Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

5th Edition in SI Units

Yunus A. Çengel, John M. Cimbala, Robert H. Turner
McGraw-Hill, 2017

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Lecture slides created by

Mehmet Kanoğlu
And edited by
Georges Akiki

Copyright © 2017 The McGraw-Hill Education, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Objectives
• Be acquainted with the engineering sciences
thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, and
understand the basic concepts of thermal-fluid sciences.
• Be comfortable with the metric SI and English units.
• Develop an intuitive systematic problem-solving
technique.
• Develop an understanding of accuracy and significant
digits in calculations.

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1-1 INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL-FLUID
SCIENCES
• Thermal-fluid sciences:
The physical sciences
that deal with energy and
the transfer, transport,
and conversion of energy.
• Thermal-fluid sciences
are studied under the
subcategories of
 thermodynamics
 heat transfer
 fluid mechanics

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Application Areas of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

4
 1-2 THERMODYNAMICS
• Thermodynamics: The science of
energy.
• Energy: The ability to cause changes.
• The name thermodynamics stems from
the Greek words therme (heat) and
dynamis (power).
• Conservation of energy principle:
During an interaction, energy can change
from one form to another but the total
amount of energy remains constant.
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
• The first law of thermodynamics: An
expression of the conservation of energy
principle.
• The first law asserts that energy is a
thermodynamic property.
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• The second law of thermodynamics:
It asserts that energy has quality as
well as quantity, and actual processes
occur in the direction of decreasing
quality of energy.
• Classical thermodynamics: A
macroscopic approach to the study of
thermodynamics that does not require
Conservation of energy
a knowledge of the behavior of
principle for the human body.
individual particles.
• It provides a direct and easy way to the
solution of engineering problems and it
is used in this text.
• Statistical thermodynamics: A
microscopic approach, based on the
average behavior of large groups of
individual particles.
• It is used in this text only in the Heat flows in the direction of
supporting role. decreasing temperature. 6
 1-3 HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat: The form of energy that can be
transferred from one system to
another as a result of temperature
difference.
• Heat Transfer: The science that
deals with the determination of the
rates of such energy transfers and
variation of temperature.
• Thermodynamics is concerned with
the amount of heat transfer as a
system undergoes a process from
one equilibrium state to another, and
it gives no indication about how long
the process will take. But in
engineering, we are often interested
in the rate of heat transfer, which is
the topic of the science of heat
transfer. 7
 1-4 FLUID MECHANICS
• Fluid mechanics: The science
that deals with the behavior of
fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in
motion (fluid dynamics), and the
interaction of fluids with solids or
other fluids at the boundaries.
• Fluid: A substance in the liquid
or gas phase.
• A solid can resist an applied
shear stress by deforming,
whereas a fluid deforms
continuously under the influence
of shear stress, no matter how
small.
Fluid mechanics deals with liquids
and gases in motion or at rest.
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 The normal stress and shear stress at
the surface of a fluid element. For fluids
at rest, the shear stress is zero and
pressure is the only normal stress.

Deformation of a rubber block placed

between two parallel plates under the
influence of a shear force. The shear
stress shown is that on the rubber—an
equal but opposite shear stress acts on
the upper plate.
Unlike a liquid, a gas does not form a free surface,
and it expands to fill the entire available space.9
1-5 IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Any physical quantity can be characterized
by dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are
selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions, while others such as velocity
V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in
terms of the primary dimensions and are
called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical
system based on a decimal relationship
between the various units.
• English system: It has no apparent
systematic numerical base, and various
units in this system are related to each other 10
rather arbitrarily.
Example on the Importance of
Dimensional Analysis

Yield of the bomb:

Energy Released

J = kg x m2 / s2

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Some SI and
English Units

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
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A body weighing 60 kgf
(600 N) on earth will
weigh only slightly over
10 kgf (100 N) on the
moon.

W weight
m mass
g gravitational
acceleration13
 A typical match yields about
one kJ of energy if completely
burned.
Specific weight : The weight of
a unit volume of a substance.

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Electrical Energy is typically measured in kWh

Example 1-1:
A School is paying $0.12/kWh for electric power.
To reduce its power bill, the school installs a wind
turbine with a rated power of 30 kW. If the turbine
operates 2200 hours per year at the rated power,
determine the amount of electric power
generated by the wind turbine and the money
saved by the school per year.

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Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous. If you are adding two
terms with different unit…. STOP, you did something wrong.
Units help in deducing a formula. (see Example 1-2 in book).

Unity Conversion Ratios

All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as

They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as

Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless,

and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently
into any calculation to properly convert units. 16
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1-6 PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

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A Remark on Significant Digits
In engineering calculations, the
information given is not known to
more than a certain number of
significant digits, usually three
digits.
Consequently, the results
obtained cannot possibly be
accurate to more significant
digits.
Reporting results in more
significant digits implies greater
accuracy than exists, and it
should be avoided.

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 Summary
• Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Sciences
 Application areas of thermal-fluid sciences
• Thermodynamics
• Heat Transfer
• Fluid Mechanics
• Importance of Dimensions and Units
 Some SI and English units
 Dimensional homogeneity
 Unity conversion ratios
• Problem-Solving Technique
 Engineering Software Packages
 Engineering Equation Solver (EES)
 A Remark on Significant Digits
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 In Class Question
►I ask a question in class

►You email your answer to [email protected]

►Use your ndu email

►Subject line: ICQ

►This will serve as your attendance

In-Class Question:

• A 3-kg plastic tank has a volume of 0.02 m3 is

filled with water. Assuming the density of
water is 1000 kg/m3, determine the weight of
the combined system. (assume g = 10 m/s2)

* Always include units in your answers

** Email your answer to [email protected] with
the subject line: ICQ
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