Introduction of computer

science engineering
ASSIGNMENT

Shri Vaishnav VidyapeethVishwavidyalaya, Indore

 Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth
Vishwavidyalaya, Indore
Department of computer science and engineering

Session:- 2020-21

Student Name :- Aditya Yewley

Semester:- First (CSE IMPUTUS)
Subject:- Introduction of computer science engineering
Subject code :- BTCS102
Submitted To:-
MS. Shweta panday
What is the installation process of window 7 & window 10 ?
Answer:-
Installation of window 7:-
Step 1 - Place Windows 7 DVD in your DVD rom drive and start your PC. Windows
7 will start to boot up and you will get the following progress bar.
Step 2 - The next screen allows you to setup your language, time and currency
format, keyboard or input method. Choose your required settings and click next
to continue.
Step 3 - The next screen allows you to install or repair Windows 7. Since we are
doing a clean install we will click on "install now".
Step 4 - Read the license terms and tick I accept license terms. Then click next
to continue.
Step 5 - You will now be presented with two options. Upgrade or Custom
(Advanced). Since we are doing a clean install we will select Custom (Advanced).
Step 6 - Choose where you would like to install Windows 7. If you have one hard
drive you will get a similar option to the image below. You can click next to
continue. If you have more that one drive or partition then you need to select
the appropriate drive and click next. If you need to format or partition a drive
then click Drive options (advance) before clicking next.
Step 7 - Windows 7 starts the installation process and starts copying all the
necessary files to your hard drive as shown on the image below.
Step 8 - It will go through various stages of the setup and will reboot your system
few times.
Step 9 - When your PC reboots it attempts to boot from DVD as its the first boot
device. Do not press any key during the boot prompt so Windows 7 will continue
with the installation by booting from the hard drive.
Step 10 - After the reboot your computer will be prepared for first use.
Step 11 - At this stage you need to choose a user name and computer name.
Click next to continue. The user account you create here is the Administrator
account which is the main account for your Windows 7 that has all the privileges.
Step 12 - Choose your password and password hint just in case you forget your
password and need to jog your memory.
Step 13 - You can now type the product key that came with Windows 7 and click
next. If you do not enter the product key you can still proceed to the next stage.
However Windows 7 will run in trial mode for 30 days. You must therefore
activate Windows within 30 days otherwise you can not access your computer
after 30 days.
Step 14 - Help protect your computer and improve Windows automatically.
Choose Use recommended settings.
Step 15 - Review your time and date settings. Select your time zone, correct the
date and time and click next to continue.
Step 16 - Select your computer's current location. If you are a home user then
choose Home network otherwise select the appropriate option.
Step 17 - Windows will now finalize the settings for your computer and restart.
Step 18 - After the final restart Windows 7 will start to boot up.
Step 19 - Finally you have the logon screen. Just type your password and press
enter or click on the arrow to logon to Windows 7 for the first time.
Step 20 - After you have logged on to Windows 7 for the first time, you will see
similar desktop to the image below. At this point you can start using your
computer. However it may not be fully configured. You need to make sure that
all the hardware is detected correctly and the necessary device drivers are
installed. This can be done from the device manager.
Step 21 - To go to device manager click - Start Menu -> Control Panel -> System
and Security -> System -> Device Manager. You will see all your hardware listed
as shown on the image below. You need to check if you have any yellow
exclamation marks next to the name of the devices, similar to "Multimedia
Audio Controller" on the image below. This indicates that the driver has not
been installed for this device.
At this stage you can install the driver for this device. To do so, Right Mouse click
on Multimedia Audio Controller -> Update Driver Software...
Step 22 - You can choose to "Search automatically for updated driver software"
or "Browse my computer for driver software". If you have the driver CD or if the
driver is on a USB drive then choose "browse my computer for driver software".
Window 7 will search and install the driver from the CD or you can locate the
driver manually.
Once you have removed all the yellow exclamation marks from the device
manager your Windows 7 configuration would be fully complete.
Step 23 - Finally check if you have successfully activated Windows 7. Click Start
Menu -> Control Panel -> System and Security -> System. You will get a window
similar to the image below. Towards the bottom you will see Windows is
activated followed by your product ID. This shows that your copy of Windows 7
is fully activated.

Installation of window 10 :-
Step 1: This is the first screen you will see if you install Windows 10 using a
bootable USB flash drive or DVD. Here’s where you choose the OS’ language,
time and currency format, and input method.

Step 2: It's pretty obvious what you need to click here. Like Windows 8.x, you
can also choose to repair your computer.
If you choose the repair option, you will end up at a Troubleshoot screen where
you can choose to reset your PC and re-install windows (you can either keep or
remove your files), or access more advanced troubleshooting options. For the
latter, there are options for doing a system restore (if you’ve a restore point on
your PC), image recovery, running commands in command prompt, and letting
Windows fix any startup problems. You can also get to the advanced startup
options after installation via the new Settings app in Windows 10.

step 3: Traditionally, your Windows product key can be found on your online
order info, in the confirmation email for your purchase, or on the DVD
packaging. That said, this is more for a clean install. If your device has been
successfully upgraded to Windows 10, and you choose to wipe your device and
do a clean install later, the device will reactivate without the need of a Windows
8.x product key.

Step 4: Accept the license terms. After you read them, of course.

Step 5: Next, you’ll be presented with this screen, where you can choose to do
either an upgrade (files, settings, and apps are moved to Windows) or a custom
install (files, settings, and apps aren’t moved). The latter is the one to choose if
you prefer a clean install, which was what we did.

Step 6: Here’s where you select the drive to install Windows 10 on. You can
format a drive here as well.

Step 7: Now, you wait.

Step 8: Before you can start using Windows, there are some personalization,
location, browser and protection, and connectivity and error reporting settings
that you can adjust. You can zip through all these by using the Express settings,
which basically turn everything on, or you can hit the small print that says
‘Customize settings’ to customize them. We went for the latter.

Step 9: If you choose to customize the settings, the first page deals with your
contact, calendar, input, and location data. Read these carefully to decide if you
want to turn the settings on or off.

Step 10: The next page deals with browser data, connectivity, and error
reporting. Again, read these carefully and toggle the switches accordingly

Step 11: Next, you need to specify who's the owner of the device. You can
choose to sign in with your company ID, which will give you access to your
company's resources.

Step 12: Microsoft really wants you to sign in to Windows 10 with your
Microsoft account. If you use Microsoft services like Office, Outlook.com,
OneDrive, Skype, or Xbox, it makes sense to sign in with your Microsoft account
as it ties them all up and makes your Windows experience more personal.

Step 13: Instead of signing in using your Microsoft account password, you’ve
the option to create and use a short PIN instead.
Step 14: Windows 10 will save new documents and pictures to OneDrive. If
you’re okay with that, just hit Next to continue. Else, you can click the small text
that says ‘Save new files only to this PC by default’.
Step 15: You can also decide if you want to turn on the Cortana personal
assistant feature. Some people may not want to use Cortana as this allows
Microsoft to collect and use their location; contacts; voice input; info from email
and messages; browser history; search history; calendar details; and more. If
you were to ask us, Cortana is one of the best features in Windows 10. And for
it to be truly useful, it has to be granted access to such data. Here’s a link
to Microsoft’s privacy statement.

Step 16: Welcome to Windows 10!

What are the features of window 7 and window 10 ?

Ans:- Features of window 7 :-

1. The Taskbar reloaded: Windows 7's version of the Taskbar is less

cluttered than Vista's, and it handles both running and nonrunning apps with
equal aplomb.
2. Slicker, quicker Taskbar Previews: Now they show you all of an
application's open windows, all at once.
3. The convenience of Jump Lists: These context-sensitive Taskbar menus
let you start accomplishing things in applications before you even open them.
4. A System Tray you can love: New controls prevent the System Tray from
overflowing with unwanted apps and distracting you with unhelpful, irrelevant
messages.
5. A more media-savvy Windows Media Player: Love Apple's iTunes
Store but hate iTunes? New file-format support enables Windows Media Player
12 to play back unprotected audio and video from Apple's online store.
6. Alerts via Action Center : Windows 7's version of Vista's Security Center
queues up system messages so that you can respond to them on your schedule-
-not when Windows feels like interrupting you.
7. User Account Control that you control: If you're okay with this security
feature's raison d'être but can't stand the rapid-fire prompts in Vista, take heart:
You can tune Windows 7's versions to make them less paranoid and intrusive.
8. Library privileges: You can bundle folders from locations all across your
hard drive into Libraries designed to provide one-click access from the left pane
of Windows Explorer to related files.
9. Reasonable hardware requirements: Historically, new versions of
Windows have gobbled up twice the amount of CPU power and RAM that their
predecessors did. But Windows 7 runs a bit better than Vista on the same
system; it's even tolerable on a netbook.
10. The potential of touch: Windows 7's support for multitouch input doesn't
change anything overnight--but it does lay necessary groundwork for third-
party developers to build their own software. If they build killer touch apps,
Windows 7 deserves some of the credit.
Features of window 10 :-

1. The New Start Menu:- Microsoft has (thankfully) returned the Start
menu to the lower left-hand corner of the user interface, and this time, the
menu doesn't focus exclusively on desktop apps. There's a host of
information that can be found in the Start menu, with Microsoft having
added a metro-style dash, which incorporates Windows 8-style tiles into
the menu. For those who don't want live tiles, they can be turned off.
2. Windowed Apps:- Windows Store apps have been given a refreshed
look. Instead of being immediately dumped into a full-screen style app,
they will be windowed, offe ring a mouse-friendly toolbar. These apps will
also alter their interface to best fit the size of the user's display.
3. Cortana:- Some might not be ready to delve into the use of a personal
assistant, however, Cortana is really convincing for those on the fence.
This is the first time we have seen Cortana on desktop, and it's a very nice
addition to the software. Cortana will ask for access to your personal
information, after which it will use that information, coupled with cloud-
based intelligence, to provide you with the information you seek.
4. Hello:- Hello will help users log into their systems without having to type
in a password. Instead, users simply sit in front of their computer — and
the computer will recognize them and log in. Android has had a similar
feature for a number of years now, but Microsoft suggests that its tech is
more advanced, with special camera requirements and infrared use. Not
many computers can use Hello just yet, but it's sure to appear on more
computers as time goes on.
5. Edge:- There will certainly be skeptics for any Internet browser from
Microsoft – given Internet Explorer's past – but early reviews suggest that
Edge is actually a pretty neat browser. It's been completely overhauled,
including Cortana support and a note-taking mode that allows users to
draw on web pages. It's important to mention that Edge does not support
plugins at this time, but the feature is on the way.
6. Action Center:- Action Center takes the notification panel in Windows
8.1 to a new level. The Action Center is accessible through a simple swipe
from the right of the screen, or by clicking on the Action Center icon in the
taskbar. It essentially organizes all notifications from apps and provides
access to a number of settings that are often used.
7. Virtual Desktops:- Virtual desktops have long been a feature that
users have asked for, and at last, Microsoft has answered them with
window 10. Virtual desktops basically allow users to organized full-screen
apps or other "desktops" as they like, enabling them to switch between
these desktops whenever they want.
8. Xbox Streaming:- Many Windows users are also Xbox users, making
this feature a huge step forward. This is especially important for those with
multiple people in one household, as it allows xbox players to play even
when the TV is in use. The feature is currently still in beta, but it works
pretty well over Wi-Fi and allows users to utilize the Xbox USB controller.
Users can also record up to two hours of their playing to their computer's
hard drive.
9. Continuum:- One of the biggest features in Windows 10 is Continuum.
It allows users to seamlessly utilize devices that have both desktop and
tablet modes, without having to change the layout of their desktop. On the
Surface Pro 3, disconnecting the keyboard will cause apps and the start
menu to go into full-screen mode.
The feature will also allow smartphones to be used as desktop computers
when connected to the right display.
10. Core Windows Apps:- Maps such as Mail, Calendar, Photos and
Maps have all been revamped, and this time around, the apps are good
enough that people may actually want to use them. Apart from the new
interfaces, the apps also feature Cortana integration, allowing the
personal assistant to feed the user information based on their emails and
calendar.

Write basic internal or external dos commands ?

Ans:- Some internal dos commands are :-
These DOS commands are called internal commands because their code is
included in COMMAND.COM, the DOS and Windows 9x command processor.
Since COMMAND.COM is loaded into primary memory when DOS or Windows
9x is booted, the internal commands are always in memory and can be executed
at any time without first being fetched from disk (secondary memory).
1.TIME
Displays current time and allows it to be changed.

2.DATE
Displays current date and allows it to be changed.

3.CLS
Clears the screen.

4.DIR
Shows directory information of a diskette: name, size, and the date and time
stamp of files.

5.COPY
Copies a file. Name of copy may be the same as original, or different.
6.TYPE
Displays the contents of a file.

7.DEL
Deletes a file from disk.

8.REN
Renames a file. Makes (creates) a new directory.

10.RD
Removes an existing directory (directory must be empty).
11.CD
Changes the current directory.

12.PATH
The PATH command is used to help the command interpreter find external
commands which are not in the current directory. The command interpreter
looks into the DOS environment for "PATH=" and then searches the paths
(each separated from the next by a semicolon) that follow.

13.SET PROMPT
Used to specify the appearance of the DOS prompt.

Some external dos commands are :-

These external commands are for performing advanced tasks and they do need
some external file support as they are not stored in COMMAND.COM
1.EDIT
This command is used to modify or change the data of a file.

2.XCOPY
This command is used to copy files and directory trees from one disk to another
disk.

3.LABEL
It is used to create, change, or delete the volume label of a disk.

4.DISKCOPY
This command copies the contents of one floppy from the source drive to a
formatted or un-formatted floppy disk in the destination drive. This command
copies the data from particular position on the source disk to exactly the same
position on the destination disk.
5. CHKDSK
This command is used to check a disk and display a status report with properties
of disk like serial number, volume label, memory and other properties along with
errors on the disk if any.

6.TREE
This command is very useful to view the list of directories and subdirectories
present on the disk in graphical form. If you wanted to include files also with
directories and subdirectories, then you’ll have to give the command line as
tree/f which presents the tree view of all the content on your disk. Here is the
7.DELTREE
This command is used to remove a directory along with its contents..
8.DOSKEY
This command is generally used to edits command lines and recalls commands.
9.FIND
This command searches for a specific text string in a file or files.
This command is useful in:
- Displaying all lines not containing the specified string @ /V
- Displaying only the number count of lines containing the text string @ /C
- Displaying line numbers with the displayed lines @ /N
10.SORT
This command is used to arrange the data of a file in alphabetical order (A-Z, 0-
9) or reverse alphabetical order.
11.FORMAT
This command creates a new root directory and a File Allocation Table (FAT) for
the disk. In order for MS-DOS to be able to use a new disk you must use this
command to format the disk.
12.FORMAT with /S switch
When the disk is formatted with /s option, the disk can be used as a booting
disk. The above command copies the OS files MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS and
COMMAND.COM which are required for booting the machine from your
system start up drive to the newly formatted disk. The disk can then be used for
booting.
13.FORMAT with /U switch
This command specifies an Unconditional Format which destroys all existing
data and prevents you from later unformatting the disk.
14.FORMAT with /Q switch
This can be used only with the previously formatted disk. This deletes FAT, Root
directory and data of disk but doesn’t scan for the bad errors. This is generally
used for Quick formatting.

15.BACKUP
The Backup command backs up one or more files from one disk to another. You
can backup files onto either a hard disk or on a floppy disk. Syntax is

16.BACKUP Source Destination

-Backup with Switches
The /S switch can be used to backup the contents of all files in the source
including the contents of sub-directories.
The /N switch can be used to backup only those files that have changed since
the last backup.
Backup command with /D:mm-dd-yyyy switch will backup files that have
changed since the data specified.
-RESTORE
The RESTORE command restores files that were backed up by using BACKUP
command.
What is NTFS and FAT file system ?
Ans:-
NTFS( New technology file system)
NTFS is a file system first introduced by Microsoft in 1993 with the release of
Windows NT 3.1.
NTFS is the primary file system used in Microsoft's Windows 10, Windows
8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000, and Windows
NT operating systems.
The Windows Server line of operating systems also primarily use NTFS. The file
system is also supported in other operating systems like Linux and
BSD. macOS offers read-only support for NTFS.

FAT(FILE ALLOCATION TABLE)

A file allocation table (FAT) is a file system developed for hard drives that
originally used 12 or 16 bits for each cluster entry into the file allocation table.
It is used by the operating system (OS) to manage files on hard drives and other
computer systems. It is often also found on in flash memory, digital cameras and
portable devices. It is used to store file information and extend the life of a hard
drive.
Most hard drives require a process known as seeking; this is the actual physical
searching and positioning of the read/write head of the drive. The FAT file
system was designed to reduce the amount of seeking and thus minimize the
wear and tear on the hard disc.
FAT was designed to support hard drives and subdirectories. The earlier FAT12
had a cluster addresses to 12-bit values with up to 4078 clusters; it allowed up
to 4084 clusters with UNIX. The more efficient FAT16 increased to 16-bit cluster
address allowing up to 65,517 clusters per volume, 512-byte clusters with 32MB
of space, and had a larger file system; with the four sectors it was 2,048 bytes.

What do you meant by threads ?

A thread is the smallest unit of processing that can be performed in an OS. In

most modern operating systems, a thread exists within a process - that is, a
single process may contain multiple threads.
In computer programming, a thread is placeholder information associated with
a single use of a program that can handle multiple concurrent users. From the
program's point-of-view, a thread is the information needed to serve one
individual user or a particular service request. If multiple users are using the
program or concurrent requests from other programs occur, a thread is created
and maintained for each of them. The thread allows a program to know which
user is being served as the program alternately gets re-entered on behalf of
different users. (One way thread information is kept by storing it in a special data
area and putting the address of that data area in a register. The operating
system always saves the contents of the register when the program is
interrupted and restores it when it gives the program control again.)