Transport Phenomena

Curriculum
1
CEP 501 MASS, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSPORT
3 Hours/week, 3 Credits
Momentum transport: Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport, Shell
momentum balances and velocity distributions in laminar flow, the equations of
change for isothermal systems, Velocity distributions with more than one
independent variable, Interphase transport in isothermal systems, Macroscopic
balances for isothermal flow systems. Energy transport: Thermal conductivity and
the mechanisms of energy transport, Shell energy balances and temperature
distributions in laminar flow, The equations of change for nonisothermal systems,
Temperature distributions with more than one independent variable. Mass
transport: Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport, Concentration
distributions in solids and laminar flow, The equations of change for multicomponent
systems, Concentration distributions with more than one independent variable,
Interphase transport in nonisothermal mixtures, Macroscopic balances for
Multicomponent systems

References:
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition.
Publisher: Wiley.
 Chapter 10: Shell Energy Balances and
Boundary Conditions
2

Steady state energy balance

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Shell Energy Balances and
Boundary Conditions
3

The commonest types of boundary conditions:

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
4

Heat Conduction with an electrical heat source

Derive the equation with your knowledge from higher secondary level!

The surface of the wire is maintained at temperature To . We now show how to

find the radial temperature distribution within the wire.

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
5

Heat Conduction with an electrical heat source

The surface of the wire is maintained at temperature To . We now show how to
find the radial temperature distribution within the wire.

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
6

Heat Conduction with an electrical heat source

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
7

Heat Conduction with an electrical heat source

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
8

Heat Conduction with an electrical heat source

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
9
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source
We consider a spherical nuclear fuel element as shown
in Fig. 10.3-1. It consists of a sphere of fissionable
material with radius R(F), surrounded by a spherical
shell of aluminum "cladding" with outer radius R(C).
Inside the fuel element, fission fragments are
produced that have very high kinetic energies.
Collisions between these fragments and the atoms of
the fissionable material provide the major source of
thermal energy in the reactor. Such a volume source of
thermal energy resulting from nuclear fission we call
Sn (cal/cm3. s). This source will not be uniform
throughout the sphere of fissionable material; it will
be the smallest at the center of the sphere. For the
purpose of this problem, we assume that the source Fig. 10.3-1. A spherical nuclear fuel
can be approximated by a simple parabolic function assembly, showing the temperature
distribution within the system.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
10
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source
For the purpose of this problem, we assume that the
source can be approximated by a simple parabolic
function

Where Sn0 is the volume rate of heat production at the

center of the sphere, and b is a dimensionless
positive constant

Fig. 10.3-1. A spherical nuclear fuel

assembly, showing the temperature
distribution within the system.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
11
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source

Fig. 10.3-1. A spherical nuclear fuel

assembly, showing the temperature
distribution within the system.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
12
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source

The differential equation for the heat flux in the

cladding is of the same form as Eq. 10.3-6, except
that there is no significant source term:

Fig. 10.3-1. A spherical nuclear fuel

assembly, showing the temperature
distribution within the system.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
13
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source

Integration of these two equations gives

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
14
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source

These equations may be integrated for constant k(F) and k(C) to give

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
15
Heat Conduction with nuclear heat source

where To is the known temperature at the outside

of the cladding

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
16

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

we consider the flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid between two
coaxial cylinders as shown in Fig. 10.4-1. The surfaces of the inner and
outer cylinders are maintained at T = To and T = Tb, respectively. We
can expect that T will be a function of r alone
Fig. 10.4-1. Flow
between cylinders
with viscous heat
generation. That
part of the system
enclosed within the
dotted lines is
shown in modified
form in Fig. 10.4-2.

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
17

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

As the outer cylinder rotates, each

cylindrical shell of fluid "rubs" against an
adjacent shell of fluid. This friction between
adjacent layers of the fluid produces heat;
that is, the mechanical energy is degraded
into thermal energy. The volume heat
source resulting from this "viscous
dissipation," which can be designated by
Sv appears automatically in the shell
balance

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
18

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

If the slit width b is small with respect to the radius R of the
outer cylinder, then the problem can be solved
approximately by using the somewhat simplified system
depicted in Fig. 10.4-2. That is, we ignore curvature effects
and solve the problem in Cartesian coordinates. The
velocity distribution is then vz = vb(x/b), where vb = R

Fig. 10.4-2. Modification of a portion of the

flow system in Fig. 10.4-1, in which the
curvature of the bounding surfaces is neglected

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
19

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

We now make an energy balance over a shell of thickness x, width W, and length L.
Since the fluid is in motion, we use the combined energy flux vector e

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
20

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

We now make an energy balance over a shell of thickness x, width W, and length L.
Since the fluid is in motion, we use the combined energy flux vector e

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
21

Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

Chapter 9: CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF ENERGY
Supplementary information
22

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

Chapter 9: CONVECTIVE TRANSPORT OF ENERGY
Supplementary information
23

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

 Chapter 10: Temperature Distributions in
Solids
24
Heat Conduction with viscous heat source

When the linear velocity profile

vz = vb(x/b) is inserted, we get

and the maximum temperature is at x/b = 1/2.

M A Islam, CEP, SUST September, 2020 Transport Phenomena

Mass, Momentum and Energy
Transport

25

THANKS FOR ATTENDING THE

LECTURE 10 !
DATE: OCTOBER 01, 2020
ENVIRONMENT: ZOOM

PROFESSOR DR MD AKHTARUL ISLAM

DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND
POLYMER SCIENCE