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CL 305 Vector Differential Operations, Momentum Transport

The document discusses key concepts in transport phenomena and vector differential operations. It defines common differential operations used in transport phenomena like gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It also defines the material derivative and discusses how it provides the rate of change of a field variable from the perspective of an observer moving with the fluid. Integral transformations involving these differential operations are also covered. The document concludes by defining diffusive fluxes and molecular momentum transport according to Newton's law of viscosity.

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70 views10 pages

CL 305 Vector Differential Operations, Momentum Transport

The document discusses key concepts in transport phenomena and vector differential operations. It defines common differential operations used in transport phenomena like gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. It also defines the material derivative and discusses how it provides the rate of change of a field variable from the perspective of an observer moving with the fluid. Integral transformations involving these differential operations are also covered. The document concludes by defining diffusive fluxes and molecular momentum transport according to Newton's law of viscosity.

Uploaded by

shubham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CL 305

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONS,
MOMENTUM TRANSPORT

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Amit Kumar
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
UNIT DYADS: OPERATIONS

𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒋 ∶ 𝛅𝒌𝛅𝒍 = 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒍 = δ𝑗𝑘 δ𝑖𝑙


3

𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 × 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 × 𝛅𝒌 = ෍ 𝜀𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒍
𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 δ𝑗𝑘
𝑙=1

𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 ∙ 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = δ𝑖𝑗 𝛅𝒌 3

𝛅𝒊 × 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = 𝛅𝒊 × 𝛅𝒋 𝛅𝒌 = ෍ 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑙 𝛅𝒍 𝛅𝒌
𝑙=1
𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌𝛅𝒍 = 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 ∙ 𝛅𝒌 𝛅𝒍 = δ𝑗𝑘 𝛅𝒊𝛅𝒍

12-01-2021 CL 305 2
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONS
Vector Differential Operator, ∇: Nabla or Del

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝛅𝟏 + 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 = ෍ 𝛅𝒊
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖

𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
Gradient of a Scalar Field: ∇𝑠 = 𝛅𝟏 + 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 = ෍ 𝛅𝒊
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖

𝜕𝑣𝑖
Divergence of a Vector Field: ∇∙𝐯 =෍
𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖

𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣1


Curl of a Vector Field: ∇ × 𝐯 = 𝛅𝟏 − + 𝛅𝟐 − + 𝛅𝟑 −
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2
12-01-2021 CL 305 3
DIVERGENCE
DIFFERENTIAL
OF AOPERATIONS
TENSOR FIELD
Curl of a Vector Field:

𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣𝑗


∇ × 𝐯 = 𝛅𝟏 − + 𝛅𝟐 − + 𝛅𝟑 − = ෍ ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝒌 𝜀𝑖𝑗𝑘
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘

Divergence of a Tensor Field, ∇ ∙ 𝛕 : It is a vector.

𝜕 𝜕𝜏𝑖𝑗
∇ ∙ 𝛕 = ෍ 𝛅𝒊 ∙ ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝒋 𝜏𝑖𝑗 = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝒋
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑗 𝑖 𝑗

12-01-2021 CL 305 4
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONS

Gradient of a Vector Field, ∇𝐯 : It is a second order tensor.

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇𝐯 = 𝛅𝟏 + 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 𝛅1 𝑣1 + 𝛅2 𝑣2 + 𝛅3 𝑣3
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3

𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣3


= ൭𝛅𝟏 𝛅1 + 𝛅𝟏 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟏 𝛅𝟑 + 𝛅𝟐 𝛅1 + 𝛅𝟐 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟐 𝛅𝟑
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥2

𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣𝑗


+𝛅𝟑 𝛅1 + 𝛅𝟑 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 𝛅𝟑 ቇ = ෍ ෍ 𝛅𝒊 𝛅𝑗
𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑗

12-01-2021 CL 305 5
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATIONS
Laplacian,∇2 : It is the dot product of the del operator with itself, i.e., ∇ ∙ ∇= ∇2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ∙ ∇= ∇2 = 𝛅𝟏 + 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑 ∙ 𝛅𝟏 + 𝛅𝟐 + 𝛅𝟑
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3

𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2 𝜕2
= 2+ 2+ 2 =෍
𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥3 𝜕𝑥𝑖2
𝑖

Laplacian of a scalar field, 𝑠: Laplacian of a vector field,𝐯:


2𝑠 2𝐯 2
𝜕 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝑣𝑗
∇2 𝑠 = ෍ 2 ∇ 𝐯 = ෍ 2 = ෍ ෍ 2 𝛅𝑗
𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑗
12-01-2021 CL 305 6
MATERIAL DERIVATIVE
Also called substantial derivative or particle derivative

𝐷
If 𝑡 is time and 𝐯 is the local fluid velocity, the material derivative is
𝐷𝑡

𝐷 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= + 𝐯 ∙ ∇= + ෍ 𝑣𝑖
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥𝑖
𝑖

Material derivative gives the rate of change of a field variable as perceived by an observer
moving with the fluid.

12-01-2021 CL 305 7
INTEGRAL TRANSFORMATIONS

න ∇𝑓 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐧𝑓 𝑑𝑠 𝑆 is a surface that completely encloses the volume 𝑉


𝑉 𝑆
The functions 𝑓 , 𝐯 and 𝛕 are continuous and have
continuous partial derivatives in 𝑉 and on 𝑆.
න ∇ ∙ 𝐯 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐧 ∙ 𝐯 𝑑𝑠 At every point on the surface 𝑆, there are definite inward
𝑉 𝑆 and outward directions depending on whether a vector on
the surface points towards or away from 𝑉 respectively.

𝐧 is a unit outward normal on 𝑆.


න ∇ ∙ 𝛕 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝐧 ∙ 𝛕 𝑑𝑠
𝑉 𝑆

12-01-2021 CL 305 8
DIFFUSIVE FLUXES
• Momentum, energy and matter tend to move from regions of higher to lower
concentration.

• Fluxes of momentum, energy or mass have two components:


• Convective Transport: Due to bulk motion
• Diffusive or Molecular Transport: Due to intermolecular interactions and relative
molecular motion.

• Constitutive equations relate the diffusive fluxes to gradients (in velocity, temperature or
concentration) and material properties. These relations in many cases are empirical.
Examples:
• Fourier’s law of heat conduction: 𝐪 = −𝑘∇𝑇
(𝑀)
• Fick’s law of diffusion (in binary mixture): 𝐉𝐴 = −𝐶𝐷𝐴𝐵 ∇𝑥𝐴
12-01-2021 CL 305 9
MOLECULAR MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
Fluid initially
Fluid between two Parallel Plates
𝑡<0 at rest

Newton’s Law of Viscosity


Lower plate
𝑡=0 set in motion 𝑑𝑣𝑥 (Shearing force per unit
in +ve 𝑥 direction 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −𝜇 area is proportional to
𝑉 𝑑𝑦 the velocity gradient)

Velocity buildup 𝜇: Viscosity of the fluid


𝑣𝑥 (𝑦, 𝑡)
Small 𝑡 in unsteady flow
𝑉 𝜏𝑦𝑥 : Force in the 𝑥 direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the 𝑦 direction exerted by
Final velocity the fluid at lesser 𝑦 on the fluid at greater 𝑦.
𝑣𝑥 (𝑦)
distribution in
Large 𝑡 steady flow Not applicable for polymeric liquids,
𝑉 suspensions, pastes, slurries etc.
Steady, Laminar Profile
12-01-2021 CL 305 10

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