CALCULUS – KEY TERMS & MAIN RESULTS

Key terms Problems with solutions Exercises - Do yourself

Chapter 1. Differentiation
Find the limit of a lim ¿ 1/ Find the limit
function E1x. Find x −9 x −9
2 2
(if any) 3
7  2x
−¿
x→ 3 ∧ lim ¿ ¿¿
¿x−3∨¿ x→3 ¿x−3∨¿
lim
Solution. a/ x 3 x2  5
 x → 3 means x is near 3 and x < 3  |x – 3|
−¿ ¿

= x 1  2
lim
lim ¿ b/ x 3 x 3
-(x-3)  x −9
2

x2  4
−¿
x→ 3 = lim ¿¿
|x−3| x→3 (x−3) ( x+3) ¿
−¿

−( x−3) lim
¿−lim ( x +3 )=−6 c/ x 2 2 x
 x → 3+¿¿ : |x – 3| = x-3 and x 2−4
2/ Find lim ¿
lim ¿ x →2 ¿ x−2∨¿
2
x −9
x→ 3
+¿
= lim
|x−3| x→ 3 ( x−3) (x+ 3) ¿
¿¿ (if any)
3/ Find
+¿

( x−3 )

¿ lim ( x +3 ) =6 lim f  x 
x 1
lim ¿ lim ¿
   x 2  3 x when x < 1
if f  x   
2 2
−¿ x −9 +¿ x −9
x→ 3 ¿¿ x→ 3 ¿¿
¿ x−3∨¿
2  5 x when x  1
¿x−3∨¿
2
x −9
 lim does not exist . ¿
x →3 ¿ x−3∨¿
[Trick: try with x near 3, for example, x = 3.01,
x = 2.99 and consider the results.]

Ex2. Use the graph of function k to answer each of the

following.

lim k  x 
a/ Find x 3

lim k  x 
b/ Find x 1
Solution.
lim k  x   2
a/ x 3

lim k  x   2
b/ x 3
Continuity, 2 4/
continuous, Ex1. Given the function f ( x )= x −x if x ≤3 .
{ x −mif x >3 a/ Find m such that the
test for function
Find m such that f is continuous at x = 3.
continuity 2 x 2  3 if x < 2
(at x = a)
Solution. f  x  
 f(3) = 6  x  m if x  2
 lim ¿f(x) = 32 – 3 = 6 is continuous at x = 2.
−¿
x→ 3 ¿

 lim ¿ f(x) = 3 – m b/ Find m such that the

+¿
x→ 3 ¿
 f is continuous at x = 3  limx3f(x) = f(3) function
 x2  4
 lim ¿f(x) = lim ¿ f(x) = f(3)  3 – m = 6  m = -3
−¿ +¿

f  x   2  x
if x  2
x→ 3 ¿ x→ 3 ¿
m if x  2

Ex2. For the function given by the graph below, is continuous at x = 2.
answer each of the following: 5/ Find all values of a, b
a/ What is g(-2)? such that
lim g  x 
x 2 x 2−1

{
b/ What is ? if x <1
lim g  x  f ( x )= 2x−1
c/ What is x 2 ? x + a if 1≤ x <2
lim g  x  x+ b if x ≥ 2
d/ What is x 2 ?
is continuous at x = 1 and
e/ Is g continuous over (-6, 6)?
x = 2.

6/ For the function given

by the graph below,
answer each of the
following:
a/ What is g(1)?
lim g  x 
b/ What is x 1 ?
lim g  x 
c/ What is x 1 ?
Solution. lim g  x 
lim g  x   4 d/ What is x 1 ?
a/ x 2 e/ Is g continuous over (-6,
lim g  x   3 6)?
b/ x 2

lim g  x 
c/ x 2 does not exist
lim g  x 
d/ x 2 does not exist g is not continuous at x
= -2  not continuous over (-6, 6).

Derivative, y’, Ex. Find the derivative of the function with respect to 7/ Find the derivative of
f’(x), dy/dx the indicated variable. the function with respect to
dy the indicated variable.
if y  x 3  x
a/ dx
 dy t 1 dy
if y  if y   x 1  4 x3
b/ dt t a/ dx
dP du x
if P  e 3t if u 
c/ dt b/ dx 3 x
d
d/ dx

 3 x 2  3 4 x  2018  dP
c/ dt
if P  e 2t 3

Solution. d/
dy 1 d  3 4 2018 
y  x 3  x   3x 4  4 x 3 x 
4 3

dx 2 x dx  x 
a/
e/
t 1 1 dy 1 1
y  1   0 2  2 dy
if y   x  2   1  x 
5 4
b/ t t dt t t
dx
dP f/ Find
P  e 3t   3e 3t
dt 1
c/ f '  2  if f  x  
d/ 1  x3

 d 
  2 1
d
 3 x 2  3 4 x  2018    x  3x  2018  3 4
dx dx  
2 1 3  3 2 3
 x 3 x 4  3 
3 4 3 x 4 4 x3
Difference x 3  27 x 5  32
quotient lim lim
Ex1. Find x3 x  3 8/ Find x 2 x2
rate of change Solution.
(rate) f  x  f  a 9/ Find the difference
f '  a   lim quotient of the function
 Recall that x a xa f(x) = 1/x.
and derivative
 Let f(x) = x3, f(3) = 33 = 27 and f’(x) = 3x2
x3  27 f  x   f  3 10/ For f(x)= x2, find the
lim  lim  f '  3 difference quotient when:
x 3 x  3 x 3 x 3
 = 3. a = 3 and h = 0.1
(32) = 27.
Ex2. Find the difference quotient of the function f(x) = 11/ Suppose the
x2. temperature T of a person
Solution. during an illness is given
 f(a+h) = (a+h)2 = a2 + 2ah + h2 by T(t) = -t2+2t+15, where
 f(a) = a2 T is the temperature, in
f  a  h  f  a degree Fahrenheit, at time
t, in days. Find the rate of
 difference quotient: h
change of the temperature
2ah  h 2 with respect to time.
 2a  h (Hint: Find T’(t))
= h (because h 0)
Ex3. The population of a city grows from an initial size
12/ Given f(x) = x2 - x.
of 5000 to a size P, given by P(t)= 5000 + 20t2, where t
Find the average rate of
is in years. Find the growth rate.
change with x1 = 2 and x2
Solution.
= 4.
 Growth rate = P’(t) = 40t. (Hint: evaluate
f  x2   f  x1 
x2  x1 )
Slope, Tangent Ex. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve 13/ Given the curve y = x3
line y= √ x 2 +3 at the point (1, 2). – 2x.
y= f(x) at a: ' a/ Find the tangent line of
y = f’(a)(x-a) + ( x 2+ 3 ) x the curve at the point (2,
Solution. y ' = 2
=
f(a) 2√x +3 √ x 2 +3 4).
' 1 b/ Find the point on the
 y (1)= // slope of the tangent line graph of the curve at which
2
 Anequation of the tangent line : the tangent line has slope
' 1.
y=f ( x0 ) ( x −x 0 ) +f ( x 0 )
1
y= ( x−1 ) +2
2
1 3
y= x +
2 2
(gf)’(x) = Ex1. Given f(u) = √ u, g(x) = u = 1 + 3x2, 14/
g’(f(x)).f’(x) find (fg)’(1). a/ Given f(u) = u2, g(x) = 1
= g’(u).u’(x) Solution. + 2x.
 Let u = g(x), then u’(x) = 6x Find (fg)’(2).
df df du 1 1 b/ Given f(u) = u2, find
 .  f’(u) = √ u = √ 1+ 3 x 2
dx du dx 2 2 d   1 
f  
 (fg)’(x) = f’(g(x)).g’(x) = f’(u).u’(x) dx   x  .
1
= 6x √ 1+ 3 x 2=3 √ 1+3 x2
 x   21x (fg)’(1) = 6.
2 15/ Given F(x) = f(g(x)),
and f(-2) = 8, f’(-2) = 4,
f’(5) = 3, g(5) = -2, g’(5) =
Ex2. Suppose H(x) = (x – 1)3 can be expressed as (fg) 6. Find F’(5).
(x), and g(x) = x – 1, what is f(x)?
Solution. 16/ Suppose H(x) = x3 – 5
We have, (fg)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x-1) = H(x) = (x-1)3 can be expressed as (fg)
So, if t = x – 1, we have f(t) = t3. (x), and f(x) = x – 5, what
Conclusion: f(x) = x3. is g(x)?

d   1 
dx  f  x 
Ex3. Given f(u) = u , find    .
Solution.
Let u = 1/x.
Based on the chain rule,
df df du 1  1 
 .  2 
dx du dx = f’(u).u’(x) = 2 u . x  =
1

2x x .
find dy/dt (rate of Ex1. Given x2 + y3 = 12 and dx/dt = -3, find dy/dt when 17/
y) when given x = 2. a/ Given x3 + y3 = 9 and
dx/dt (rate of x), Solution. dx/dt = -3, find dy/dt when
x and y. x2 + y3 = 12  y = 2 if x = 2 x = 2.
d 2 3 d b/ If dx/dt = 3, and x = p3 –
 (x + y ) = (12) 1/p, find dp/dt.
dx dx dp dt dt
 .
dt dp dt dx dy
 2x + 3y2 =0 18/
dt dt
a/ Two variable quantities
dy
 2.2.(-3) + 3.(2). =0 A and B are found to be
dt related by the equation A3
dy + B3 = 9. What is the rate
 = 2.
dt of change dA/dt at the
moment when A= 1 and
Ex2. Find the rate of change of total revenue with dB/dt= 5?
respect to time. Assume that R(x) is in dollars and
R(x) = 12x - x2; when x = 5 and dx/dt = 10 units per b/ Find the rate of change
day. of total cost with respect to
Solution. time. Assume that C(x) is
The rate of change of total revenue with respect to in dollars: C(x) = 7x2 + 4
dR when x= 10 and dx/dt
= 15 units per day.
time is dt
dR dR dx c/ The volume of a
 
Based on the chain rule, dt dx dt = R’(x).x’(t) = cantaloupe is given by V =
(12 – 2x)(10) = (12 - 2·5)(10) = 20 (USD/day). (4/3)πr3. The radius, r, is
growing at the rate of 0.5
Ex3. Suppose that the price p, in dollars, and number cm/week, at a time when
of sales, x, find the rate at which the total revenue R = the radius is 6.5 cm. How
xp is changing when x = 5, p = 12 and dp/dt = 1.5; fast is the volume
dx/dt = 2. changing at that moment?
Solution.
R = xp  R’(t) = x’(t).p + x.p’(t)
dR dx dp
 px
Or dt dt dt = 2.12 + 5(1.5) = 24 + 7.5 =
31.5
Find dy/dx by Ex. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of 19/ Find dy/dx by implicit
implicit the tangent line to the curve x2 + xy + y2 = 3 at the differentiation.
differentiation. given point (1, 1). x2 + xy - y2 + x = 2.
Solution.
d 2 d 20/ Differentiate
¿x + xy + y2 ) = ¿3) implicitly to find dy/dx,
dx dx
 (x2)’ + (xy)’ + (y2)’ = 0 where x2 – y2 = 1.
 2x + x’y + xy’ + 2y.y’ = 0
 2x + y + (x+2y).y’ = 0 21/ Use implicit
2x  y differentiation to find an
y'   equation of the tangent
 x  2y line to the curve x2 +2xy -
 At the point (x = 1, y = 1): y’(1) = -3/3 = -1 y2 + x = 2 at the (1, 2).
Equation of the tangent line:
y = y’(1)(x – x0) + f(x0)
 y = -(x – 1) + 1
  y = -x + 2.
dy and y Ex1. Find Δy and y'.Δx. 22/ Find Δy and y'.Δx for y
dy = f’(x)dx (Round the result to two decimal places, respectively = x4, x = 2, and Δx = 0.01.
y  f’(x)dx for y= x3, x = 2, and Δx = 0.05). Round to two decimal
Solution. places.
Δy = y(2 + Δx) – y(2) = (2.05)3 – 23 = 0.615125  0.62
y'.Δx = (3x2).Δx = 3*(22)*(0.05) = 0.6. 23/ For y = (x-1)3, find dy
Note that Δy  y’Δx. when x = 2 and dx = 0.01

Ex2. For y = x3- 2x, find dy when x = 3 and dx = 0.01.

Solution.
dy = y’dx = (3x2 – 2)dx = (3.32 – 2)*0.01 = 0.25.
Chapter 2. Applications of differentiation
critical numbers Ex. Find the critical numbers of the function. 24/ Find the critical
f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 36x numbers of the function
Solution. f(x) = f(x) = x4 - 2x2 + 3.
f’(x) = 6x2 + 6x – 36
f’(x) = 0  x = 2, x= - 3
critical numbers: 2 and -3.
increasing/decre Ex1. The graph of the derivative of a function is 25/ The graph of the
asing shown. derivative of a function is
shown.
local (relative) a/ On what intervals is f
min/max: 1st increasing or decreasing?
derivative test b/ At what values of x does
and 2nd derivative f have a relative maximum
test or minimum?
a/ On what intervals is f increasing or decreasing?
b/ At what values of x does f have a local maximum or
concave
minimum?
upward/downwa
Solution.
rd
a/ Based on the graph above, f’(x) < 0 on the intervals
(0, 1) and (5, 6)  f is decreasing on (0, 1) and (5, 6); f
inflection points
is increasing on (1, 5) because f’(x) > 0 on (1, 5).
b/ f’ changes sign from (-) to (+) at x = 1  f has local
minimum at x = 1. 26/ Given f(x) = x4 - 2x2 +
f’ changes sign from (+) to (-) at x = 5  f has local 3
maximum at x = 5. a/ Find the intervals on
which is f increasing or
Ex2. Given f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 – 36x decreasing.
a/ Find the intervals on which is f increasing or b/ Find the relative
decreasing. maximum and minimum
b/ Find the local maximum and minimum values of f . values of f .
c/ On what intervals is f concave upward or concave c/ On what intervals is f
downward? concave upward or
d/ Find all inflection points of f. concave downward?
Solution. d/ Find all inflection
 f’(x) = 6x2 + 6x – 36 points of f.
f’(x) = 0  x = 2, x= - 3
sign of f’
 x - -3 2 
f’ + 0 - 0 +
a/ f is increasing on (-, -3), and increasing on (2, )
f is decreasing on (-3, 2).
b/ relative max: f(-3) = 81, relative min: f(2) = -44
 f’’(x) = 12x + 6
f’’(x) = 0  x = - ½
sign of f’’
x - -½ 
f’’ - 0 +
c/ f is concave downward on (-, - ½) and concave
upward on (- ½, )
d/ at x = - ½, f changes from concave downward to
concave upward  inflection point is (-1/2, f(-1/2))
or (-1/2, 20)
abs. max/min Ex1. Find two numbers whose difference is 40 and 27/ Find two numbers
and product is minimum. whose difference is 40 and
Optimization Solution. product is minimum.
problems We find x and y such that x – y = 40 and x.y is
minimum. 28/ Find the absolute
Let f(x) = x.y = x.(x-40) = x2 – 40x maximum and minimum
f’(x) = 2x – 40 1 3
f’(x) = 0  x = 20 of the function f(x) = x
3
and f’’(20) = 2 > 0 – 2x2 + 5x – 1 on [0, 3].
 f(20) = -400 is minimum value of f.
So, x = 20 and y = -20 29/ Find the maximum
value of f(x) = x3(1-x)4, 0 ≤
Ex2. A stereo manufacturer determines that in order to x ≤1.
sell x units of a new stereo, the price per unit, in
dollars, must be p(x)= 400 - x. The manufacturer also 30/ Sound software
determines that the total cost of producing x units is estimates that it will sell N
given by C(x) = 1000 + 40x. units of a program after
How many units must the company produce and sell in spending a dollars on
order to maximize profit? advertising, where N(a) = -
Solution. a2 + 100a + 2, 0 ≤ a ≤ 100,
Profit P(x) = R(x) – C(x) = x.p(x) – C(x) and a is in thousands of
 P(x) = x(400 – x) – (1000 + 40x) dollars. Find the
 P(x) = -x2 + 360x – 1000 maximum number of units
All we want is to find x so that P(x) is maximum. that can be sold.
P’(x) = -2x + 360
P’(x) = 0  x = 180 31/ Let P(x) = -2x2+120x +
P’’(x) = -2 < 0  P’’(180) < 0 27 be the profit function.
By 2rd derivative test, P(180) is the maximum value of Find the maximum profit
P. and the number of units, x,
that must be produced and
sold in order to yield the
maximum profit.
Relative extrema Ex. Find the relative extrema of the function f(x) = 32/ Find the relative
extrema of the function
1  x2
 Solution. 1
f  x   x 3  2 x 2  3x  11
 1 x  ' 

2

  x 3
1  x2 
f’(x) = 2 1 x 2
1  x2
f’(x) = 0 when x = 0.
x
From f’(x) = 1  x , we can see f’(x) changes sign
2

from – to + at x = 0.
So, f(0) is the relative minimum of f.
Chapter 4: Integration
Integrals and Ex. Given f(x) = 6x2 – 4x 33/ Given f(x) = 3x2 – 2x
areas, a/ Approximate the area under f(x) from x = 1 to x = 4 a/ Approximate the
Riemann sum using Riemann sum with n = 6 and left endpoints. 8

b/ Find the area under f(x) from x =1 to x = 4 by ∫ f ( x )dx by computing

4 0
computing the integral ∫ f ( x )dx. the area under f(x) using
1 Riemann sum with n = 4
Solution. and right endpoints.
a/ b/ Find the area under f(x)
 [1, 4] is divided into 6 subintervals: [1, 1.5], from x = 0 to x = 8.
[1.5, 2], [2, 2.5], [2.5, 3], [3, 3.5], [3.5, 4]
 Left endpoints: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5
4−1
 Area  (f(1) + f(1.5) + f(2) + f(2.5) + f(3)
6
+ f(3.5)) = 77.25000000

4 4
2
b/Actual area = ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ (6 x – 4 x ¿ )¿ dx = 96.
1 1
b 4 b
√2
∫ f ( x )dx = F(b) Ex1. Given f(1) = 3, f’ is continuous and ∫ f ' (x )dx = 34/ Given ∫ √ x dx =
6
a 1 0
– F(a) 7. Find f(4). Find b.
Solution.
4 3
f is an antiderivative of f’  ∫ f ' (x )dx = f(4) – f(1) 35/ Compute ∫ f ( x )dx,
1 0
 f(4) – f(1) = 7  f(4) = 7 + 3 = 10 where
Ex2. Suppose h is a function such that
h(1) = -2, h’(1) = 2, h’’(1) = 3, h(2) = 6, h’(2) = 5,
h’’(2) = 13 and h’’ is continuous everywhere.
f ( x )=
{x 5+if1ifx<x2≥2
2
 2 Hint:
Evaluate ∫ h' ' ( x)dx. 3 2
1 ∫ f ( x )dx = ∫ f ( x )dx +
Solution. 0 0
h’ is an antiderivative of h’’  3
2 ∫ f ( x )dx
∫ h' ' ( x)dx = h’(2) – h’(1) = 5 – 2 = 3. 2
1
Average value of Ex. Find the average value of the function f(x) = 3x2 – 36/ Find the average value
f(x) over [a, b] 2xover [1, 3]. of the function g(x) = x –
Solution. x-1/2 over [1, 4]
3 3

∫ f (x ) dx ∫ (3 x 2−2 x ) dx 37/ Suppose the average

fave = = = 18/2 = 9
1 1 value of f over [1, 5] is
3−1 3−1 7/2.
5
Find ∫ f ( x )dx
1
udv = uv - vdu Ex1. Find 4xe-2xdx 38/ Find the integrals:
(Integration by Solution. a/ 2xe-xdx
parts) −1 −2 x b/ 4xln(2x)dx
Let u = 4x, dv = e-2xdx  du = 4dx, v = e Hint:
2
So, 4xe-2xdx = udv = uv - vdu u = ln(2x), dv = 4xdx
= -2xe-2x + 2e-2xdx = -2xe-2x - e-2x + C  du = u’dx
e (2 x) '
E2. Find ∫ 2 xlnx dx = dx = dx/x
2x
1
2x
Solution. c/ ∫ dx
Let u = lnx, dv = 2xdx  du = dx/x, v = x2 √ x+2
e e e Hint:
∫ 2 xlnx dx = ∫ udv = uv 1e - ∫ vdu | u = 2x, dv =
1
dx
1 1
e
1
√ x +2
e 1 2e
= x2lnx |
1
- ∫ xdx = x lnx
1
2
|1e - x|
2 1
 v = 2√ x+ 2

1 2 1
= e2 - (e – 1) = e2 + ½
2 2
f(x)dx = g(t)dt 2 9 39/ Evaluate the integrals:
Ex1. Find ∫ 2 x (x +3) dx
by substitution 2
Solution. 2
rule with t = u(x)
Let t = x 2+ 3  dt = 2xdx
a/ ∫ 3 x √ x 3 +1 dx
0
2 9t 10 (Hint: t = x3 + 1)
So, ∫ 2 x (x +3) dx =  t9dt = +C
10 3
(x 2 +3)10 2
= +C b/ ∫ (1+ √ x) dx
10 √x
lnx (Hint: t = 1+ √ x)
Ex2. Find ∫ dx
x
Solution. 3ln 2  x 
e2

Let t = lnx  dt = dx/x  x dx

c/ 1
lnx 1 1 (Hint: t = ln(x))
So, ∫ dx =  t dt = t2 + C = (lnx)2 + C
x 2 2
 Chapter 5. Applications of integration
improper ∞ −x ∞
2 −2 x
integral Ex1. Evaluate the improper integral ∫ e dx 40/ ∫ e dx
0 0
Solution. 
1
∞ −x
2
−x x x
dx
∫e dx = -2e |¿ 0 = -2(e−¿−¿¿ e0) = -2(0 – 1) = 2
2 41/ 1
0 
 x
   p 1 2
1 x dx
1 x p dx  1 x dx   p  1 1
p
42/ 2
Ex2.
x  p 1  1

 If p > 1,
 p  1 1 1  p  the integral is
convergent.
 If p  1, the integral diverges to .

Total cost Ex1. A company determines that the marginal cost, C’, 43/ The cost per yard of
of producing the xth unit of a product is given by C’(x) producing x yards of a
Total profit = 12x3 - 4x. Find the total cost function, C(x), particular fabric is given
assuming that C(x) is in dollars and that fixed costs are by C’(x) = 0.003x + 12, for
Total revenue $1200. x ≤ 550, where C’(x) is the
Solution. cost in dollars. Find the
Total cost C(x) = C’(x)dx total cost of producing 200
C(x) = (12x3 – 4x)dx = 3x4 – 2x2 + D yd of this material.
fixed costs are $1200  C(0) = 1200
 D = 1200. 44/ An air conditioning
 Total cost function: C(x) = 3x4 – 2x2 + 1200 company determines that
(USD) the marginal cost, in
Ex2. Assume that R’(x) = 3x2 – 2 is the marginal dollars, for the xth air
revenue, in dollars, from selling xth unit of a product. conditioner is given by
Find the total revenue function R(x), if we know R(0) C’(x) = -0.4x + 100,
= 0. C(0) = 0. Find the total
Solution. cost of producing 45 air
Total revenue function R(x) = R’(x)dx conditioners.
R(x) = (3x2 – 2)dx = x3 – 2x + D
R(0) = 0  D = 0.
So, total revenue function R(x) = x3 – 2x.
Position, velocity, Ex. A particle starts out from the origin. Its velocity, in 45/ A particle starts out
acceleration m per minute, after t minutes is given by v(t) = 3t2 - from the origin. Its
12t. How far does it travel after 5 minutes? velocity, in miles per hour,
Distance traveled Solution. after t hours is given by
v(t) = 3t2 - 12t = 3t(t – 4) v(t) = 12t3 + 4t. How far
Sign of v(t): does it travel from the start
through the 2rd hour?

5 5
v  t  dt  
Distance traveled = 
3t 2  12t dt
0 0
 5 4 5
0
3t 2  12t dt   3t 2  12t dt   3t 2  12t dt
0 4

   3t 2  12t  dt    3t 2  12t  dt

4 5

0 4
= … (sorry, I have no any calculator)
Demand function Ex1. Given D(x) = (x – 5)2 and S(x) = x2 + x +3, in 46/ Find the producer
D(x), which D(x) is the demand function and S(x) is the surplus for S(x) = 2x2 - 3x
Supply function supply function. Find equilibrium point and the + 7 when x = 2.
S(x) consumer surplus at equilibrium point.
Solution. 47/ Given D(x) = -x + 6
Equilibrium point D(x) = S(x)  (x – 5)2 = x2 + x +3 and S(x) = x2 -3x + 3, find
 x2 – 10x + 25 = x2 + x +3 the consumer surplus at
Consumer x=2 the equilibrium point.
surplus,  D(2) = S(2) = 9 Answer: (3, 3) and 4.5
producer surplus Equilibrium point: (2, 9).
 Consumer surplus 48/ Given D(x) = -x2 +7x +
2 3 and S(x) = 3x - 2, find
  D  x  dx  2  9 the equilibrium point and
0 the producer surplus at
2 this point.
   x  5  dx  18
2
Answer: (5,13) and 37.5
0
=… 49/ Find the consumer
Ex2. Let D(x) is the price, in dollars per unit, that surplus for the demand
consumers are willing to pay for x units of an item; function given by D(x) =
S(x) is the price, in dollars per unit, that producers are -3x2 + 6x + 3 when x = 5.
willing to accept for x units.
Given D(x) = x2 -4x + 7 and S(x) = x2 + 8x - 29, find 50/ Let D(x) is the price, in
the consumer surplus and the producer surplus at the dollars per unit, that
equilibrium point. consumers are willing to
Solution. pay for x units of an item;
 D(x) = S(x) S(x) is the price, in dollars
 x2 -4x + 7 = x2 + 8x – 29 per unit, that producers are
x=3 willing to accept for x
D(3) = S(3) = 4 units.
 Equilibrium point: (3, 4) If D(X) = -2x + 12, S(x) =
 Consumer surplus: 2x -4, find the consumer
3 surplus at the equilibrium
  D  x  dx  3  4 point.
0
3
   x 2  4 x  7  dx  12
0
=…
 Producer surplus:
 3
 3  4   S  x  dx
0
3
 12    x 2  8 x  29  dx
0
=…
Future value Theory. 51/ Upon the death of his
 P0 : initial deposit invested uncle, David receives an
present value  k: compound interest rate per year, inheritance of $50,000,
continuously which he invests for 16 yr
Accumulated  P = P0ekt : future value after t year. at 7.3%, compounded
future value from  P0 = Pe-kt: present value continuously. What is the
money flow  R(t): money flow (yearly) future value of the
T inheritance?
 R t e
kt
accumulated dt
present value  A= 0 : accumulated future value 52/ Upon the death of his
from money flow after T years aunt, Burt receives an
T inheritance of $80,000,
 R t e which he invests for 20 yr
 kt
dt
at 8.2%, compounded
 B= 0 : accumulated present value
 continuously. What is the
 R t e future value of the
 kt
dt
inheritance?
 0 : accumulated present value for a
perpetual continuous money flow. 53/ At age 35, Rochelle
Ex1. Find the future value P of the amount P0 = 55000 earns her MBA and
dollars invested for time t = 12 yr and k = 6%, accepts a position as vice
compounded continuously. president of an asphalt
Solution. company. Assume that she
P = P0ekt = 55000.e0.06*12  112993.8 (USD). will retire at the age of 65,
having received an annual
Ex2. In 18 yr, Claire Beasley is to receive 120000 salary of $95,000, and that
dollars under the terms of a trust established by her the interest rate is 6%,
aunt. Assuming an interest rate of 6.5%, compounded compounded continuously.
continuously, what is the present value of Claire’s a/ What is the accumulated
legacy? present value of her
Solution. position?
P = 120000, t = 18, k = 0.065 Answer:
Present value = P0 = Pe-kt = 120000*e-0.065*18  b/ What is the accumulated
37244.06 (USD). future value of her
position?
Ex3. At age 25, Del earns his CPA and accepts Answer:
a position in an accounting firm. Del plans to retire at
the age of 65, having received an annual salary of
$125,000. Assume an interest rate of 7%, compounded
continuously.
a) What is the accumulated present value of his
position?
b) What is the accumulated future value of his
position?
 Solution.
a) R(t) = 125,000
k = 0.07
T = (65 - 25) = 40
Accumulated present value:
T 40

 R t e dt   125000e 0.07 t dt
 kt

B= 0 0

b) R(t) = 125,000
k = 0.07
T = (65 - 25) = 40
Accumulated future value:
T 40

 R  t  e dt   125000e dt
kt 0.07 t

A= 0 0
2
Differential Ex1. Solve for y if y’ = -3x + 4x – 5, and y = 3 with x 54/ Solve for y if y’ = e-2x
equations = 1. + 2x – 1, and y = 2 when x
Solution. = 0.
 y’ = -3x2 + 4x – 5  y = -x3 + 2x2 – 5x + C Answer: y =
 When x = 1, y = 3  C = 7 55/ Solve the differential
 So, y = -x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 7. 3x2
y' 
equation: 1  cos y
Ex2. Solve the equation y’ = x.y2, y = 2 when x = 1.
Solution. Answer: y + siny = x3 + C
 Note that y’ = dy/dx
 dy/dx = x.y2  56/ Solve the differential
equation: y’ = 6x2y; and y
dy dy
2
 xdx   2   xdx = 2 if x = 0.
y y
1 x2 57/ Solve the differential
   C equation y.y’ = x/2, and y
y 2 = 3 if x = 0.
1 1
   C  C  1 58/ Solve the differential
 When x = 1, y = 2  2 2
equation: y’ = 2x + 2xy; y
1 x2 = 2 when x = 0.

 1
 From y 2 , it follows that
59/ Solve the differential
1 2 equation y’y = 1; y = 3
y  y
x 2
2  x2 when x = 1.
1
2
60/ Solve the differential
Ex3. Solve the differential equation: y’ = 2x - 2xy; y = equation y’ = 3 - y; y = 2
3 when x = 0. when x = 0.
Solution.
 y’ = dy/dx 61/ Stock growth. The
 dy/dx = 2x – 2xy = x(1 – y) growth rate of a certain
stock, in dollars, can be
dy
 2 xdx modeled by
 1 y
 dy dV
 1  y   2 xdx   ln 1  y  x
2
C  k  L V 
dt where V
 ln 1  y   x 2  C is the value of the stock,
per share, after months; k
2

 x 2 C e x is a constant; L = $24.81,
 1 y  e  C the limiting value of the
e
2
stock; and V(0) = 50. Find
e x 2 the solution of the
 1  y   C  De  x
e differential equation in
2 terms of t and k.
 y  1  De  x
1
 C
where D = e , an unknown constant.
 y = 3 when x = 0  3 = 1 – D.e-0  D = -2.
 x2
 So, y  1  2e .
Chapter 6. Functions of Several Variables
Domain of f(x,y) Ex1. For f(x,y) = log10(x2 + y2) + 2x – y, find f(1, 0), 62/ The price–earnings
f(3, 1) and f(6, 8). ratio (PE Ratio) of a stock
Find f(x,y) Solution. is given by
 f(1,0) = log10(12 + 02) = log10(1) = log10(100)= 0 P
 f(3,1) = log10(32 + 12) = log10(10) = log10(101) = R  P, E  
E , where P is
1
the price of the stock and E
 f(6,8) = log10(62 + 82) = log10(100) = log10(102)
is the earnings per share
=2
(EPS). The price per share
Ex2. Find the domain of the function
of Apple Inc. stock was
x 1 179.97 USD and the
f  x, y  
y earnings per share were
Solution. 9.70 USD. Find the price–
earnings ratio.
 x 1  0  x  1 Answer: 18.55
 y0
 Domain: the set of points 63/ A hockey goaltender’s
  x, y  | x  1 and y  0 goals
against average A is a
Ex3. The total cost to a company, in thousands of function of the number of
dollars, of producing its goods is given by goals g
C(x, y, z, w) = 4x2 + 5y + z – ln(w + 1), where dollars allowed and the number m
are spent for labor, dollars for raw materials, dollars for of minutes played and is
advertising, and dollars for machinery. This is a given by the formula
function of four variables (all in thousands of dollars). 60 g
Find C(3, 2, 0, 10). A g, m 
Solution. m
C(3, 2, 0, 10) = 4·32 + 5·2 + 0 – ln(10 + 1)  43.6 a/ Determine the goals
thousands of dollars. against average of a
goaltender who allows 35
goals while playing 820
min. Round A to the
nearest hundredth.
 b/ A goaltender gave up
124 goals during the
season and had a goals
against average of 3.75.
How many minutes did he
play? (Round to the
nearest integer.)

64/ Determine the domain

of the functions:
1
f  x, y   y
a/ x 1
1 y
f  x, y   
b/ x x 1
Partial derivatives f 65/ For f(x, y) = e2x-y, find
fx: partial fx, fy and fx(1, 1).
derivative of f Ex1. For f(x, y) = 3x2y + xy, find and fx, y and
with respect to x evaluate fx at (2, -3). 66/ For f(x, y) =
f Solution.
 fx  fx = 6xy + y (Treating y as a constant) x 2  5 y , find f , f and
x (the f
x y
fy(3,1).
same notation for
partial  y = 3x2 + x (Treating x as a constant) 67/
derivatives)  fx(2,-3) = 6(2)(-3) + (-3) = -39. x
k  x, y   2 x 
Ex2. For g(x, y) = exy + ylnx, find gx, gy and evaluate a/ For y,
u
(e )’ = u’·e u
gy at (1, -1). find kx, ky and ky(2,4).
Solution. b/ For z = x2 – 2x/y, find
(ax)’ = ax·lna y zx(2, 1) – zy(1, 2)
g x  ye xy 
 x
 u  1 68/ Find and gx, gy and g
 u  g y  xe xy  ln x if
2 u 
g y  1, 1  e1  0 g(x, y, ) = x2 + y2 - (10x
1
 ln u     u  = 1/e. + 2y – 4).
u x2  7
k  x, y   3 
x

 Ex3. For y , find kx, ky and 69/ For f(x, y) = 6x2 + 3xy4
 f  u    f   u   u 
ky(3,4). – y2, find fxx, fxy, fyx, fyy.
Solution.
1 1
k x  3x ln 3    x 2  7    70/For T(x, y) = x2 + 2y2
 y 2 x2  7 -8x + 4y, find (x, y) such
x
 3x ln 3  Tx  0
y x2  7 
that
Ty  0 .
 1  x2  7
ky  0  x  7   2  
2

  y  y2 71/ For
 32  7 1 2 4
k y  3, 4    f  x, y   xy  
 42 4. x y
find (x, y) such that
Ex4. For f(x, y) = x2y3 + x4y + xey, find fxx, fxy, fyx, fyy.  f x  0
Solution. 
fx = 2xy3 + 4x3y + ey  f y  0 .
fy = 3x2y2 + x4 + xey

 2 xy 3  4 x 3 y  e y   2 y 3  12 x 2 y
fxx = x

 2 xy 3  4 x3 y  e y   6 xy 2  4 x 3  e y
fxy = y

 3 x 2 y 2  x 4  xe y   6 xy 2  4 x3  e y
fyx = x

 y
 3x 2 y 2  x4  xe y   6 x2 y  xe y
fyy = .
Cobb–Douglas Ex1. A cellular phone company has the following 72/ A publisher’s
production production function for a smart phone: production
function p(x, y) p(x, y) = 50x2/3y1/3, where p is the number of units function for textbooks is
produced with x units of labor and y units of capital. given by
marginal a/ Find the number of units produced with 125 units of p(x,y) = 72x0.8y0.2, where p
productivity of labor and 64 units of capital. is the number of books
labor px b/ Find the marginal productivities. produced, x is units of
c/ Evaluate the marginal productivities at and y = 64. labor, and y is units of
marginal Solution. capital. Determine the
productivity a/ p(125, 64) = 50(125)2/3(64)1/3 = marginal productivities at
of capital py 50  3 1252  3 64  50  25  4  5000 x = 90 and y = 50.
b/ marginal productivity of labor
Higher partial
derivatives 2 100 y1/3
px  50  x 1/3  y1/3 
3 3 x1/3
Note: often (but marginal productivity of capital
not always), fxy = 1 2/3 50 x 2/3
fyx). p y  50  x 2/3
 y 
3 3 y 2/3
c/ For 125 units of labor and 64 units of capital, we
have:
 marginal productivity of labor
100  64 
1/3
400 80
px  125, 64    
3  125 
1/3
15 3
 marginal productivity of capital
50  125
2/3
50(25) 625
p y  125, 64    
3  64 
2/3
3  16  24
relative extrema The D-Test 73/ Find the relative
1. Find fx, fy, fxx, fyy, fxy maximum and minimum
2. Find (x, y) such that fx = 0 and fy = 0. Let (a, b) values and the saddle
 be a solution. points.
3. Evaluate D = fxx(a, b).fyy(a, b) – [fxy(a, b)]2 a/ f(x, y) = x2 + y2 – 2x +
4. Then, 4y -2
a. If D < 0  f has a saddle point at (a, b) b/ f(x, y) = 4xy – x2 –y2
b. If D > 0  f has relative extrema at (a, b)
and:
 If fxx(a, ) < 0  maxima 74/ A flat metal plate is
 If fxx(a, b) > 0  minima located on a coordinate
c. D = 0  the test is NA (not applicable) plane. The temperature of
Ex1. Find the relative maximum and minimum values the plate, in degrees
and the saddle points. Fahrenheit, at point is
a/ f(x, y) = x2 + xy + y2 -3x given by
b/ f(x, y) = 6xy – x3 –y2 T(x, y) = x2 + 2y2 -8x + 4y
Solution. Find the minimum
a/ f(x, y) = x2 + xy + y2 -3x temperature and where it
 fx = 2x + y – 3 occurs.
fy = x + 2y
fxx = 2 75/ The Zshop buys two
fyy = 2 kind of clothes, jean and
fxy = 1 T-shirt. The total cost to
 Solve the system fx =0 and fy = 0 produce x units of jean and
y units of T-shirt, in
 f x  0 2 x  y  3  0
  thousand is given by
 f y  0 x  2 y  0 C(x,y) = x2+ y2 - 8x-4y+40
(in thousand dollar).
x  2 Find the minimum cost?

 y  1
 D = fxx(2, -1)·fyy(2, -1) – [fxy(2, -1)]2 = 2·2 – 12
=3>0
and fxx = 2 > 0
Conclusion: D > 0 and fxx > 0 f has relative
minimum at (2, -1) and f(2, -1) = -9.

b/ f(x, y) = 6xy – x3 –y2

 fx = 6y – 3x2
fy = 6x – 2y
fxx = -6x
fyy = -2
fxy = 6
 Solve the system fx =0 and fy = 0
 f x  0 6 y  3x  0
2
 1
 
 f y  0 6 x  2 y  0  2
From (2), y = 3x
So (1) becomes 18x – 3x2 = 0
 3x(6 – x) = 0
 x = 0 or x = 6
 x=0y=0
 x = 6  y = 18
 D(0,0) = fxx(0, 0)·fyy(0, 0) – [fxy(0, 0)]2 = 0·(-2)
 – 62 = -36 < 0
 (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.
 D(3,18) = fxx(3, 18)·fyy(3, 18) – [fxy(3, 18)]2 =
-18(-2) – 62 = -72 < 0.
 (3, 18, -27) is a saddle point.

Ex2. Maximizing Profit. A firm produces two kinds of

golf ball, one that sells for $3 and one priced at $2. The
total revenue, in thousands of dollars, from the sale of x
thousand balls at $3 each and y thousand at $2 each is
given by
R(x, y) = 3x + 2y
The company determines that the total cost, in
thousands of dollars, of producing x thousands of the
$3 ball and y thousands of the $2 ball is given by
C(x, y) = 2x2 - 2xy + y2 -9x + 6y + 7
How many balls of each type must be produced and
sold in order to maximize profit?
Solution.
Profit function P(x,y) = R(x,y) – C(x,y)
= -2x2 – y2 +2xy +12x -4y -7
We want to maximize P(x,y).
 Px = -4x + 2y + 12
Py = -2y + 2x – 4
Pxx = -4
Pxy = 2
Pyy = -2
 Px = 0 and Py = 0
 -4x + 2y + 12 = 0 and -2y + 2x – 4 = 0
 x = 4 and y = 2
 D(4,2) = Pxx(4,2)·Pyy(4,2) – [Pxy(4,2)]2 = -4(-2)
– 22 = 4 > 0
Pxx(4,2) = -4 < 0 and D(4,2) > 0  P has
maximum value at (4, 2).
So, the maximum value is P(4, 2) = $13
thousands.
Maximum and Method. To find a maximum or minimum value of a 76/ Find the maximum
minimum with function f(x, y) subject to the constraint g(x, y) = 0: value of f subject to the
constrains 1. Form a new function, called the Lagrange given constraint.
function F(x, y, ) = f(x, y) - g(x, y) a/ f(x, y) = xy; 3x + y = 10
The Method of 2. Find the first partial derivatives Fx, Fy, F b/ f(x, y) = 4 – x2 – y2; x +
Lagrange 3. Solve the system Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and F = 0 and 2y = 10
Multipliers let (a, b, ) is a solution.
4. Evaluate the maximum/minimum value at (a, 77/ Find the minimum
b). value of f subject to the
given constraint.
Ex1. Find the maximum value of A(x, y) = xy subject a/ f(x, y) = x2 + y2; 2x + y
to the constrain x + y = 20. = 10
Solution. b/ f(x, y) = 2y2 – 6x2; 2x +
 x + y = 20  x + y – 20 = 0, so g(x, y) = x + y y = 4.
 – 20
Lagrange function F(x, y) = xy - (x + y – 20) 78/ Maximizing total
 Fx = y -  sales. The total sales, S, of
Fy = x -  a firm are given by
F = -(x + y – 20) S(M, L) = ML – L2, where
 Solve the system: Fx = 0, Fy = 0, F = 0 M is the cost of materials
and L is the cost of labor.
x    0 x   Find the maximum value
 
y    0  y   of this function subject to
  x  y  20  0  x  y  20 the budget constraint
  M + L = 70.
x    x  10
 
 y     y  10
 2  20   10
 
 The maximum value of subject to the
constraint occurs at (10, 10) and is A(10, 10) =
100.
Ex2. Find the minimum value of f subject to the given
constraint f(x,y)= x2 + y2; 4x + y = 20.
Solution.
 4x + y = 20  4x + y – 20 = 0
 g(x, y) = 4
Lagrange function F(x, y) = x2 + y2 - (4x + y – 20)
 Fx = 2x - 4
Fy = 2y - 
F = -(4x + y – 20)
 Solve the system: Fx = 0, Fy = 0, F = 0
 2 x  4  0  x  2
 
2 y    0  y   / 2
 4 x  y  20  0 4 x  y  20
 
  80
 x
 x  2 17
 
 20
y   / 2  y 
  17
 8     20
1
 40
 2   17

 The minimum value of subject to the
constraint occurs at (80/17, 20/17) and is
f(80/17, 20/17)  23.53.
The least square Theory. 79/ Find the regression
method Regression is a technique for determining a continuous line for the given data
function that “best fits” a set of data points. x 1 2 3 4 5
Linear The Regression Line for a Collection of Data Points y 3 4 4 6 8
REGRESSION (c1, d1), (c2, d2),…, (cn, dn)
80/ Consider the data in
Regression line the following table
 regarding enrollment in
colleges and universities
during a recent 3-year
period.

a/ Find the regression line,

Use a calculator to find the REGRESSION LINE for y = mx + b.
the data points (c1, d1), (c2, d2),…, (cn, dn): b/ Use the regression line
y = mx + b to predict enrollment in the
With a typical calculator CASIO FX 570ES PLUS fourth year.

81/ Consider the data in

the table below regarding
workers’ average monthly
out-of-pocket premium for
Ex health insurance for a
1. Find the regression line for the data points (1, 5.2), family.
(2, 8.9), (3, 11.7), and (4, 16.8). a/ Find the regression line,
Solution. y = mx + b.
The regression line is of the form y = mx + b b/ Use the regression line
(Use a calculator: to predict workers’ average
b =1.25 monthly out-of-pocket
m = 3.76 premium for health
y = 3.76x + 1.25 insurance for a family in
2012.
Ex2. Labor force. The minimum hourly wage in the
United States has grown over the years, as shown in the
table below.

a/ For the data in the table, find the regression line, y =

mx + b.
b/ Use the regression line to predict the minimum
hourly wage in 2015 and 2020.
Solution.
a/ (Use a calculator): y = 0.1468x + 3.9452
b/ In 2015: x = (2015 – 1990) = 25  y = 0.1468(25) +
3.9452 = 7.6152.
In 2020: x = (2020 – 1990) = 30  y = 0.1468(30) +
3.9452 = 8.3492.

THE END