management Ratio

Assets management ratios measure the efficiency of the finance
company to manage its assets in profitable and satisfactory manner. They
indicate the speed with which assets are being converted into cash. Thus these
ratios are used to measure the finance company’s ability to utilize their
available resources.

i) Loan and advances to total deposit ratio:

This ratio is also called credit-deposit ratio (CD ratio). It is calculated to find
out how successfully the banks are utilizing their total deposits on loan and advances
for profit generating purpose. Loans and advances are the highest yielding assets in a
bank’s portfolio. Greater ratio implies better utilization of total deposits at the cost of
liquidity. This ratio can be obtained by dividing loan and advances by total deposit as
under,
It is computed by dividing total loan and advances by total deposits.
Mathematically,
Loan and Advances
Loan and Advance to Total Deposits Ratio =
Total Deposits

ii) Loans and Advances to Total Assets Ratio

Loan and advances is the major component in the total assets, which indicates
the ability of bank to utilize its deposits in the form of loans and advances to earn high
return. This ratio is computed to assess credit proportion in the total assets.
Loans and Advances
Loans and Advances to Total Assets Ratio =
Total Assets

iii) Total investment to total deposit ratio:

 This ratio shows the utilization of firm's deposits on investment in government
securities and purchasing shares and debentures of other companies. A high
ratio is indicative of high success in mobilization of deposits in investments and
vice-versa. This ratio can be calculated by dividing total investment by total
deposits. Mathematically
Total Investment
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio =
Total Deposits

3.4.1.3 Profitability Ratio

Profitability ratios are used to indicate and measure the overall efficiency of a
firm in terms of profit and financial performance. For better performance, profitability
ratios of firms should be higher. Following ratios have been computed to study the
portfolio’s profitability:

i) Return on Total Assets Ratio:

This ratio measures the overall profitability of all total assets. It is also known
as return on assets (ROA). This ratio is calculated by dividing net profit/ (loss) by total
assets. This can be mentioned as,
Net Profit after Tax
Return on total assets ratio =
Total Assets

ii) Return on Equity Ratio:

This ratio measures how efficiently the bank has used the funds of the owners.
This ratio is calculated by dividing net profit/loss by total equity capital (net worth).
This can be stated as,
Net Profit after Tax
Return on equity ratio =
Equity

iii) Return on Investment Ratio:

Return on investment ratio shows how efficiently the organization is investing

it fund in different sector for generating profit. The higher the ratio the better the
organization profit. The ROI ratio measures how efficiently the organization can earn
on its investment. It is a kind of technique that measures the profitability position of the
organization.
Net Profit after Tax
Return on investment ratio =
T
o
t
a
l

I
n
v
e
s
t
m
e
n
t

3.4.1.4 Risk Ratios

Risk means uncertainty, variability of return, which is inherent in any
investment portfolio of a business enterprise. Risk is an important element since
investment with greater risk requires higher return than investments with lower
risk. Risk ratios measures the degree of risk involved in various financial
operations. The possibility of risk involved in bank's financial operations makes
the bank investment a challenging task. As the notion goes," no risk no gain",
therefore, if a bank expects high return on its investment it must be prepared to
accept the risk and manage it efficiently.
The following risk ratios are used to analyze and interpret the financial data and
investment policy.

i) Liquidity risk ratio:

Liquidity risk of the bank defines its liquidity needs for deposit. Cash and bank
balance are the most liquid of all the assets and are considered bank's liquidity
sources. Deposits on the other hand refer to the liquidity needs of banks.
This ratio measures the risk associated with the liquid assets i.e., cash and bank
balance that are kept to satisfy the cash demand of customers. A higher ratio
shows that the banks has sufficient cash to meet its current obligations i.e.
lower liquidity risk, but that may have an adverse impact on the profitability
position of the bank. A trade off between liquidity and profitability must be
maintained. This ratio is calculated by dividing cash and bank balance by total
deposit. Mathematically,
 Total Cash & Bank Balance
Liquidity Risk Ratio =
Total Deposits

ii) Credit risk ratio:

Normally, every credit is good at the time it is sanctioned. Most of the bank
failures are due to shrinkage in the value of loan and advances. Loan is a risky
asset and risk of non-repayment of loan in known as credit risk or default risk.
Credit risk ratio measures the possibility of loan going into default. While
 sanctioning loans banks measure credit risk involved in the project. Credit risk
is calculated by dividing total loan and advances by total assets.
Mathematically,
Total Loan and Advances
Credit Risk Ratio =
Total Assets

3.4.1.5 Growth Ratio

Regarding the investment function, growth ratio of total deposit, growth ratio of
loans and advances and growth ratio of total investment are calculated by
following formula.
Dn = Do (1+g)(n – 1)
Where,
Dn = Total growth ratio of total deposit, total loans and advance 
and
 tota l investment in nth
year.
Do = Total growth ratio of total deposit, total loans and advances and 
total
Investment in the initial year
g = Growth year
n = total number of years

3.5 Statistical Tools

Some important statistical tools are used to achieve the objective of this study. In this
study statistical tool such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Karl
Pearson's correlation co-efficient, Probable Error and trend analysis have been applied
for analysis.
3.5.1 Mean
A mean is simply the average value or the sum of all the observation divided by
the number of observation and it is given by formula below.

Mean X X
=
n
Where,
X = Mean of the values.
N = Number of pairs of observations.
53
3.5.2 Standard Deviation
The standard deviation measures the absolute dispersion. Dispersion means the
measure of the seatteredness of the mass of figures in a series about an average. The
greater the amount of dispersion, greater the standard deviation. A small standard
deviation means a high degree of uniformity of the observations as well as
homogeneity of a series; a large standard deviation means low degree of uniformity.
This is calculated as follows.

X X2
Standard Deviation (S.D.) =
n

=
n n

Where,
n = no. of observation
x = individual value
x = simple arithmetic mean/ average
3.5.3 Coefficient of Variation (CV)
The standard deviation calculated in the above formulas gives an absolute
measure of dispersion. Hence, where the mean value of the variables is not equal, it is
not appropriate to compare two pairs of variables based on standard deviation only.
The coefficient of variation measures the relative measures of dispersion and compare
two variables independently in terms of their variability. The coefficient of variation
(C.V.) is given by the following formula and this gives the percentage.
s
C.V. = 100
x
Where,
s = Standard Deviation
x = average or mean
When the relative dispersion is stated in terms of mean and standard deviation,
the resulting percentage is known as the coefficient variation or coefficient of
variability.
 3.5.4 Karl Pearson's correlation co-efficient analysis:
This statistical tool interprets and identifies the relationship between two or
more variables. It identifies whether two or more variables are positively
correlated or negatively correlated Statistical tool helps to analyze the
relationship between these variables and aids the selected banks to prepare
appropriate investment policy relating to deposit collection, fund utilization
(loan and advances and investment) and profit maximization. Karl Pearson's
correlation coefficient (r) can be obtained by using the following formulae.
xy
r= Where x = ( x - x ), y=(y- y)
x2 y2

Here, x = Sum of observation in series x

y = Sum of observation in series y
x2 = Sum of squared observation in series x
y2 = Sum of squared observation in series y
xy = Sum of the product of observation in series x & y.
The co-efficient of correlation (r) lies between –1 to +1, If r = +1 there exists a
significant relationship between the two variables. If r = -1, then the two
variables are negatively correlated or there is no significant relationship
between the two variables.

3.5.5 Probable Error

Probable Error (P.E.) of the correlation coefficient is applicable for the
measurement of reliability of the computed value of the correlation coefficient (r). The
probable error is defined by
2
1 r
P.E. = 0.6745 ×
n
Where,
r = correlation of coefficient
n = No. of pairs of observation
If the r is greater than P.E, there is evidence of correlation between the variable.
If the r is less than P.E., there is no evidence of correlation between the variable.

55
3.5.6 Trend analysis:
Under this topic the trend of investment, risk and return and deposit collection
and mobilization of Fewa Finance Company are analyzed.
i) Trend analysis of total deposit.
ii)Trend analysis of total investment.
iii)Trend analysis of total loan and advances.
iv) Trend analysis of net profit.
 CHAPTER – IV

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

The presentation of data is the basic organization and classification of the data for
analysis. The main theme of this chapter is to analyze and interpret the data by using
financial and statistical tools. In this chapter, the concern is given in the presentation and
analysis part of data in detail. As data presentation and analysis is the crucial part of any
research, the purpose is to organize the collected data so that it can be used for
interpretation whereas analysis of the data is to convert it from a crude form to an easy
and understandable presentation. It is so obvious that the presentation of the data and its
analysis help us to draw valid conclusion. There are a number of methods which can be
used to simplify the data. It is being felt that the easiest way to understand the data is by
examining it through charts, tables and graphs. Necessary tables and figures are
personated to achieve the objectives of the study.

4.1 Analysis of Investment Portfolio

Investment portfolio is one of the tools that help for proper utilization of
resources. Finance companies have to investment its funds in different productive sector
of the investment alternatives to earn profit. Higher risks can get higher returns. To
minimize the risk, Finance companies have to invest different types of assets not only
the same risk plays a vital role while analyzing the investment alternatives. The
measurement of risk has always been a subject for debate in the investment operation.
Risk can be measured in many ways using various statistical techniques such as, mean,
standard deviation, variance etc. (Working details in appendix no. 2)
Table 4.1
Investment Portfolio of FFCL
(In percentage)
Investment
Fiscal Year Mean
Portfolio
061/62 062/63 063/64 064/65 065/66 066/67
Loans &
99.77 99.86 99.9 99.64 99.70 99.9 99.78%
Advances
Government
0.23 0.14 0.10 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.18%
securities

Others ---- ---- ---- 0.06 0.07 ---- 0.04%

57
investment

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Source: FFCL, Annual Reports

The above table shows that the investment portfolio of FFCL from the F/Y
2062/63 to F/Y 20666/67. It indicates the pattern of investment made by the FFCL, which
clarifies that investment is made on loan and advances, government securities and others
investment. The table 4.1 depicts that the company made the most of the investment in
loan and advances. This indicates that FFCL has given more emphasis on loan and
advances. So, it shows that the company is able to providing fund to outsiders by loans
and advances. It means the company survive small amount investment has been made in
government securities as it is a riskless assets. But, later in order to maximize the profit
and sustain in the competitive market, large amount of the investment has been made in
loans and advances. They have also made investment on other investment. But the
percentage of investment in other investment is not more. This types investment policy of
FFCL shows that it does not well diversified its investment. FFCL has only made on
investment in risky assets to earn more profit. The investment on government securities
and others investment has less and decreasing trend during the research period.

4.2 Analysis of Sector Wise Loan Investment

The primary objective of the finance companies is to serve to the people and to
earn more profit. Finance company can also perform banking transaction after getting
permission from NRB. The company has mainly concentrated its loan investment on four
sectors. Such as, hire purchase loan, housing loan, fixed deposit loan and other loans to
different types of borrowers. As per NRB directives, finance companies should not
exceed their investment regarding to the different types of sector wise loan investment.
Thus sector wise investment made by FFCL as below:

4.2.1 Hire Purchase Loan

Hire purchase loan is a type of loan which is issued for the purpose of purchasing
vehicles, machinery and instrument by keeping the (collateral) or same vehicle,
machinery and instrument as a primary security. The interest rate charged on the hire
purchase loan was 18% during the study period. The hire purchase loan investment of
FFCL is shown in Table 4.2

Table 4.2
Hire Purchase Loan Investment of FFCL
(Rs. in million)
Fiscal Year Hire purchase Loan Mean

2061/062 51.04 185.38

2062/063
75.64
2063/064
134.54
2064/065
209.52
2065/066
254.13
2066/067 387.43
Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The table 4.2 shows the hire purchase loan investment of FFCL from F/Y 2061/062 to
F/Y 2066/067. It is found that the investment of FFCL on hire purchase loan is
increasing year by year. In F/Y 2061/062, it is Rs. 51.04 million and continuously
increased and reached to Rs 387.43 million in F/Y 2066/067. The mean for the study
period is 185.38% High mean ratio shows that trend of investment on hire purchase loan
is going to increase. So finding shows that the investment on hire purchase loan has been
increasing substantially during the study period.

Figure – 4.1
Hire Purchase Loan
 450

Rs. in million
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Hire purchase Loan

The figure 4.1 shows the hire purchase loan of FFCL under last six years study period.
The analysis represents that hire purchase loan of FFCL is slightly increasing over the
years having mean ratio 185.38% during the study period.

4.2.2 Housing Loan

Housing loan is a type of loan which is sanctioned purchasing land, to construct a
building or to enhance the floor of the existing house as per client’s request. The interest
rate charged on the housing loan was 18% during the study period. The housing loan of
FFCL is shown in Table 4.3 as below:

Table 4.3
Housing Loan Investment of FFCL
( Rs. in million )
Fiscal Year Housing Loan Mean
2061/062 91.01 316.92
2062/063 155.25
 2063/064 226.27
2064/065 293.33
2065/066 497.20
2066/067 638.45

Source: FFCL, Annual Report.

Table 4.3 shows that the loan investment on housing loan has been increasing year by
year. The amount of the loan investment ranged of FFCL from Rs. 91.01 million to Rs
638.45 million with the mean of 316.92. The mean value clear that the investment on
housing loan has been increasing which is favorable for the FFCL. It is because of the
growing interest of the people of the society to purchase and construct the personal as
well as institutional land and houses. This shows that investment regarding to housing
loan is becoming more popular among the people.
 Figure - 4.2
Housing Loan Investment of FFCL
Rs. in million 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Housing Loan

Figure 4.2 shows that investment made by FFCL in housing loan is continuously
increasing over the study period. Increasing trend of housing loan shows that it is going
to be popular year by year.

4.2.3 Fixed Deposit Loan

In the case of fixed deposit loan, the customers take the loan against the fixed
deposit account. The interest rate charged on the basis of spread rate. Basically finance
company charged interest rate on fixed deposit loan over than the fixed deposit account.
The interest rate on deposit was regulated by NRB in the past years but now the NRB
has freed the company, itself to determine the rate. The fixed deposit loan investment of
FFCL is shown in Table 4.4 as below:
Table 4.4
Fixed Deposit Loan Investment of FFCL
(Rs. in million)
Fiscal Year Fixed Deposit Loan Mean
2061/062 3.30 13.42
2062/063 7.96
2063/064 12.23
2064/065 8.38
2065/066 11.05
2066/067 37.59
Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The table 4.4 shows the fixed deposit loan investment of FFCL from F/Y 2061/062 to
F/Y 2066/067. FFCL has made the very few percentage of investment on fixed deposit
loan. It is found that the investment of FFCL on fixed deposit loan is fluctuating trend.
Highest loan made by FFCL on fixed deposit loan in F/Y 2066/067 is Rs. 37.59 million
and lowest fixed deposit in F/Y 2061/062 is Rs. 3.30 million. Mean ratio is 13.42%, this
ratio shows that FFCL keep this loan in last priority sector.

Figure - 4.3
Fixed Deposit Loan Investment of FFCL
40
Rs. in million

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Fixed Deposit Loan

Figure 4.3 depicts the fixed deposit loan investment of FFCL over the research period.
The amount invested on this sector ranges from Rs 7.96 million to Rs 37.59 million with
the mean of 13.42%. Above figure also describes that FFCL has invested their fund in
fixed deposit loan is negligible.
4.2.4 Others Loan
 Others loan is that type of loan which is mainly taken by the industry, business,
social, project, low income group people, trade, personnel, foreign employment,
education, health, agriculture, tourism, water resources and other service oriented
sectors. The interest rate charged on the term loan was 18% during the study period.
Others loan investment of FFCL is shown in Table 4.5
Table - 4.5
Others Loan Investment of FFCL
(Rs.in million )
Fiscal Year Others Loan Mean
2061/062 91.51 289.50
2062/063 159.23
2063/064 238.50
2064/065 326.86
2065/066 342.51
2066/067 578.19
Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
Table 4.5 shows the others loan investment made by Fewa finance company limited.
Above table describes that FFCL made second preference to others loan investment. On
this title FFCL submit business loan, industrials loan, educational loan, health loan,
tourism loan, agricultural loan, social loan, personnel loan, real state loan and so on. In
F/Y 2061/062 the investment is Rs. 91.51 million and F/Y 2066/067 the investment has
been tremendously increase and reached Rs. 578.19 million. The mean ratio of
others loan is 289.50%. This shows that the investment regarding to other loan is
becoming popular among the people.
Figure - 4.4
Others Loan Investment of FFCL
700
600
Rs. in million

500
400
300

200
100
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year
 Others Loan

Figure 4.4 shows that the trend of investment on others investment is increasing over the
research period. This figure shows that others loan made by FFCL is becoming popular
among the people. Thus, the sector wise loan investment of FFCL is tabulated below: -
66
 Table 4.6
Sector Wise Loan Investment
(Rs. in million)
F H Fixed
H
O
i i o D
t
2 51 9 9
0 1. 2.
2 75 1 7.9 1
0 5 5
2 13 2 12 2
0 2 3
2 20 2 8.3 3
0 9 2
2 25 4 1 3
0 9 1 4
2 38 6 37 5
0 3 7
M 18 3 13 2
e 5. 1 8
S 12 2 12 1
. 5. 1 7
C
S .
o
u
r
c
e
:

F
F
C
L

A
n
n
u
a
l

R
e
p
o
r
t
67
Above table 4.6 shows the sector wise loan investment of
the FFCL from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067. From the
table, it is clear that the major portion of the loan
investment of the company is done on housing loan, others
loan and hire purchase loan which get the second and
third priority respectively. While the fixed Deposit
loan gets the last preference in the company loan
portfolio The table depicts that the loan investment of fixed
deposit is in fluctuating order and hire purchase and
housing loan investment and others loan are in increasing
year by year. By seeing above table FFCL has made main
priority to housing loan.
The mean ratio of housing loan is 316.92% which
and C.V. is 66%, mean ratio says that FFCL has main
priority to housing loan. Similarly the mean ratio of others
loan is 289.63% which get the second priority. The mean
ratio of hire purchase and fixed deposit loan are 185.38%
and 13.42% respectively.

68
 Figure - 4.5
Sector Wise Loan Investment of FFCL
700
Rs. in million
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Hire Purchase Loan Housing Loan

Fixed Deposit loan Others Loan

Above figure depicts that the sector wise loan investment of the FFCL from F/Y
2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067. Above figures revels that investment of all sectors are not
same. On the basis of mean ratio FFCL has made the first priority to housing and others
loan, hire purchase loan and fixed deposit loan get the second, third and fourth priority.
Housing loan and others loan shows the steady upward movement i.e. it is increasing
over the research period. In the case of hire purchase loan, there is slightly increase over
the research period. Finally the fixed deposit loan amount has been fluctuating over the
study period. Thus, it reflects that FFCL has emphasized more on housing loan rather
than on the other remaining three loans.

4.3 Liquidity Ratios

Liquidity Ratio measures the firm's ability to meet its current obligation. Financial
company collect fund from the community with a commitment to return
depositor's fund, facilitate withdrawal on demand. A firm should ensure that it
does not suffer from lack of liquidity and also that it does not have excess
liquidity. It is necessary to strike a proper balance between high liquidity and lack
of liquidity. The following ratios are evaluated under liquidity ratio.

Cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio:

They are the most liquid of current assets to pay off depositors immediately.
 This ratio is calculated by dividing cash and bank balance by total deposits. In
order to bring about consistency in this research, checks for clearing have been
excluded from cash and bank balance and included in other assets.
Cash and bank balance includes cash in local currency & foreign currency on
hand or with banks. The total deposits consists of deposits in current account,
savings account, fixed deposit account, money at call deposits, margin deposits
etc. A higher ratio indicates greater ability of banks to meet their deposits and
vice-versa. (Working details in appendix no. 3)

Table 4.7
Cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio
Investment
Fiscal Year
Portfolio
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Cash &
bank
balance to
14.20 18.04 11.20 16.84 23.67 26.80
total
deposit
Ratio (%)
Mean 18.46
S.D. 5.84
C.V. % 32
Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The figures shown in table 4.7 above reveal that the cash and bank balance to total
deposit of Fewa finance company in fluctuating trend. FFCL has a high ratio of
26.80% in F/Y 2066/2067 and a low ratio of 11.20% in F/Y 2063/064. The
average mean ratio of FFCL is 18.46%, and the C.V.% is 32% shows, Fewa
finance’s readiness to meet customer requirement. But to high ratio is unfit as
capita will be tied up and too lower ratio lower ratio can not fulfill the demand of
the public immediately. So, the FFCL should maintain sufficient cash reserve in
order to their short term obligation.
Although the above ratios implies a slightly better liquidity position of FFCL, a
high ratio of non-earning cash and bank balance indicates the banks inability to

69
invest its fund in income generation areas that might have helped it to improve its
profitability. This table is presented in figure 4.6 below:
 Figure – 4.6
Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio

30

In percentage
25

20

15

10

0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Cash and bank balance to total deposit rratio (%)

Above figure shows the cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio which is fluctuating
over the study period. This is increased for first two years and then decreased after F/Y
2063/064, it has been tremendously increased.

ii) Cash and bank balance to current assets ratio:

This ratio measures the percentage of liquid assets i.e. cash and bank balance in
the current assets of the firm. Higher ratio shows greater capacity of firms to meet
cash demand. (Working details in appendix no. 4).

Table 4.8
Cash and bank balance to total current assets ratio
Investment
Fiscal Year
Portfolio
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Cash &
12.10 14.72 9.23 14.27 20.43 21.50
bank
 balance to
current
assets
Ratio (%)
Mean 15.38
S.D. 4.76
C.V. % 31
Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The figures calculated in table 4.8 show that the cash and bank balance to current
assets of FFCL is in a fluctuating trend. FFCL has maintained a high ratio of
21.50% in F/Y 2066/67, and a low ratio of 9.23% in F/Y 2063/064. The average
mean ratio of FFCL is 15.38% and C.V. is 31% which is lies between above
variables which shows that variables are less consistent. Although it is cleared
that FFCL has fared well in meeting their depositor's daily cash requirement and
investing the surplus fund in other productive areas. The table 4.8 has presented
into figure 4.7 below:-
Figure - 4.7
Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio (%)
25
In Percentage

20

15

10

0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/06
Fiscal Year

Cash and bank balance to current assets ratio (%)

 This figure shows the cash and bank balance to current assets ratio which is
fluctuating trend. In the F/Y 2066/067 has the highest proportion of cash and bank
balance to current assets ratio as compared to other fiscal year. Fluctuation in this
ratio during the study period is 31% that implies that 59% consistency in case of
FFCL while to cash and bank balance in the form of current assets.

4.4 Assets Management Ratios

Asset management ratios measure the efficiency of the finance to manage its asset
in profitable and satisfactory manner. They indicate the speed with which assets are being
converted into cash. Thus these ratios are used to measure the finance’s ability to utilize
their available resources.
i) Loan and advances to total deposit ratio:
This ratio is also called credit-deposit ratio (CD ratio). It is calculated to find out
how successfully the banks are utilizing their total deposits on loan and advances for
profit generating purpose. Loans and advances are the highest yielding assets in a bank’s
portfolio. Greater ratio implies better utilization of total deposits at the cost of liquidity.
(Working details in appendix no. 5).
Table 4.9
Loan and advances to total deposit ratio
Loan & advances to total
Fiscal Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
deposit ratio (%)
2061/062 100.66 100.04 5.60 5.0
2062/063 102.55
2063/064 108.60
2064/065 99.47
2065/066 91.73
2066/067 97.18
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The above table shows that loan & advances to total deposit ratio of the bank was highest
108.60% in F/Y 2061/62. Since then, the trend showed decreasing order. The mean of
the ratios is 100.04% with 5.60% C.V. between them, which shows that the ratios are
moderately consistent over the study period. Loan and advances to total deposit ratio is
slightly high, from this point of view, the loan & advances to total deposit of the
company is satisfactory, and whatever may be the case during the initial period. Loan and
advances is the proportion of company’s investment into the most risky assets. High level
of risk is not desirable for finance company as any default can create the liquidity
problem. In the other hand, lower CD ratio indicates inability of investing the fund in
profitable portfolio which will reduce the profitability of the bank. The table 4.8
presented into figures as below:-

Figure – 4.8
Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio

110
In percentage

105

100

95

90

85

80
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Loan & advances to total deposit ratio (%)

Above figure reveals that the loan and advances to total deposit ratio of FFCL for
six years. In F/Y 2063/064 FFCL has made highest investment and lowest
investment in F/Y 2065/066. Fluctuation in this ratio during research period is 5%
that implies that 95% consistency in case of FFCL while lending total deposit into
loan and advances. Overall it is found that ratios are generally in mixed trend
during the study period.

ii) Loans and Advances to Total Assets Ratio

 Loan and advances is the major component in the total assets, which indicates the
ability of bank to utilize its deposits in the form of loans and advances to earn high return.
This ratio is computed to assess credit proportion in the total assets. (Working details in
appendix no.6).

Table 4.10
Loan and Advances to total Assets Ratio
Loan & advances to total
Fiscal Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
assets ratio (%)
2061/062 85.43 83.06 4.39 5.3
2062/063 83.49
2063/064 89.24
2064/065 84.05
2065/066 78.83
2066/067 77.29
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The Table 4.10 shows that the loan and advances to total assets ratio of FFCL has a
fluctuating trend. FFCL has a high ratio of 89.24% in F/Y 2063/064 and a low ratio of
77.29% in F/Y 2066/067. The mean ratio of FFCL is 83.06%. With 5.3 percent C.V.
between them which shows the ratios are moderately consistent over the study period.
This shows that loan and advances comprise 83.06% in average of the total asset of the
Company. Loans and advances is the most risky and most productive asset of the
Company. High ratio suggests high risk and eventually high return to the Company. So,
FFCL has taken optimum risk towards the mobilization of its fund to risky assets. The
table 4.4 is presented in figure below:-

Figure - 4.9
Loan and Advances to Total Assets Ratio
 92
90

In percentage
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal year

Loan & advances to total assets ratio (%)

Table 4.9 shows that the ratio of loan and advance to total asset of FFCL in fluctuating
trend throughout the review period. Highest in F/Y 2063/064 with 89.24% thereafter ratio
has gown down. This indicates that FFCL is able to utilize its deposit in the form of loan
and advances to earn high return.

iii) Total investment to total deposit ratio:

This ratio shows the utilization of firm's deposits on investment in government
securities and purchasing shares and debentures of other companies. A high ratio
is indicative of high success in mobilization of deposits in investments and vice-
versa. (Working details in appendix no. 7)
Table 4.11
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio
Investment Fiscal Year
Portfolio

2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067

 Total
investment
to total 100.89 102.67 108.61 99.85 91.99 97.21
deposit ratio
(%)
Mean 100.20
S.D. 5.55
C.V. % 5.50
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The Table 4.11 shows that Total investment to total deposit ratio of FFCL has a
fluctuating trend. FFCL has a high ratio of 108.61% in F/Y 2063/064 and a low
ratio of 91.99% in F/Y 2065/066. The mean ratio of FFCL is 100.20%, with 5.5
percent C.V.
In conclusion, the above analysis reveals that FFCL has been more
successful mobilizing its resources in beginning year, after F/Y 2063/064 FFCL
has reduced their deposit in the various form of investment.

Figure – 4.10
Total Investment to Total Deposit Ratio
110
In percentage

105

100

95

90

85

80
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/06
Fiscal year

Total investment of total deposit ratio

 Figure 4.10 reveals that the total investment to total deposit ratio of FFCL the F/Y
2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067. Total investment of total deposit ratio is also
fluctuating over the research period. In F/Y 2063/064 FFCL has invested high
amount in productive sector to generate more profit as compared to other fiscal
year.

4.5 Profitability Ratio

Profitability ratios are used to indicate and measure the overall efficiency of a
firm in terms of profit and financial performance. For better performance, profitability
ratios of firms should be higher. Following ratios have been computed to study the
portfolio’s profitability:

i) Return on Total Assets Ratio:

This ratio measures the overall profitability of all total assets. It is also known as
return on assets (ROA). (Working detail in appendix no. 8).
Table 4.12
Return on Total Assets Ratio
Return on total assets ratio
Fiscal Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
(%)
2061/062 2.48 2.39 0.2509 10
2062/063 2.09
2063/064 2.49
2064/065 2.51
2065/066 2.07
2066/067 2.69
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The 4.12 table shows that FFCL has highest return i.e. 2.69% in F/Y 2066/067 and the
lowest i.e. 2.07% in F/Y 2065/066 through out the review period. Return on total assets
of FFCL has been fluctuating during the study period. C.V. of Return on total assets is
10% i.e. between above table value. This indicated those variables are less consistent
over the study period. The finding has shown that there is high efficiency in utilizing
overall resources in the initial year but in later years profit has fluctuated.

Figure – 4.11
 Return on Total Assets Ratio

3
Above figure of return on total assets shows that all the ratios are in positive and
In percentage
2.5
fluctuating order. Highest ratio is in F/Y 2066/067 and lowest ratio is in F/Y 2065/066.
2
ii) Return
1.5
on Equity Ratio:
This
1 ratio measures how efficiently the bank has used the funds of the
owners.(Working
0.5 details in appendix no. 9).
0 Table - 4.13
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064
Return on Equity2064/065
Ratio 2065/066 2066/067

Fiscal Year Return on Equity ratioFiscal

(%) Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
2061/062 34.58 29.53 7.149 24.2
Return on total assets ratio (%)
2062/063 19.97
2063/064 34.08
2064/065 35.75
2065/066 31.88
2066/067 20.94
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The above table shows, the mean return, S.D. and C.V. on total assets ratio of FFCL is
highest return on equity is 35.75% in F/Y 2064/065 and the lowest return on equity
is.19.97% in F/Y 2062/063 through out the review period. The mean ratio is 29.53% with
7.149% C.V. between them which shows that the ratios are consistent with less variable
over the study period. The table 4.12 is presented in figure below:

Figure – 4.12
Return on Equity Ratio
 40

In percentage
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066
2066/067
Fiscal Year

Return on Equity ratio (%)

Above figure shows the return on equity over the years. This figure shows that maximum
return on equity ratio in F/Y 2064/065, there after ratio has slightly decreased over the
study period. The ROE ratio of the company is fluctuating due to increase in
shareholders' equity but the profit of the company has not increased in same ratio as the
equity has increased.

iii) Return on Investment Ratio:

Return on investment ratio shows how efficiently the organization is investing it
fund in different sector for generating profit. The higher the ratio the better the
organization profit. The ROI ratio measures how efficiently the organization can earn on
its investment. It is a kind of technique that measures the profitability position of the
organization. (Working details in appendix no. 10).
Table - 4.14
Return on Investment Ratio
 Return on investment ratio
Fiscal Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
(%)
2061/062 2.90 2.88 0.119 41
2062/063 2.50
2063/064 2.79
2064/065 2.97
2065/066 2.62
2066/067 3.48
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
Above table shows that the return on total investment ratio of FFCL is in fluctuating
trend. FFCL has maximum in FY 2066/67 with 3.48% and minimum in F/Y 2062/063
with 2.50%. The mean ratio is 2.88% with C.V. of 41% percent between them. This
indicates that there is 59% fluctuation on return on investment. The table 4.13 is
presented in figure below:
Figure – 4.13
Return on Investment Ratio
4
In percentage

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/06
Fiscal Year

Return on investment ratio (%)

Above figure shows the return on investment over the years. This figure shows that
maximum return on investment ratio in F/Y 2066/067, and minimum return on
investment in F/Y 2062/063. It describes that return on investment fluctuated over the
study period.

4.6 Risk Ratios

Risk means uncertainty, variability of return, which is inherent in any investment
portfolio of a business enterprise. Risk is an important element since investment
with greater risk requires higher return than investments with lower risk. Risk
ratios measures the degree of risk involved in various financial operations. The
possibility of risk involved in bank's financial operations makes the bank
investment a challenging task. As the notion goes," no risk no gain", therefore, if
a bank expects high return on its investment it must be prepared to accept the risk
and manage it efficiently. The following risk ratios are used to analyze and
interpret the financial data and investment policy.
i) Liquidity risk ratio:
Liquidity risk of the bank defines its liquidity needs for deposit. Cash and bank
balance are the most liquid of all the assets and are considered bank's liquidity
sources. Deposits on the other hand refer to the liquidity needs of Company. This
ratio measures the risk associated with the liquid assets i.e. cash and bank balance
that are kept to satisfy the cash demand of customers. A higher ratio shows that
the banks has sufficient cash to meet its current obligations i.e. lower liquidity
risk, but that may have an adverse impact on the profitability position of the
Finance company. A trade off between liquidity and profitability must be
maintained. (Working details in appendix no. 11).
Table 4.15
Liquidity Risk Ratio
Investment Fiscal Year
Portfolio

2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067

Liquidity
risk Ratio 14.20 18.04 11.20 16.84 23.67 26.80
(%)
Mean 18.46
S.D. 5.84
C.V. % 32
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
As per the information processed in table 4.15, it is seen that the liquidity risk
ratios of the company has been remained in fluctuating trend. FFCL has recorded
a high ratio of 26.80% in F/Y 2066/067 and a low ratio in F/Y 2063/064 11.20%.
When mean ratios are taken in to consideration, it is found that the mean ratio of
FFCL is slightly high comparison with ratio which indicates that FFCL has more
cash and bank balance But we must not discount the fact that, too much idle cash
has an adverse impact on profitability. A trade off between liquidity and
profitability must be maintained at all times.

Figure – 4.14
Liquidity Risk Ratio

30
In percentage

25

20

15

10

0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/06
Fiscal Year

Liquidity risk ratio (%)

 The figure 4.14 depicts that Liquidity risk of FFCL is fluctuating over the year.
After F/Y 2063/064, liquidity risk of FFCL slightly increase which is not better
for the FFCL. To reduce the liquidity risk ratio FFCL try to maintain appropriate
cash and bank balance, or to reduce liquidity risk, FFCL invest the idle cash in
productive sector.

ii) Credit risk ratio:

Normally, every credit is good at the time it is sanctioned. Most of the finance
companies failures are due to shrinkage in the value of loan and advances. Loan is
a risky asset and risk of non-repayment of loan in known as credit risk or default
risk. Credit risk ratio measures the possibility of loan going into default. (Details
in appendix no. 12).
Table - 4.16
Credit Risk Ratio
Credit risk ratio
Fiscal Year Mean S.D. C.V. %
(%)
2061/062 85.43 83.06 4.39 5.30
2062/063 83.49
2063/064 89.24
2064/065 84.05
2065/066 78.83
2066/067 77.29
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
Table 4.16 shows that credit risk ratio of FFCL for six years study period starting from
F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067.FFCL has maintain highest ratio is 89.24% in F/Y
2063/064 and the lowest ratio is 77.29% in F/Y 2066/067 and average mean ratio of
FFCL is 83.06% which is slightly high. High ratio indicates that the FFCL has the high
credit risk ratio.
Figure – 4.15
Credit Risk Ratio

92
The above
90 table shows that credit risk ration of FFCL is slightly high during the year.
In percentage

88
After F/Y
86 2063/064 FFCL able to minimize the credit risk, this is better for the FFCL.
84
82
80
78 84
76
74
72
70
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
4.7 Growth Ratios
Growth ratios are directly related to the fund mobilization and investment
management of the Financial Company. It represents how well the Finance Companies
are maintaining the economic and financial position. Growth ratio measures the increase
and decrease of present year’s figure in comparison to previous year’s figure. Higher the
ratios represent the better performance of the Company and vice-versa.
Table 4.17
Growth Ratio of Total Deposit
(Rs. in million)
Growth
Ratio of Growth
Fiscal Year Ratio
Total
(%)
deposit

2061/62 2062/63 2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 48.20

236.30 388.19 563.11 842.41 1204.45 1689.28

Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The table 4.17 shows the growth ratio of total deposit of FFCL under last years study
period. (Working details in appendix no. 13). The analysis represents that total deposit of
FFCL is slightly increasing over the study period having net growth rate 48.20%, which
considered as satisfactory. Above table shown as figure below:
Figure – 4.16
Growth Ratio of Total Deposit
1800
1600
Rs. in million

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal Year

Growth Ratio of Total Deposit

85
Above figure shows the growth trend of total deposit. It shows that trend of deposit
slightly increase over the research period.
Table – 4.18
Growth Ratio of Total Investment
(Rs. in million)
Growth
Growth
Ratio of Fiscal Year Ratio
investment (%)

2061/62 2062/63 2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 47.10

238.43 398.62 611.59 841.14 1107.94 1642.22

Source: FFCL, Annual Report.
The table 4.18 represents the total investment of FFCL. It shows that total investment of
Fewa Finance Company is in increasing order. FFCL has the growth ratio in total
investment is 47.10%. This can be shown in figure as below:-

Figure- 4.17
Growth Ratio of Total Investment
1800
1600
Rs. in million

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal year

Growth Ratio of Total Investment

The figure 4.17 shows the growth of total investment. Figure clearly shows that if
economic and financial condition does not go down it will positively increase year by
year.
Table - 4.19
Growth Ratio of Total Loan and advances
( Rs. in million)
Growth
Ratio of Growth
Fiscal Year Ratio
Loan &
(%)
advances

2061/62 47.16 2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 47.16

237.88 398.07 611.54 838.09 1104.89 1641.67

Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.19 shows the growth ratio of total loan and advances of FFCL under last
years study period. The analysis represents that total loan and advances of FFCL is
slightly increasing over the study period having net growth rate 47.16%, which
considered as satisfactory. Above table shown as figure below:

Figure – 4.18
Growth Ratio of Total Loan and advances
1800
1600
Rs. in million

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2061/062 2062/063 2063/064 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067
Fiscal year

Growth Ratio of Total Loan and Advances

 Figure 4.18 shows the growth ratio of total deposit and loan and advances. There
is the increasing trend over the study period.

4.8 Coefficient of Correlation Analysis

It is useful statistical too for measuring the intensity of the magnitude of linear
relationship between the series. Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation is used to
find out the relationship between deposit and investment, deposit and total loan
and advances, investment and loan and advances.
i) Co-efficient of Correlation between Deposit and investment
Coefficient of correlation between deposit and investment measures the degree of
relationship between these two variables. Here, the deposit is taken as
independent variable (x) and the variable dependent on deposits is total
investment, which is denoted by (y). The purpose of calculating 'r' is to judge
whether deposits are significantly mobilized as Investments or not. (Working
details in appendix no.14)
Table 4.20
Correlation between Deposit and Investment
Correlation Coefficient of p.Er. 6×p.Er. Remarks
Coefficient Determination
(r) (r2)
0.9943 0.9886 0.00313 0.01878 r >6×p.Er
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.20 shows that the coefficient of correlation between independent variable
deposit and dependent variable investment of FFCL is 0.9943 and coefficient of
determination is 0.9886. This indicates that the 98.86% of the variation in the dependent
variable has been explained by the independent variable. Further, p.Er and 6*p.Er are
0.00313 and 0.01878 respectively. It shows that the value of coefficient ‘r’ is greater
than six times probable error ‘6*p.Er.’ i.e.0.9943>0.01878. Therefore value ‘r’ is
significant which means there is positive relationship between the deposit and
investment of FFCL.
ii) Coefficient of correlation between deposits and loans and advances:
 The coefficient of correlation between deposits and loan and advances measures
the degree of relationship between them. In this study, the present researcher has taken
deposit as an independent variable denoted by (x) and loans and advances as dependent
variable (y). (Details in appendix no. 15)

Table 4.21
Correlation between Deposit and Loan and Advances
Correlation Coefficient of p.Er. 6×p.Er. Remarks
Coefficient Determination
(r) (r2)
0.9884
0.9942 0.00318 0.0191 r >6×p.Er
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
Table 4.21 shows the value of correlation coefficient ‘r’, coefficient of determination ‘r’.
Probable error ‘p.Er.’ and six times error ‘6*p.Er.’ between two variable i.e. deposit and
loan and advances. While analyzing this variable we find that correlation coefficient
between deposit and loan and advances of FFCL is 0.9942. It is found that there is a high
degree of positive correlation between deposits and loan and advances. Value of
coefficient of determination (r2) is 0.9884 and it means 98.84% of the variation in the
dependent variable i.e. loan and advances has been explained by the independent
variable (deposit). When we compare the Correlation coefficient (r) with 6*p.Er.
Correlation coefficient ‘r’ is found greater than of six times probable error i.e.
0.9942>0.0191. It shows that the relationship between deposit and loan and advances is
significant.

iii) Correlation between Investment and Loans and Advances

The correlation between the investment and loans and advances measures
whether the finance company has a rigid policy to maintain a consistent relationship
between two assets. So the increase or decrease in the volume of loans and advance
directly reduces or increase the level of idle fund and this result is to effect the
investment. Here investment is the independent variable (x) and the loan and advances is
the dependent variable (y). (Details in appendix no. 16)
 Table 4.22
Correlation between Investment and Loan and Advances
Correlation Coefficient of p.Er. 6×p.Er. Remarks
Coefficient (r) Determination (r2)

0.9998
0.9999 0.00313 0.0187 r >6×p.Er
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.22 shows that the coefficient of correlation between independent
variable investment and dependent variable loan and advances of FFCL is 0.9999
and coefficient of determination is 0.9998. This indicates that the 99.98% of the
variation in the dependent variable (loan and advances) has been explained by the
independent variable (investment). Further, p.Er and 6*p.Er are 0.00313 and
0.01878 respectively. It shows that the value of coefficient ‘r’ is greater than six
times probable error ‘6*p.Er.’ i.e.0.9999>0.0187. Therefore value ‘r’ is significant
which means there is positive relationship between the investment and loan and
advances of FFCL.

4.9 Trend Analysis and Projection for Next Five Years

Trend analysis is a statistical tool which highlights the previous trend and
forecast for a future with the help of past and present information. This is known
as time series analysis. Trend analysis, present or future analysis is utilized to see
the movement of upward of downward by the help of given numerical values of
some specified period of time. The purpose of trend analysis in this chapter is to
analyze the trend of investment, total deposits, total loan and advances and net
profit and its projection for the next five years the basis of past performance and
records available.
The projections are based on the following assumptions:-
The company will run in this present position i.e. trend will repeat
itself.
Other things will remain constant or unchanged.
 The economy will remain in the present stage.
Nepal Rastra Bank will not change its guidelines relating to finance
companies.
The forecast will hold true only when the limitation of least square
method is carried out.

i) Analysis of trend values of total investment:

Under this topic, based on the trend values of Investment from F/Y
2061/062, an attempt has been made to forecast the projections for next five years
i.e. up to F/Y 2071/072. The following table shows the trend value of eleven years
from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2071/072. (Details in appendix no. 17)

Table - 4.23
Trend Values of Investment
(Rs. in million)
Fiscal Years Trend Value
S.No
1 2061/062 136.91
2 2062/063 404.81
3 2063/064 672.71
4 2064/065 940.61
5 2065/066 1208.51
6 2066/067 1476.41
7 2067/068 1744.31
8 2068/069 2012.21
9 2069/070 2280.11
10 2070/071 2548.01
11 2071/072 2815.91
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.23 represents the trend value of total investment of FFCL. The trend
value is in positive or increasing trend. The calculated trend values of total
investment of FFCL are fitted in the trend line is depicted in the following figure
4.19.

Figure – 4.19
Trend Value Analysis of Total Investment

3000
Rs. in million

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2061/062 2063/064
2062/063 2065/066
2064/065 2066/067
2067/068
2068/069
2069/070
2070/071
Fiscal year

Trend Value of Total Investment

The figure 4.19 shows that it other things remaining the same or stable the
investment pattern or trend of Fewa finance company will increase tremendously.

ii) Trend Analysis of Total Deposits

The trend value of the total deposits in the study period is calculated and next five
years trend value of deposits is forecasting on the basis of last six years deposit
trend. The calculated trend value of the study period i.e. F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y
2066/067 is on the basis of real data and on the basis of these values, next five
years i.e. F/Y 2067/068 to F/Y 2071/072 trend values are expected.
Under this topic the trend values of deposit of FFCL has been calculated for six
years from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067 and the forecast for next five years. i.e.
from F/Y 2067/068 to F/Y 2071/072.
The following table 4.24 shows the trend values of deposits from F/Y 2061/062 to
F/Y 2071/072. (Working details in appendix no. 18).

Table - 4.24
Trend Values of Deposit
(Rs. in
million)
Fiscal Years Trend Value
S.No
1 2061/062 106.85
2 2062/063 392.36
3 2063/064 677.87
4 2064/065 963.38
5 2065/066 1248.89
6 2066/067 1534.40
7 2067/068 1819.91
8 2068/069 2105.42
9 2069/070 2390.93
10 2070/071 2676.44
11 2071/072 2961.95
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The above table 4.24 shows that the trend values of the total deposit of first six
years study period and then forecasting next five years value on the basis of these
six data of FFCL. The trend value of total deposit of FFCL has positive in all
study period which is in increasing trend. If other things remaining the same or
constant, total deposit of FFCL will be Rs. 2961.95 million in the F/Y 2071/072.
The above calculated trend values of FFCL is fitted in the trend line given in
Figure 4.20
Figure – 4.20
Trend Value Analysis of Total Deposit
3500
Rs. in million

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2061/062 2063/064
2062/063 2065/066
2064/065 2066/067
2067/068
2068/069
2069/070
2070/071
Fiscal Year

Trend Value of Total Deposit

The above figure 4.20 shows that the trend of total deposit of the FFCL is
continuously increase. The reason of increasing in total deposit is rise in special
policy of affiliated by the FFCL.

iii) Analysis of trend values of loan and advances:

The trend values of loan and advances of FFCL has been calculated for six years
from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067 and the forecast for next five years. i.e. from
F/Y 2067/068 to F/Y 2071/072 has been made Table 4.25 illustrates the statistical
information to reveal the trend values of loan and advances of FFCL. (Working
details in appendix no.19).

Table -4.25
Trend Values of Loan and Advances
 (Rs. in million)
Fiscal Years Trend Value
S.No
1 2061/062 136.36
2 2062/063 403.96
3 2063/064 671.56
4 2064/065 939.16
5 2065/066 1206.76
6 2066/067 1474.36
7 2067/068 1741.96
8 2068/069 2009.56
9 2069/070 2277.16
10 2070/071 2544.76
11 2071/072 2812.36
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.25 shows that loan and advances of FFCL is in increasing trend from
F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2071/072. From this table it is clear that if other things
remaining the same the loan and advances of FFCL will be Rs 2812.36 million.

Figure – 4.21
Trend Value Analysis of Total Loan and Advances
 3000

Rs. in million
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2061/062 2063/064
2062/063 2064/065
2065/066
2066/067
2067/068
2068/069 2070/071
2069/070
Fiscal year

Trend Value of Total Loan and Advances

The above figure clearly shows that the loan and advance of FFCL is in an
increasing trend. Assuming that other things will remain constant, the loan and
advances of FFCL at the end of F/Y 2071/072 is predicted to be Rs. 2812.36
million.
iv) Trend Analysis of Net Profit
The following table shows the trend values of net profit of FFCL has been
calculated for six years from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067 and the forecasted
for next five years. (Details in appendix no. 20)
Table - 4.26
Trend Values of Net Profit
(Rs. in
million)
Fiscal Years Trend Value
S.No
1 2061/062 1.58
2 2062/063 10.62
3 2063/064 19.66
4 2064/065 28.7
5 2065/066 37.74
6 2066/067 46.78
 7 2067/068 55.82
8 2068/069 64.86
9 2069/070 73.90
10 2070/071 82.94
11 2071/072 91.98
Source: FFCL, Annual Report
The table 4.26 shows the trend value of net profit of FFCL. The table clear that
the trend of net profit is increasing year after year. If other things remain constant
net profit will be Rs. 91.98 million in F/Y 2071/072. The calculated trend values
of net profit of FFCL are plotted in the trend line that is exhibited in the figure
4.22.

Figure – 4.22
Trend Analysis of Net Profit

100
Rs. in million

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2061/062 2063/064
2062/063 2065/066
2064/065 2066/067
2067/068
2068/069
2069/070
2070/071
Fiscal year

Trend Value of Net Profit

Figure 4.22 shows the trend value of net profit of FFCL from F/Y 2061/062 to
F/Y 2071/072. It exhibits that FFCL is running in profit in each and every year
with increasing trend.

4.10 Major Findings of the Study

 Having completed the basic analysis required for this study, the final and the most
important task of the research is to enlist the findings. On the basis of various categories
of analysis adopted in this study, a comprehensive summary of the major findings of this
study is presented below:
The investment portfolio of FFCL from F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067 has been
made regarding loans and advances, government securities and others investment.
While analyzing the data, it is found that maximum of investment is made on
loans and advances where it shares the highest percentage of investment i.e.
99.9% in F/Y 2063/064 and F/Y 2066/067 respectively. While the lowest
percentage of investment is 99.64% in F/Y 2064/065 during the study period.
FFCL has made all of the investment on loan and advances which indicates that it
has managed to efficiently as to maximize the return there from but it has not
sufficiently diversified its investment to reduce the portfolio risk. FFCL made the
investment regarding on government securities and others investment has low
investment percentage in comparison to other total investment.
FFCL has diversified its loan and advances into four broad different sectors
namely hire purchase loan, housing loan, fixed deposit loan and others loan. As
compared these four types of loan, on the basis of mean ratio FFCL has made
highest investment on housing loan over the study period. Similarly the fixed
deposit loan gets the last preference in the loan portfolio of the company. This
shows that investment portfolio policy of FFCL is not having fixed pattern.
Cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio of FFCL is in fluctuating trend i.e.
14.20%, 18.40%, 11.20%, 16.84%, 23.67%, and 26.80% respectively. The mean
ratio is 18.46% and C.V. between them is 32% which indicates that ratios are
variable and less consistent over the study period.
Cash and bank balance to current assets ratio of FFCL is fluctuating trend.
Highest ratio of cash and bank balance to current assets is 21.50% in F/Y
2066/067 and lowest ratio is 9.23 in F/Y 2063/064. The mean ratio of cash and
bank balance to current assets ratio is 15.38% and C.V. is between them is 31%.
This indicates that ratios are variable and less consistency.
 Loan and advances to total deposit ratio is slightly high. From this point of view,
the loan & advances to total deposit of the finance is not satisfactory. FFCL has
the highest loan and advances ratio 108.60 in F/Y 2063/064 and lowest ratio
91.73% in F/Y 2065/066. Thus this type of highest ratio is very risky situation for
the FFCL. High level of risk is not desirable for FFCL as any default can create
the liquidity problem.
The high ratio of investment of total deposit ratio indicates that the high success
in mobilization of deposits in investments and vice versa. The investment trend of
FFCL is fluctuating order. Highest ratio of FFCL is in F/Y 2063/064 and lowest
in F/Y 2065/066, with mean ratio 100.20%. The C.V. between them is 5.50%,
which shows ratios are fluctuating during the study period. High mean ratio
shows that FFCL has the high success in mobilization of deposits in investments.
Return on total assets (ROA) ratios is fluctuating during the study period with
highest ROA 2.69% in F/Y 2066/067 and lowest ROA 2.07% in F/Y 2065/066. It
shows that there is more fluctuation on ROA of FFCL. Although the Company is
not in loss. The mean ratio is 2.39 % C.V. between them is 10% which shows
ratios are variable and less consistent over the study period.
Returns on equity (ROE) ratios are fluctuating during the study period with
overall positive value. The ratio ranges between 34.58% in F/Y 2061/062 and
20.94% in F/Y 2066/67 with the mean ratio of 29.53% C.V. between them is
24.2%, which shows that the ratios are less consistent and more variable during
the study period. The ratios indicate that the shareholders are some how enjoying
profit from their investment. The Return on Equity for F/Y 2064/65 is attractive
as the shareholders have earned 35.75% on their investment. Similarly the return
on equity in F/Y 2066/067 is gone down from 35.75% to 20.94%, it is not best for
the shareholders.
The return on total investment ratio FFCL has fluctuating over the study period.
The ratio has ranged from minimum to 2.5% in F/Y 2062/063 and maximum to
3.48% in F/Y 2066/067. The mean ratio is 2.88% and C.V. between them 41%
percent which shows that the ratios are less consistent and variable.
The liquidity risk ratio measures the risk associated with the liquid assets i.e., cash
and bank balance that are kept to satisfy the cash demand of customers. FFCL has
the higher liquidity risk ratio is 26.80% in F/Y 2066/067 and the lowest liquidity
ratio is 11.20 in F/Y 2063/064. Mean ratio of liquidity risk is 18.46%. A higher
ratio shows that the finance has sufficient cash to meet its current obligations i.e.
lower liquidity risk, but that may have an adverse impact on the profitability
position of the Finance company. A trade off between liquidity and profitability
must be maintained.
Credit risk ratio measures the possibility of loan going into default. While
sanctioning loans banks measure credit risk involved in the project. The mean
ratio of credit risk of FFCL is 83.06% which is normally high ratio. From the
analysis, it can be conclude that FFCL has high risk ratio
The correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient (r) between deposit
and loans and advances of the company is 0.9942 and the probable error
multiplied by six is found to be 0.0191. Since r is greater than 6*p.Er.
(0.9942>0.0191) and r is positive and near by 1, it can be stated that there is a
very strong positive correlation between deposits and loans and advances during
the study period.
The correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient (r) between
investment and loans and advances of the company is 0.9999 nearby 1 or which is
greater than probable error multiplied by 6*p.Er. (0.9999>0.0187) and ‘r’ is
positive. It shows that there is strong positive correlation between investment and
loan and advances during the research period.
the correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient (r) between the
deposits and investment of FFCL is 0.9943 which is greater than probable error
multiply by six times i.e. 6*p.Er. is found to be 0.01878. Since, ‘r’ is greater than
6*p.Er. and ‘r’ is positive and nearby 1, it can be inferred that there is high degree
positive correlation between deposit and investment during the study period.
The growth ratio indicates the ability of finance company to maintain the
economic and financial position. The analysis result of growth ratios of deposit, of
FFCL during the study period i.e. F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2071/072 shows that the
total deposit of the company is increasing over the years having net growth rate of
 48.20%. Similarly total investment and loans and advances of the company is also
increasing trend with net growth rate of 47.10% and 47.16% respectively during
the research period.

Trend analysis and projection for next five years:

The trends analysis of total investment, deposits, loan and advances, total and net
profit its projection for next five years of FFCL reveals that:
The trend value of total investment of eleven years revel that the total
investment of FFCL is increasing trend. The total investment of FFCL is
predicted to be Rs. 2815.91 million at the end of F/Y 2071/072, if other
things remaining the same.
Deposit collection is the one of the main important source of the finance
company. Trend analysis of deposit shows that if other things remaining
the same the deposit of FFCL will be Rs. 2961.95 million in F/Y
2071/072.
The loan and advance of FFCL has an increasing trend. The total loan
and advance of FFCL is predicted to be Rs. 2812.36 million at the end of
F/Y 2071/072, if economic condition of the does not go down.
The net profit of the FFCL also increasing year after year if other things
remaining same. From trend of net profit it is found that the profit will
be Rs. 91.98 million at the end of F/Y 2071/072.
CHAPTER - V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY
The development of any country depends upon its economic development.
Financial restructuring is necessary for economic development. Similarly, good
investment policies have a positive impact on economic development of the country.
Financial companies are essential part of the business activities which are established to
safeguard people’s money and thereby using the money in making loans and investment
in various sectors. There are several finance companies operating in different sectors.
They are running for the purpose of carrying out specific operation such as investment in
trade, business and industries by forming a negotiation between various groups of
industries. The basic objectives of finance company is always to earn more profit and to
increase its market value of the firm by investing its funds in various profitable sectors
and by granting the funds in the form of loans and advances to people trade and business
industries etc. who are in need of them . How well a finance manages its investment has a
lot to do with the economic health of the country because the finance company loans and
support the growth of new business and trade empowering the economic activities of the
country.
This is globalization age so; there is a very high competition in the financial
sectors but very less opportunities to make investment. The opportunities are hidden.
Thus the finance companies should take initiative in searching new opportunities. So that
they can survive in this competitive business world and earn profit. The development of
finance companies is a milestone for any economic development. As intermediaries the
finance companies help the process of resources mobilization in various sectors.
Financial institutions generally are the mediators, who collect the idle money scattered in
the country and society provided different services and facilities and invest those funds in
productive sectors generate profit.

Investment portfolio refers to an investment that combines several assets.

Investment portfolio is one which the income or profit of the companies depend upon
directly. Investment portfolio usually offers the advantage of reducing risk through
diversification of risk from risky investment to less risky investment. The objective of
portfolio is to develop a portfolio that has the maximum return at whatever level of risk.
The investment portfolio is the tool which helps to reduce risk and maximize return. The
banks should never invest its funds in those securities; difference may cause a great loss.
The company should accept that type of securities which are commercial, durable,
marketable stable, transferable and high market price.

The analysis of investment portfolio FFCL has made their investment portfolio
mainly in three sectors i.e. investment in government securities, others investment and
loan and advances. Likewise, the company provides their loans and advances mainly in
four sectors. They are hire purchase loan, housing loan, fixed deposit loan and others
loan. From the analysis of secondary it shows that the company has provided their more
amounts to housing loan and then others loan.

In the analysis of financial ratios, the liquidity ratio which included cash and bank
balance to total deposit ratio and cash and bank balance to current assets ratio showed
that the FFCL has less strong liquidity position. Liquidity position of a company may
affect by external as well as internal factors. Such factors may be supply and demand
position of loan and advances, internal rates, NRB directives, company rules and
regulation etc. In the analysis of assets management ratio, basically loan and advances to
total deposit ratio, loan and advances to total assets ratio and total investment to total
deposit ratio showed that the FFCL is able to highly mobilize their funds to earn more
profit by providing fund to outsider in the form of loan and advances.

The profitability ratio of FFCL shows that it has tried to maintain a positive return
even though there is a fluctuation. Low profitability ratio indicates that it has not been
able to earn adequate profit but however tried to maintain the profit in relative years.
Among the various profitability ratios, like return on total assets, return on equity and
return on total investment. The performance of FFCL is fluctuating in terms of all
profitability. By analysis of risk ratio i.e. liquidity risk ratio and credit risk ratio, it shows
that FFCL has the high credit risk ratio. From the view point of growth ratio i.e. growth
ratio of total deposit, total investment and total loan and advances, it shows that FFCL
has the highest growth rate. All growth rate of FFCL is satisfactory. Similarly in the
analysis of correlation coefficient, between deposit and investment, deposit and loan and
advances and investment and loan advances that show that there is a strong positive
relation between deposits, loans and advances and investment. Finally, while calculating
the trend value of total deposit, loan and advances, total investment and net profit, if other
thins remaining the same the future trend of next five years will be increasing range.

5.2 CONCLUSION
The finance companies are acting as financial intermediaries which provide a link
between borrowers and lenders by mobilizing the scattered fund towards productive
investment. So it can say that finance companies have been operating smoothly and
successfully in becoming the pillars of the economic system of the country. It is not
possible to achieve such goal without using portfolio concept on the investment
strategies, which helps to reduce risk and increase return on investment. Following
conclusion are drawn on the basis of that analysis, specially based on secondary data
analysis.
1. From the study of investment portfolio it is found that the industry average
investment in government securities is 31.34%. But the FFCL has made the
investment under the industry average. The industry average investment in shares
and debentures is 13%, but FFCL has not invested any amount of their shares and
debenture. Similarly industry average of investment in others is 55.66%, but the
FFCL has lower than industry average. FFCL has the highest amount of
investment in loan and advances. These types of result describes that it has
managed efficiently as to maximize the return there from but it has not
sufficiently diversified its investment to reduce the portfolio risk.

2. From the analysis sector wise investment portfolio, FFCL do not have fixed
pattern investment. On the basis of mean ratio it is found that FFCL has given
first priority to invest high amount of their loans and advances to housing loan
and others loan, second priority to hire purchase loan, third and least priority to
fixed deposit loan.

3. Cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio of the finance companies is 18.66%
in average. But the FFCL has the below the industry average ratio during the
years. The ratios are in increasing trend from the period F/Y 2065 to F/Y 2067.

4. Cash and bank balance to current assets ratio of the finance companies is 11.33%
in average. From the analysis data of FFCL it is found that FFCL has the mixed
cash and bank balance to current assets ratio. In an average it can be conclude that
cash and bank balance to current assets ratio of the FFCL is satisfactory.
5. Loans and advances to total deposit ratio of the FFCL is slightly high. From the
analysis of data it is found that FFCL has the higher loans and advances to total
deposit ratio than industry average.

6. The loan and advance to total assets ratio ranges from the minimum of 77.29% in
F/Y 2066/067 to the maximum of 89.24% in F/Y 2063/064. The mean of the ratio
is 83.06% and the C.V. between them is 5.3 %, which shows the ratios are
inconsistent over the study period. Findings show that Loan and advances to total
assets ratio is slightly high. Loan and advances is taken as the most risky and
productive assets of the company. High ratio reflects high risk and eventually
high return to the company. So, FFCL has taken optimum risk towards the
mobilization of its fund to risky assets in order to maximize the return.

7. The industry average of investment to total deposit ratio is 33.08%. The ratio of
investment to total deposit of FFCL has very high. From this point of view it is
conclude that FFCL is being able to utilize more amounts of its deposits on
investment.

8. The industry average return on total assets ratios is 2.28%. FFCL has the mixed
ratios or fluctuated ratios. From the view of industry average, it concludes that
return on total assets ratios of FFCL is some how satisfactory.

9. Looking the return on equity, it is found that the industry average return of equity
is 16.09%.From the analysis of secondary data of FFCL, it shows that return on
equity is higher the industry average. So it concludes that the return on equity of
FFCL is satisfactory.

10. From the analysis of return on investment ratio it is found that the industry
average ratio is 16.41%. But the FFCL has the below the industry average, so it is
not satisfactory.

11. From the analysis of liquid risk ratio, FFCL has the fluctuated liquid risk ratio.
From the analysis of secondary data liquid risk ratio of FFCL is satisfactory.
 12. Through the analysis of credit risk ratio, it can be conclude that the credit risk of
the FFCL is slightly higher. Higher credit risk means higher the possibility of loan
and advances to go into default.

13. The growth ratio of total deposits, total investment and loan and advances shows
that the company has been increasing its disbursement of loans and advances than
in deposits collection and investment. It shows that FFCL is employing safe
landing procedure for investing its fund and this leads of increase in return.

14. The analysis of correlation coefficient of FFCL, it can be conclude that there is a
strong positive relation between deposits, loans and advances and investment
during the research period.

15. Finally, the analysis of trend of investment, deposit, loan and advances and net
profit of FFCL, it can draw a conclusion that the trend values of those variable
will be positive increment for next five years, if other things remaining the same
or stable.

5.3 Recommendations

On the basis of analysis and findings of the study, following recommendations have been
made as suggestions to overcome the weaknesses and to strengthen the existing
investment portfolio of FFCL:

FFCL is focusing more investment on loans and advances rather than on government
securities and shares and debentures of other companies so the portfolio
conditions should be regularly revised from time to time and also try to maintain
the equilibrium in the portfolio condition. It should always try to make the
continuous effort to explore competitive and highly yielding investment
opportunities to optimize its investment portfolio.

There is no uniformity of investment portfolio set by FFCL. FFCL has not

invested any amount of their fund in shares and debentures of others companies. It
shows that FFCL is not following NRB directives. So it is suggested that FFCL
 should invest their fund in shares and debentures of others companies as per the
directives given by NRB.

It is suggested that FFCL should give more emphasis on investment in shares and
debentures for desirable Govt. securities and corporate securities.

During the year cash and bank balance to total deposit ratio is below the industry
average, after F/Y 2065 to F/Y 2067 it is increasing continuously. It shows that
before F/Y 2065 FFCL is unable meet their quick obligation but after F/Y 2065 it
is going to improve. So FFCL should maintain the level of ratio at least to the
industry level.

Return on total assets and return on investment of the FFCL is not satisfactory
position, so the company should give more emphasis on better utilize assets to
increase the return by reducing the portion of idle assets. The company always
keeps a careful watch on every investment made i.e. what types, kind of projects
and sectors are suitable for investment.

FFCL has to have an idea of the level of risk that one needs to bear while
investing its funds. The highest risk of FFCL is in credit risk. Thus, it
recommended that FFCL should minimize the credit risk to achieve high return.

Modern growth rate as seen by the trend analysis of FFCL for further five years
projection i.e. up to F/Y 2071/072 induce to suggest the FFCL to formulate
sound deposit and investment policy to achieve high growth rate and generate
high profit to sustain in the competitive banking environment.
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Web-Sites
www.fewafinance.com.np
www.nrb.org.np
 Appendix-1
Fewa Finance Company Limited
(Rs. in million)
F/Y 2061/62 2062/63 2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67
Current 277.33 475.72 68 994.17 1395.66 2105.74
Assets 2.
92
Cash and 33.56 70. 63 141.85 285.09 452.66
Bank 02 .0
Balance 4
Total 238.43 398.62 61 841.14 1107.94 1642.22
Investme 1.
nt 59
Total 236.30 388.19 842.41 1204.45 1689.28
Deposit 56
3.
11
Loan and 237.88 398.07 838.09 1104.89 1641.67
Advance 61
s 1.
54
Investme 0. 0.5 0. 0.55 0.
nt in 5 5 0. 5 5
Governm 5 55 5 5
ent
Securitie
s
Others 12.10 ---- --- 2. 2.50 ----
investme - 5
nt 0
Net 2 29.0 5
Profit 6. 9.9 17 5. 0 7.
9 8 .0 0 1
1 3 2 5
Source: FFCL Annual Report F/Y 2061/062 to F/Y 2066/067

Appendix-2
 Fewa Finance Company Limited
Investment Portfolio of Fewa Finance Company

Fiscal Year Loan and Advance Government Securities Others investment Total
Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount %
2061/62 237880435 99.77 550000 0.23 ---- ---- 238430435 100.00
2062/63 398079897 99.86 550000 0.14 ---- ---- 398629897 100.00
2063/64 611540886 99.9 550000 0.10 49500 0.06 611595886 100.00
2064/65 838095374 99.64 550000 0.30 2500000 0.07 841145374 100.00
2065/66 1104899740 99.70 550000 0.23 ---- ---- 1107949740 100.00
2066/67 398079897 99.86 550000 0.14 ------ ---- 1642221859 100.00

Appendix-3
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Cash and Bank Balance to Total Deposit Ratio
F/Y Cash & Bank Total Percen
Balance Deposit tage
2061/62 53.56 236.09 14.20
2062/63 70.02 388.19 18.04
2063/64 63.04 563.11 11.20
2064/65 141.85 842.41 16.84
2065/66 285.09 1204.45 23.67
2066/67 452.66 1689.28 26.80

Appendix-4
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Cash and Bank Balance to Current Assets Ratio
F/Y Cash & Bank Current Percen
Balance Assets tage
2061/62 53.56 277.33 12.10
2062/63 70.02 457.72 14.72
2063/64 63.04 682.92 9.23
2064/65 141.85 994.17 14.27
2065/66 285.09 1395.66 20.43
2066/67 452.66 2105.74 21.50

Appendix-5
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Loan and Advances to Total Deposit Ratio
F/Y Loan and Advances Total Percen
Deposit tage
2061/62 237.88 236.09 100.66
2062/63 398.07 388.19 102.55
2063/64 611.54 563.11 108.60
2064/65 838.09 842.41 99.47
2065/66 1104.89 1204.45 91.73
2066/67 1641.67 1689.28 97.18

Appendix-6
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Total Loan and Advances to Total Assets Ratio
F/Y Loan and Advances Total Percen
Assets tage
2061/62 237.88 278.45 85.43
2062/63 398.07 476.78 83.49
2063/64 611.54 685.27 89.24
2064/65 838.09 997.09 84.05
2065/66 1104.89 1401.65 78.83
2066/67 1641.67 2124.10 77.29

Appendix-7
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Total Investment and Total Deposit Ratio
F/Y Total Investment Total Percen
Deposit tage
2061/62 238.43 236.09 100.89
2062/63 398.62 388.19 102.67
2063/64 611.59 563.11 108.61
2064/65 841.14 842.41 99.85
2065/66 1107.94 1204.45 91.99
2066/67 1642.22 1689.28 97.21

Appendix-8
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Return on Total Assets Ratio
F/Y Net Profit Total Percen
Assts tage
2061/62 6.91 278.45 2.48
2062/63 9.98 476.78 2.09
2063/64 17.03 685.27 2.49
2064/65 25.02 997.09 2.51
2065/66 29.00 1401.65 2.07
2066/67 57.15 2124.10 2.69

Appendix-9
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Return on Equity Ratio
F/Y Net Profit Equity Percen
tage
2061/62 6.91 20.00 34.58
2062/63 9.98 50.00 19.97
2063/64 17.03 50.00 34.08
2064/65 25.02 70.00 35.75
2065/66 29.00 91.00 31.88
2066/67 57.15 273.0 20.94
 Appendix-10
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Return on Total Investment Ratio
F/Y Net Profit Total Percen
Investmen tage
t
2061/62 6.91 238.43 2.90
2062/63 9.98 398.62 2.50
2063/64 17.03 611.59 2.79
2064/65 25.02 841.14 2.97
2065/66 29.00 1107.94 2.62
2066/67 57.15 1642.22 3.48

Appendix-11
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Liquid Risk Ratio
F/Y Cash & Bank Total Percen
Balance Deposit tage
2061/62 53.56 236.09 14.20
2062/63 70.02 388.19 18.04
2063/64 63.04 563.11 11.20
2064/65 141.85 842.41 16.84
2065/66 285.09 1204.45 23.67
2066/67 452.66 1689.28 26.80

Appendix-12
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Credit Risk Ratio
F/Y Loan and Advances Total Percen
Assets tage
2061/62 237.88 278.45 85.43
 2062/63 398.07 476.78 83.49
2063/64 611.54 685.27 89.24
2064/65 838.09 997.09 84.05
2065/66 1104.89 1401.65 78.83
2066/67 1641.67 2124.10 77.29

Appendix-13
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Growth Ratio of Total Deposit
( Rs. in million )
Fiscal Year Deposit Loan and Advances Investment
2061/62 236.09 237.88 238.43
2062/63 388.19 398.07 398.62
2063/64 563.11 611.54 611.59
2064/65 842.41 838.09 841.14
2065/66 1204.45 1104.89 1107.94
2066/67 1689.28 1641.67 1642.22
Growth Rate (%) 29.81 30.45 28.27

Calculation of Growth Ratio of Total Deposit of FFCL

Where
Dn = Total Deposit in the nth year (2066/067) = 1689.28
D0 = Total Deposit in Initial Year (2061/062) = 236.09
g = Growth Rate
n = Total number of Years i.e. 6 years
We have,
Dn = D0 (1+g)n-1
Or 1689.28 = 236.09 (1+g)6-1
5
Or, g = 7.14862276 1

Or, g = 1.48198– 1
Or, g = 0.48198
g = 48.20%
 Other growth rates are calculated accordingly.

Appendix-14
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Correlation between Total Deposit and Investment.

Fiscal Deposit Investmen X=(x- x ) x2 y = (y- y ) Y2 XY

year (X) t (Y) (x-820.62) (y-806.66)
061/62 236.30 238.43 -584.32 341429.86 -568.23 322885.33 332028.15
062/63 388.19 398.62 -432.43 186995.70 -408.04 166496.64 176448.74
063/64 563.11 611.59 -257.51 75905.76 -195.07 50232.48
38052.30
064/65 842.41 841.14 21.79 474.80 34.48 1188.87 751.32
065/66 1204.45 1107.94 383.83 147325.47 301.28 115640.30
90769.64
066/67 1 1 868.66 754570.20 835.56 698160.51 725817.55
6 6
8 4
9 2
. .
2 2
8 2
x= y= x2= y2= xy=
4923.74 4893.94 1506701.79 1317553.29 1400918.54

Here, N = 6
_
X =x /N =4923.74/6 = 820.62
_
y =y /N =4893.94/6 = 806.66

We have,

x2 = 1506701.79
y2 = 1317553.29
xy = 1400918.54

Calculation of correlation coefficient (r):

xy
r= 2 2
x y
 1400918.54
r=
1506701.79 1317553.29

1400918.54
r =
1408962.92

r = 0.9943

Or r = 0.9942

Calculation of Probable error,

1 r2
P. Er. = 0.6745
N

1 0.9943 2
= 0.6745
6

Or P. Er= 0.00313019 6. P. Er. = 0.01878

Appendix-15
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Correlation between Total Deposit and Loan and Advances

Fiscal Deposit Loan and X=(x- x ) x2 y = (y- y ) Y2 XY

year (X) Advance (x-820.62) (y-805.36)
(Y)
061/62 236.30 237.88 -584.32 341429.8 -567.48 322033.55 331589
6 .91
062/63 388.19 398.07 -432.43 186995.7 -407.29 165885.14 176124
0 .41
063/64 563.11 611.54 -257.51 75905.76 -193.82 37566.19 49910.
59
064/65 842.41 838.09 21.79 474.80 32.73 1071.25 713.19
065/66 1204.45 1104.89 383.83 147325.4 299.53 89718.22 114968
7 .60
066/67 16 1 868.66 754570.2 836.31 699414.42 726469
89 6 0 .04
.2 4
8 1
.
6
 7
x= y= x2= y2= xy=
4923.74 4832.14 150670 1315688.77 13997
1.79 75.74

Here, N = 6
_
X =x /N =4923.74/6 = 820.62
_
y =y /N =4832.14/6 =10314.85

We have,

x2 = 1506701.79
y2 = 1315688.77
xy = 1399775.74

Calculation of correlation coefficient (r):

xy
r= 2 2
x y
1399775.74
r=
1506701.79 1315688.77
1399775.74
r=
1407956.38
r = 0.9942
Or r = 0.9942
Calculation of Probable error,
1 r2
P. Er. = 0.6745
N
1 0.9942 2
= 0.6745
6

Or P. Er = 0.003184 6. P. Er. = 0.01910

Appendix-16
Fewa Finance Company Limited
Correlation between Investment and Loan and Advances.
Fiscal Investment Loan and X=(x- x ) x2 y = (y- y ) Y2 XY
year (X) Advance (x-820.62) (y-805.36)
(Y)
061/62 238.43 238..43 -568.23 322885.33 -567.48 322033.55 322459.
16
062/63 398.62 398.07 -408.04 166496.64 -407.29 165885.14 166190.
61
063/64 611.59 611.54 -195.07 38052.30 -193.82 37566.19 37808.4
7
064/65 841.14 838.09 34.48 1188.87 32.73 1071.25 1128.53
065/66 1107.94 1104.89 301.28 90769.64 299.53 89718.22 90242.4
0
066/67 16 1 835.56 698160.51 836.31 699414.42 698787.
42 6 18
.2 4
2 1.
6
7
x= y= x2= y2= xy=
4839.94 4832.14 1317553.2 1315688.7 131661
9 7 6.35

Here, N = 6
_
X =x /N =4923.74/6 = 820.62
_
y =y /N =4832.14/6 =10314.85

We have,

x2 = 1317553.29
y2 = 1315688.77
xy = 1316616.35

Calculation of correlation coefficient (r) :

xy
r= 2 2
x y

1316616.35
r =
1317553.29 1315688.77

1316616.35
r =
1316618.39
 r = 0.9999

or r = 0.9999

Calculation of Probable error,

1 r2
P. Er. = 0.6745
N

1 0.9999 2
= 0.6745
6

Or P. Er= 0.00005506 6. P. Er. = 0.0003304

Appendix - 17
Fewa Finance Company Limited
The Trend value of Total Investment
(Rs. in million)
F/Y Total Investment (y) x=T- 2064.5 x2 xy y = a + bx
Trend Values
061/62 238.43 -2.5 6.25 -596.07 136.91
062/63 398.62 -1.5 2.25 -597.93 404.81
063/64 611.59 -0.5 0.25 -305.79 672.71
064/65 841.14 0.5 0.25 420.57 940.61
065/66 1107.94 1.5 2.25 1661.91 1208.51
066/67 1642.22 2.5 6.25 4105.55 1476.41
y = 4839.94 x=0 2
x =17.5 xy=4688.24

Here, N = 6
or, a = y /N = 4839.94/6 or , a = 806.66

b = xy/ x2 = 4688.24/17.5 or , b = 267.90

Let the trend line be,

y = a + bx ............. (i)

The two normal equation are

y = na + b x ............... (ii)

xy = a x + b x2 ............ (iii)
y
From (ii) a = .............. (iv)
N
xy
From (iii) b = 2 ................ (v)
x

The straight line trend for total investment is,

y = a + bx
y= 806..6+267.90x

For year 2067/068, When, x= 3.5

y = a + bx
806.66+267.90 3.5

y = Rs. 1744.31 million

Other trend values have been calculated accordingly.

(Rs. in million)
Year (t) x = t – 2064.5 y (Projected Investment) = a+bx
2067/68 3.5 1744.31
2068/69 4.5 2012.21
2069/70 5.5 2280.11
2070/71 6.5 2548.01
2071/72 7.5 2815.91

Appendix - 18
Fewa Finance Company Limited
The Trend value of Total Deposit
(Rs. in million)
F/Y Total Deposit(y) x=T- 2064.5 x2 xy y = a + bx
Trend Values
2061/62 236.30 -2.5 6.25 -590.75 106.23
2062/63 388.19 -1.5 2.25 -582.28 391.74
2063/64 563.11 -0.5 0.25 -281.55 677.25
2064/65 842.41 0.5 0.25 421.20 962.76
2065/66 1204.45 1.5 2.25 1806.67 1248.27
2066/67 1689.28 2.5 6.25 4223.2 1533.78
y = 4923.74 x=0 2
x =17.5 xy=4996.49

Here, N = 6
or, a = y /N = 4923.74/6 or , a = 820.62

b = xy/ x2 = 4996.49/17.5 or , b = 285.51

Let the trend line be,

y = a + bx ............. (i)

The two normal equation are

y = na + b x ............... (ii)

xy = a x + b x2 ............ (iii)
y
From (ii) a = .............. (iv)
N
xy
From (iii) b = 2 ................ (v)
x

The straight line trend for total Deposit is,

y = a + bx
y= 820.62+285.51x

For year 2067/068, When, x= 3.5

y = a + bx
= 820.62+285.51 3.5

y = Rs. 1819.91 million

Other trend values have been calculated accordingly.

(Rs. in million)
Year (t) x = t – 2064.5 y (Projected deposit) = a+bx
2067/68 3.5 1819.91
2068/69 4.5 2105.42
 2069/70 5.5 2390.93
2070/71 6.5 2676.44
2071/72 7.5 2961.95

Appendix - 19
Fewa Finance Company Limited
The Trend value of Loan and Advances
(Rs. in million)
2
F/Y Loan and x=T- 2064.5 x xy y = a + bx
Advances (y) Trend Values
2061/62 237.88 -2.5 6.25 -594.70 136.36
2062/63 398.07 -1.5 2.25 -597.12 403.96
2063/64 611.54 -0.5 0.25 -305.77 671.56
2064/65 838.09 0.5 0.25 419.05 939.16
2065/66 1104.89 1.5 2.25 1657.34 1206.76
2066/67 1641.67 2.5 6.25 4104.18 1474.36
y = 4832.14 x=0 x2=17.5 xy=4682.98

Here, N = 6
or, a = y /N = 4832.14/6 or , a = 805.36

b = xy/ x2 = 4682.98/17.5 or , b = 267.60

Let the trend line be,

y = a + bx ............. (i)

The two normal equation are

y = na + b x ............... (ii)

xy = a x + b x2 ............ (iii)
y
From (ii) a = .............. (iv)
N
xy
From (iii) b = 2 ................ (v)
x

The straight line trend for total Loan and Advances is, y

= a + bx
 y= 805.36+267.60x

For year 2067/068, When, x= 3.5

y = a + bx
= 805.36+267.60 3.5

y = Rs. 1741.96 million

Other trend values have been calculated accordingly.

(Rs. in million)
Year (t) x = t – 2064.5 y (Projected loan & advances) =
a+bx
2067/68 3.5 1741.96
2068/69 4.5 2009.56
2069/70 5.5 2277.16
2070/71 6.5 2544.76
2071/72 7.5 2812.36

Appendix - 20
Fewa Finance Company Limited
The Trend value of Net profit
(Rs. in million)
F/Y Net Profit (y) x=T- 2064.5 x2 xy y = a + bx
Trend Values
2061/62 6.91 -2.5 6.25 -17.28 1.58
2062/63 9.98 -1.5 2.25 -14.97 10.62
2063/64 17.03 -0.5 0.25 -8.52 19.66
2064/65 25.02 0.5 0.25 12.51 28.70
2065/66 29.00 1.5 2.25 43.5 37.74
2066/67 57.15 2.5 6.25 142.88 46.78
y = 145.09 x=0 2
x =17.5 xy=158.12

Here, N = 6
or, a = y /N = 145.09/6 or , a = 24.18

b = xy/ x2 = 158.12/17.5 or , b = 9.04

Let the trend line be,

y = a + bx ............. (i)

The two normal equation are

126
y = na + b x ............... (ii)

xy = a x + b x2 ............ (iii)
y
From (ii) a = .............. (iv)
N
xy
From (iii) b = 2 ................ (v)
x

The straight line trend for total Net profit is,

y = a + bx
y= 24.18+9.04x

For year 2067/068, When, x= 3.5

y = a + bx
= 24.18+9.04 3.5
y = Rs. 55.82 million
Other trend values have been calculated accordingly.

(Rs. in Million)
Year (t) x = t – 2064.5 y (Projected loan & advances) =
a+bx
2067/68 3.5 55.82
2068/69 4.5 64.86
2069/70 5.5 73.96
2070/71 6.5 82.94
2071/72 7.5 91.98