This document summarizes key concepts from a transport phenomena curriculum, including:
- Momentum, mass, and energy transport mechanisms and equations are covered, including viscosity, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and shell balances.
- Concentration distributions in solids, laminar flow, and multicomponent systems are examined, along with interphase transport and macroscopic balances.
- Boundary conditions like specified concentrations, mass fluxes, and reaction rates are discussed for diffusion problems.
- Models for diffusion through stagnant films and with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions are presented and analyzed using mass balances and flux equations.
This document summarizes key concepts from a transport phenomena curriculum, including:
- Momentum, mass, and energy transport mechanisms and equations are covered, including viscosity, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and shell balances.
- Concentration distributions in solids, laminar flow, and multicomponent systems are examined, along with interphase transport and macroscopic balances.
- Boundary conditions like specified concentrations, mass fluxes, and reaction rates are discussed for diffusion problems.
- Models for diffusion through stagnant films and with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions are presented and analyzed using mass balances and flux equations.
This document summarizes key concepts from a transport phenomena curriculum, including:
- Momentum, mass, and energy transport mechanisms and equations are covered, including viscosity, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and shell balances.
- Concentration distributions in solids, laminar flow, and multicomponent systems are examined, along with interphase transport and macroscopic balances.
- Boundary conditions like specified concentrations, mass fluxes, and reaction rates are discussed for diffusion problems.
- Models for diffusion through stagnant films and with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions are presented and analyzed using mass balances and flux equations.
This document summarizes key concepts from a transport phenomena curriculum, including:
- Momentum, mass, and energy transport mechanisms and equations are covered, including viscosity, diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and shell balances.
- Concentration distributions in solids, laminar flow, and multicomponent systems are examined, along with interphase transport and macroscopic balances.
- Boundary conditions like specified concentrations, mass fluxes, and reaction rates are discussed for diffusion problems.
- Models for diffusion through stagnant films and with homogeneous/heterogeneous reactions are presented and analyzed using mass balances and flux equations.
Curriculum 1 CEP 501 MASS, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY TRANSPORT 3 Hours/week, 3 Credits Momentum transport: Viscosity and the mechanism of momentum transport, Shell momentum balances and velocity distributions in laminar flow, the equations of change for isothermal systems, Velocity distributions with more than one independent variable, Interphase transport in isothermal systems, Macroscopic balances for isothermal flow systems. Energy transport: Thermal conductivity and the mechanisms of energy transport, Shell energy balances and temperature distributions in laminar flow, The equations of change for nonisothermal systems, Temperature distributions with more than one independent variable. Mass transport: Diffusivity and the mechanisms of mass transport, Concentration distributions in solids and laminar flow, The equations of change for multicomponent systems, Concentration distributions with more than one independent variable, Interphase transport in nonisothermal mixtures, Macroscopic balances for Multicomponent systems
References: R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition. Publisher: Wiley. Chapter 18: Concentration Distributions in Solids and in Laminar Flow 2
Combined convection and diffusion flow
For homogeneous reactions, For heterogeneous reactions, the
the molar rate of production molar rate of production at the reaction of species A may be given by: surface may often be specified by:
SHELL MASS BALANCES
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: Concentration Distributions in Solids and in Laminar Flow 3
The boundary conditions
a. The concentration at a surface can be specified; for example, xA = xA0 b. The mass flux at a surface can be specified; for example, NAZ = NA0 . If the ratio NBZ /NAZ is known, this is equivalent to giving the concentration gradient. c. If diffusion is occurring in a solid, it may happen that at the solid surface substance A is lost to a surrounding stream according to the relation:
in which NAO is the molar flux at the surface, CAO is the surface concentration, cAb is the concentration in the bulk fluid stream, and the proportionality constant kc is a "mass transfer coefficient." d. The rate of chemical reaction at the surface can be specified. For example, if substance A disappears at a surface by a first-order chemical reaction, then That is, the rate of disappearance at a surface is proportional to the surface concentration, the proportionality constant ; being a first-order chemical rate coefficient.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: Difffusion through a stagnant gas film
Fig. 18.2-1. Steady-state diffusion of A through
stagnant B with the liquid-vapor interface maintained at a fixed position. The graph shows how the concentration profiles deviate from straight lines because of the convective contribution to the mass flux. When this evaporating system attains a steady state, there is a net motion of A away from the interface and the species B is stationary. Hence the molar flux of A is given by
with NBz = 0.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: Difffusion through a stagnant gas film
For an ideal gas mixture, p = cRT, so that at
constant temperature and pressure c must be a constant. Furthermore, for gases is very nearly independent of the composition
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: Difffusion through a stagnant gas film
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 7
Let us now consider a simple model for a catalytic reactor, such as that shown in Fig. 18.3-la, in which a reaction 2A B is being carried out. An example of a reaction of this type would be the solid-catalyzed dimerization of CH3CH = CH2.
Fig. 18.3-1. (a) Schematic diagram of a catalytic reactor in which A is being
converted to B.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 8
We imagine that each catalyst particle is
surrounded by a stagnant gas film through which A has to diffuse to reach the catalyst surface, as shown in Fig. 18.3-lb.
(b) Idealized picture or model of the diffusion problem near the surface of a catalyst particle.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 9
At the catalyst surface we assume that the reaction 2A B occurs
instantaneously, and that the product B then diffuses back out through the gas film to the main turbulent stream composed of A and B. We want to get an expression for the local rate of conversion from A to B when the effective gas- film thickness and the main stream concentrations xA0 and xB0 are known. We assume that the gas film is isothermal, although in many catalytic reactions the heat generated by the reaction cannot be neglected. M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 10
2A B: For the situation depicted in Fig. 18.3-lb, there is one mole of B moving in the minus z direction for every two moles of A moving in the plus z direction. At steady state:
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 11
We now make a mass balance on species A over
a thin slab of thickness z in the gas film.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 12
We consider a system shown in Fig. 18.4-1. Here gas A dissolves in liquid B in a beaker and diffuses isothermally into the liquid phase. As it diffuses, A also undergoes an irreversible first-order homogeneous reaction: A + B AB. An example of such a system is the absorption of CO2 by a concentrated aqueous solution of NaOH. We treat this as a binary solution of A and B, ignoring the small amount of AB that is present (the pseudobinary assumption). Then the mass balance on species A over a thickness z of the liquid phase becomes
Fig. 18.4-1. Absorption of A by B with a
homogeneous reaction in the liquid phase.
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 13
If the concentration of A is small
(xA 0 and c is constant), then we may to a good approximation write
as
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 14
…..
If Eq. 18.4-4 is multiplied by , then it can be written in dimensionless
variables in the form
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 15
:
M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena
Chapter 18: DIFFUSION WITH A HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTION 16
:
This result shows how the chemical reaction influences the rate of absorption of gas A by liquid B. M A Islam, CEP, SUST October, 2020 Transport Phenomena Mass, Momentum and Energy Transport
17
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LECTURE 11 ! DATE: SEPTEMBER ??, 2020 ENVIRONMENT: ZOOM
CP302 Separation Process Principles Mass Transfer / Set 2 (Worked) Examples in Interface Mass Transfer, Mass Transfer Coefficients, Overall Coefficients and Transfer Units
CP302 Separation Process Principles Mass Transfer / Set 2 (Worked) Examples in Interface Mass Transfer, Mass Transfer Coefficients, Overall Coefficients and Transfer Units
