DON BOSCO BOYS HOME AND VOCATIONAL

TRAINING CENTER, INC

Sector: METALS AND ENGINEERING

Qualification: SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW NC

I)

Unit of Competency: INTERPRET DRAWINGS AND

SKETCHES

Name:

Signature: Cell #:

Instructor: Signature:

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 DON BOSCO BOYS HOME AND VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTER, INC
P.D.M.S. dumangas, Iloilo, Tel. no. (033) 393-3677; Cel#: 0923-740-1911
TVET Center and Senior High School Sectors
FB Account: Don Bosco Dumangas;Email :[email protected]

MODULE CONTENT
QUALIFICATION: SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING (SMAW NC I )
MODULE TITLE: INTERPRET DRAWINGS AND SKETCHES
INTRODUCTION:
This unit covers the competencies required to read and interpret drawings and
sketches.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
LO1. Identify standard alphabet of lines
LO2. Identify orthographic/ isometric views
LO3. Interpret standard drawing symbols, dimensional tolerances and
notations
NOMINAL DURATION: 8 HRS
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Alphabet of lines are identified
 Uses of the alphabet of lines are explained
 Orthographic and isometric drawing are identified.
 Orthographic and isometric views are explained
 Drawing symbols are interpreted according to drawing standards
 Dimensional tolerances, notations are interpreted according to specifications.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 2.1-1
(LO1 Identify standard alphabet of lines)

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to Identify
standard alphabet of lines and Enumerate different kinds of lines
This course is designed to enhance the knowledge, desirable attitudes and
skills to identify standard alphabet of lines and Enumerate different kinds
of lines.

I. USE OF LINES
A. To read a blueprints, you must understand the use of lines. In drawing an
object, a draftsman arranges the different views in a certain way, and then
uses different types of lines to convey information.
1. LINE THICKNESS
 For most engineering drawings you will require two (2) types of
thickness: a thick and thin line. The general recommendation are that
thick lines are twice as thick as thin lines.
A thick continuous line is used for
visible edges and outlines

A thin line is used for hatching, leader

lines, short centre lines, dimensions
and projections
2. LINES STYLES
 Other line style used to clarify important features on drawings
Thin chain lines, which are common feature on engineering drawings,
are used to indicate center lines. Center lines, in turn, identify are
centre of a circle, cylindrical
features, or a line of
symmetry.
 Dashed lines are used to
show important hidden detail, for example, wall thickness and holes.

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 The different lines and line symbols used on drawings form a kind of
graphic alphabet commonly known as the alphabet of lines. Two lines
widths thick and thin are generally used. Drawings are easier to read
when there is a good contrast among different kinds of lines.

3. VISIBLE/OBJECT LINES
 Thick dark solid (unbroken) lines, called Visible or Object Lines, are used
on drawings to indicate the edges and details of an object.

4. HIDDEN LINES
 Thin dashed lines, called Hidden lines, are used on drawings to
indicate a surface, edge, or contour of an object that cannot be seen,
or is hidden from view. You may vary the lengths of the dashes
slightly in relation to the size of the drawing. As a general rule, always
begin and end hidden lines with dash, in contrast with the visible
lines from which they start, except when a dash would form a
continuation of a visible line. Omit hidden lines when they are not
required to assure the clarity of the drawings.

5. CENTER LINES
 Thin lines on the drawing which are made up of alternating long and
short dashes, are called Center lines. They are used to indicate the
midpoint of symmetrical features; such as circles or arcs. They are
also used as to aid in dimensioning.
 You may vary the long dashes of the center lines length, depending
upon the size of the drawing.
 Generally, you should start and end center lines with long dashes,
taking care not to let them uniformly and distinctly a short distance
beyond the object or feature of the drawing, unless a longer extension
line is required for dimensioning or for some other purpose.

 Do not end a Center Line at other lines of the drawing, nor extend
them through the space between views. Very short center lines may
be unbroken if there is no confusion with other lines.

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6.

SECTION LINES
 Thin cross hatching lines, called Section Lines, are used in sectional
views to symbolize different parts of an object or different materials from
which an object is manufactured.

Some of the types of section lines you are likely to encounter as a welder

7. DIMENSION, EXTENSION AND LEADER LINES

 Thin lines used for dimensioning purposes are known as Dimension,
Extension and leader Lines. These lines generally end with arrow heads
and are accompanied by a number indicating size or location dimension.

8. CUTTING PLANE OR VIEWING PLANE LINES

 Very thick lines, called Cutting Plane or Viewing Plane lines, indicate
where an imaginary cutting plane passes through an object. These
lines are used in a drawing for viewing or sectioning purposes.

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 Arrowheads on both ends of the line point toward the surface to be
viewed.

9. BREAK LINES
 Break Lines are used to shorten a view, or to eliminate repetitive details
when an entire view is not necessary. Short breaks lines are thick wavy
freehand lines. Long break lines are thin straight zigzags.

10. PHANTOM LINES

 Thin lines, called Phantom Lines, are used in a drawing to indicate
alternate positions of moving parts, lines of motion, adjacent parts and
repetitive details.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-1

(LO2 Identify orthographic/ isometric views)

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Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to Identify
orthographic/ isometric views

I. LAYOUT OF AN ENGINEERING DRAWING

A. It is important that you follow some simple rules when producing an

engineering drawing which although may not be useful now, will be useful
when working in industry.
All engineering drawing should feature an information box.

TITLE: WHEEL BEARING

NAME: Juan De La Cruz CHECKED:

VERSION: 1.1 DATE:
SCALE: 1.1

ITI ENGINEERING

B. BASIC INFORMATION ON AN ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. TITLE
 The title of the drawing. The title block contains the drawing number and all
the information required to identify the part or assembly represented.

2. NAME
 The name of the person who the drawing This information is important so
that problems or question with the drawing can be trace back to its source

3. REVISION BLOCK
 Each drawing has a revision block, which is usually located in the upper
right corner. All changes to the drawing are noted in this block. Changes are
dated and identified by a number or a letter.

 Verification Data

 In many engineering firms, Drawings are inspected by a second person,

usually a senior officer, before they are send to a manufacture, so that
any potential problems can be identified early. The name of the person

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 who checked the drawing and the date on which he did so is recorded in
the revision box.
 Version Number
 Drawing may be modified or altered during the period that a part or
project in being assembled. Giving each drawing a version number helps
people identify if they are using the most recent rendering of the drawing.
5. SCALE
 The scale of the drawing, or its size in relation to the actual project or
object, Large parts will not fit on paper so the scale provides a quick
guide to final size of the project.
6. PROJECTION SYSTEM
 The projection system used to create the drawing should be identified to
help people read the drawing.
7. COMPANY NAME
 A drawing that is a computer-aid design (CAD) may be distributed
outside the company. In such a case, the company name is usually
added to identify the source.
8. BILL OF MATERIAL
 A special block or box on the drawing may contain a list of necessary
stocks to make an assembly. It also indicates the type of stock, size, and
specific amount required.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.2-2

(Dimensions and Scale)

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Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to:
1. Know the guidelines for dimensioning; and
2. Identify the types of dimensioning.
A. DIMENSIONING

 To describe an object completely, a drafter needs to define both the shape

and the size of the object. Another name for size description is
dimensioning.
 The purpose of dimensioning is to provide a clear and complete description
of an object. A complete set of dimensions will permit only one
interpretation needed to construct the part. Dimensioning should follow
these guidelines:
o Accuracy: correct values must be given.
o Clearness: dimensions must be placed in appropriate positions.
o Completeness: nothing must be left out, and nothing duplicated.
o Readability: the appropriate line quality must be used for legibility.
 It is very important to add dimensions when drawing accurate orthographic
or working drawing. An orthographic drawing is usually the last drawing
made before the manufacturing process, so dimensions must be clearly
presented and understood. Dimensions can also be applied to simple
sketches and overall size or scale.

Dimensions are usually drawn in a particular way and some examples:

Normally dimensions are drawn quite faintly except for the arrow heads and
the numbers, which are darker. The arrow head must be sharp, but above
all, the dimension must be accurate.

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B. DIMENSIONS

1. DIMENSIONS CIRCLES
 The type of dimension shown below is normally used for a circle.

 The usually symbol,

which looks like a zero with a line through it, is a simple way of
denoting diameter.

 Using this symbol, your drawing of circular designs would normally

look like the Figure below:

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2. DIMENSIONING HOLES
 When dimensioning holes, the method of manufacture is not specified
unless necessary for the function of the product. The word “hole”
doesn’t have to be added unless it is considered necessary.

 The depth of the hole is usually indicated if it is not indicated on

another view,

3. DIMENSIONING RADII
 Curved corners can be dimensioned in manner shown below. ‘R’ means
radius
(the compass setting).

 All radial dimensions are

proceeded by the capital ‘R’ All dimension arrows and lines should be
drawn perpendicular to the radius so that the line passes through the

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 Radial dimension should only have one arrowhead, which should point
to the line being dimensioned.
4. SPHERICAL DIMENSIONS
 The radius of a spherical surface (I.e., the top of the drawing pin) when
dimensioned, should have an ‘SR’ before the size to indicate the type of
surface.
5. DIMENSIONING SMALL FEATURE
 If a measurement is 9mm or smaller the dimension
is drawn in a slightly different way. The arrows point
inwards, towards the number.
 In general, units can be omitted from dimensions, if
a statement of the units is included on your drawing.
The general convention is to dimension in
millimeters(mm)

USEFULLL TIPS:
 Where linear measurements are less than 10,000 millimeters, the
millimeter is the standard unit of measure.
 The abbreviation for millimeters (mm) is usually omitted when all
dimensions are in millimeters.
 The period is used as a decimal point only in English speaking
countries, 0thers used a comma.

C. TYPES OF DIMENSIONING

1. PARALLEL DIMENSIONING

 Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions originating from one

projection line
.

2. SUPERIMPOSED RUNNING
DIMENSIONS
 Superimposed running
dimensioning is used to
simplify parallel dimensions and reduce
the space used on drawing. A small
circle at the intersection of the first
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 dimension lines. In general, all other dimension lines are broken. The
dimension note can appear above the dimension line or in line with
the projection line.

3. CHAIN DIMENSIONING

 Chain dimensioning should only be used if

the function of the object you are drawing
will not be affected by the accumulation of
the tolerances.

4. COMBINED DIMENSIONS

 When both chain and parallel

dimensioning are used in a drawing. It is
referred to as a Combined Dimension.

5. DIMENSIONING BY CO-ORDINATES

 Two (2) sets of superimposed running

dimensions, running at right angles, can
be used with any feature on the drawing
which needs it center points defined, such
as holes.
6. SIMPLIFIED DIMENSIONING BY CO-
ORDINATES
 It is also possible to simplify co-ordinate
dimensions by placing a table next to the
drawing to
identify features
and positions.

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 D. BASIC DIMENSIONING RULES
 The following are a few basic rules that summarize what might well be a list of
hundreds of very specific rules that apply to dimensioning:
1. Each dimensioning should be clearly shown and stated so that it can be
interpreted in only one way.
2. Dimensions should not be duplicated or given on a drawing in two
different ways.
3. Dimensions should be placed in the view where the best shape and true
form are shown.
4. Avoid long extension and leader lines.
5. Place a dimension between views, especially if it applies to both views
and will improve clarity.
6. Do not assume that a part is symmetrical. Dimension both sides of a
symmetrically shaped part to avoid confusion.
7. Spacing between dimensions should be consistent within a drawing.
8. Line up dimensions horizontally and vertically, where possible.
9. Avoid crossing dimension lines or leaders, where possible.
10. Make full use of notes, abbreviations, and symbols to show how many
times a dimensions applies. For example, use 2x in a note to designate
that a detail specified in the note exists in two places on the drawing.
Dimension separately if the times (X) designation would be confusing.
 As a general guideline to dimensioning, try to think that you would make an
object and dimension it in the most useful way. Put in exactly as many
dimensions as are necessary for the craftsperson to interpret it-no more, no
less. Do not put in redundant dimensions. Not only will these clutter the
drawing, but if tolerances or accuracy levels have been included, the
redundant dimensions often lead to conflicts when the tolerance allowances
can be added in different ways.
 Repeatedly measuring from one point to another will lead to inaccuracies. It is
often better to measure from one end to various points. This gives the
dimensions a reference standard.
It is helpful to choose the placement of the dimension in the order in which a
machinist would create the part. This convention may take some experience.
 Where to Put Dimensions
o The dimensions should be placed on the face that describes the
feature most clearly. Examples of appropriate and inappropriate
placing of dimensions.

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E. DRAWING TO SCALE
 Large objects are seldom drawn in their true size. Instead the engineering or
draftsman reduces the size of the object “to scale”
 FOR EXAMPLE, when drawing 40 feet tower, the drawing may be prepared
using a scale of ½” =1”-0”. In this case the height of the tower, on paper is
20 inches.
 When you are using a drawing the dimensions of an object should never be
measured (scale) directly from the drawing. These measurements are
frequently inaccurate, since a change in atmospheric conditions causes
drawing paper to shrink or expand. To ensure accuracy, always used the
size and location dimensions shown on the drawing. If a needed dimension
is not shown on the drawing, you should check the graphic scale, since it
will always shrink or expand at the same rate as the drawing paper.
F. WHY SCALE?

 Scale drawing permits the size of the object to be reduced proportionally in

order for it to be drawn on the size of paper chosen.
 Common scales of a drawing may be 1/8” or ¼” or ¾” or 1” and 3” to
represent one foot. For example, 1/8 inch = 1 foot.
 An architect’s scale is the most common type of scale used for drawing
projects.
1. Its main divisions at the end of the scale, which are in inches or fractions
of an inch, represent one foot.
2. The divisions are subdivided even smaller to represent inches and
fractions of an inch.
3. An architect’s triangular scale has six faces, with a different scale on
each end of each face.
4. Use of engineer’s paper (graph paper) permits drawing to scale without
an architect’s scale. It is cross-ruled paper with 4, 8, or 12 divisions to
the inch. Simply count the number of divisions in order to draw a line to
scale.
G. TOLERANCING
 It is not possible in practice to manufacture products to the exact figures
displayed on an engineering drawing. The accuracy depends largely on the
manufacturing process used, and the care taken to manufacture a product.
 A tolerance value shows the manufacturing department the maximum
permissible variation from the dimension.
 Each dimension on a drawing must include a tolerance value. This can
appear either as:
 A general tolerance value applicable to several dimensions. i.e., a note
specifying that the General Tolerance is +/-0.5 mm
 Or a tolerance specific to that dimension.

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 INFORMATION SHEET 2.3-1
(LO3 Interpret standard drawing symbols, dimensional tolerances and notations)

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to Interpret
standard drawing symbols, dimensional tolerances and notations
be able

I. WELDING SYMBOLS

A. A welder must be able to read and to understand how symbols are used to
convey information.
 Special symbols are used on a drawing to specify where welds are to be
located, the type of joint to be used, as well as the size and amount of weld
metal to be deposited in the joint.
 You will come into contact with these symbols anytime you do a welding job
from a set of blueprints. Therefore, you will need to have a working
knowledge of the basic weld symbols and the standard location of all the
elements of a welding symbol.
B. Structure of the Welding Symbol

 A standard welding symbol consists of a reference line, an arrow, and a tail.

 The reference line becomes the foundation of the welding symbol. It is used
to apply weld symbols, dimensions and other data to the weld.
 The arrow simply connects the reference line to the joint or area to be
welded. The direction of the arrow has no bearing on the significance of the
reference line.
 The tail of the welding symbol is used only when necessary to include a
specification process or other reference information. See figure A

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 Figure A
 In the example above, the arrow is shown growing out of the right end of the
reference line and heading down and to the right but many other
combinations are allowed.

C. Weld

Symbols
 The term weld symbol refers to the symbol for a specific type of weld. Basic
weld symbols are shown below. See Figure B
Fillet weld Groove weld
Plug or Slot weld 1) Square Groove
Spot weld 2) V-Groove
Seam weld 3) Bevel–Groove
4) U-Groove
5) J-Groove
6) Flare-V
7) Flare-Bevel
Figure B

 The weld symbols is only part of the information required in the welding
symbol. The term welding symbol refers to the total symbol which includes
all information needed to specify the weld required.

 We show how a weld symbol is applied to the reference line. Notice that the
vertical leg of the weld symbol is shown drawn to the left of the slanted leg.
See Figure C
Figure C

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Whatever type of weld is being specified the vertical leg is always drawn to the
left.

D. LOCATION OF WELD SYMBOLS

1. Weld symbols, except resistance spot and resistance seam must be shown
only on the welding symbol reference line and not on the line of the
drawing.
2. Resistance spot and resistance seam weld symbols may be placed directly
at the locations of the desired welds.
 Location of the Weld with respect to Joint
 Quite often there are two sides to the joint to which the arrow points and
therefore, two potential places for a weld.

For example, when two steel plates are jointed together into a T
shape, welding may be done on either side of the stem of the T.

 The weld symbol distinguishes

between the two sides of a joint
by using the arrow and the
spaces above and below the
reference line.
 The side of the joint to which the arrow points is known as the arrow
side, and its weld is made according to the instructions given below the
reference line.
 The opposite side of the joint is known as the other side and its weld is
made according to the instructions given above the reference line.
 The below arrow and above other rules apply regardless of the arrow’s
direction.
3. The flag growing out of the junction of the reference line and the arrow is
present if the weld is to be made in the field at the time a structure is built.
A weld symbol without a flag indicates that the weld is to be made in the
shop. In older dreawings, a field weld may be denoted by a filled black circle
at the junction between the arrow and the reference line.
4. When weld symbols are
placed on both sides of the
reference line, welds must be
made on both sides of the
joint.

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5. Resistance spot, resistance seam, flash, weld symbols have no arrow side or
no side significance in themselves, although supplementary symbols used in
conjunction with these symbols may have such significance.

For example, the flush contour symbol is used in conjunction with the
spot and seam symbols below to show that the exposed surface of one
member of the joint is to be flush. Resistance spot, resistance seam,
flash, and upset weld symbols shall be centered on the reference line.

6.
The
open

circle at the arrow-reference line junction is present if the weld is

to go all around the joint, as in the example below.

7. The
tail
end
of the
weld

symbol is the place for supplementary information on the weld. It may

contain a reference to the welding process, the electrode, a detail drawing,
any information that aids in the making of the weld that does not have its
own special place on the symbol.
E. TYPES OF WELD AND THEIR SYMBOLS
 Each type of weld has its own basic symbol, which is typically placed near
the center of the reference line (and above or below it depending on which
side of the joint it is on).
 The symbol is a small drawing that can usually be interpreted as a
simplified cross-section of the weld, the symbol is shown in both its arrow-
side and other side positions.

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F. Sizes, Gaps, and Angle of Grooves
1. If the groove goes through the plate, a measurement of distance is not
needed.

2. If the groove only goes a certain depth through the metal, a

measurement will be given before the weld symbol.
.35

0.35

3. If a number appear in parentheses (.40) before the weld symbol, it will

determine the depth of the effective throat.
.35 (.40)

0.40

4. If a gap between the two pieces of metal is needed, it will be indicated on

the weld symbol.

1/16

1/16"
 We learned that there are designated locations for the size, length, pitch
(center to center spacing), groove angle, and root opening of a weld. These
locations are determined by the side of the reference line on which the weld
symbol is placed.

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 In the next section, we will discuss the meaning of various welding
dimension symbols. Notice that the size of a weld is shown on the left side of
the weld symbol. The length and pitch of a fillet weld are indicated on the
right side of the weld symbol.
Figure D
See Figure D, We show a tee joint with 2 inch intermittent fillet welds that are
5 inches apart on center.

 The size of a groove weld is shown in the next Figure. Both sides are ½ inch,
but note that the 60-degreee groove is on the other side of the joint and the
45-degree groove in on the arrow side.

G. Supplementary symbols
 In addition to basic weld symbols, a set of supplementary symbols may be
added to a welding symbol. Some of the most common supplementary
symbols are shown in the chart

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 A supplementary symbol shown in the chart is the weld-all-around symbol.
When this symbol is placed on a welding symbol, welds are to continue all
around the joint.

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