P E R I O D I C T A B L E

Group
1
IA
Atomic Properties of the Elements 18
VIIIA
1 2S1/2 Frequently used fundamental physical constants 2 1
S0

1
H For the most accurate values of these and other constants, visit physics.nist.gov/constants
1 second = 9 192 631 770 periods of radiation corresponding to the transition
He
Hydrogen Helium
1.00794 between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of 133Cs 4.002602
1s
2 speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s
−1
(exact) Solids 13 14 15 16 17 1s
2

13.5984 IIA Planck constant h

−34
6.6261 ´ 10 J s ( /2 ) Liquids IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 24.5874
5 6 7 8 9 10
−19
3 2
S1/2 4 1
S0 elementary charge e 1.6022 ´ 10 C
Gases
2
P°1/2 3
P0 4
°
S3/2
3
P2
2
°
P3/2 1
S0

Li Be B C N O F Ne
−31
electron mass me 9.1094 ´ 10 kg
me c
2
0.5110 MeV Artificially
2 Lithium Beryllium proton mass mp 1.6726 ´ 10 kg
−27
Prepared Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012182 10.811 12.0107 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797
2 2 2
fine-structure constant 1/137.036 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 6
1s 2s 1s 2s −1 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p
Rydberg constant R 10 973 732 m
5.3917 9.3227 15 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645
R c 3.289 842 ´ 10 Hz
11 2
S1/2 12 1
S0
R hc 13.6057 eV 13 2
°
P1/2 14 3
P0 15 4
°
S3/2 16 3
P2 17 2
°
P3/2 18 1
S0

3
Na Mg Boltzmann constant k
−23
1.3807 ´ 10 J K
−1
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22.989770 24.3050
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 26.981538
2
28.0855
2 2
30.973761
2 3
32.065
2 4
35.453
2 5
39.948
2 6
[Ne]3s [Ne]3s [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p [Ne]3s 3p
5.1391 7.6462 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596
19 2
S1/2 20 1
S0 21 2D3/2 22 3F2 23 4F3/2 24 7S3 25 6S5/2 26 5D4 27 4F9/2 28 3F4 29 2S1/2 30 1S0 31 2P1/2 ° 32 3
P0 33 4S3/2 ° 34 3
P2 35
2
° 36
P3/2 1
S0

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Period

4 Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938049 55.845 58.933200 58.6934 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 78.96 79.904 83.798
2 2 2 2 3 2 5 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Ar]4s [Ar]4s [Ar]3d4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p [Ar]3d 4s 4p
4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996
37 2
S1/2 38 1
S0 39 2
D3/2 40 3
F2 41 6
D1/2 42 7
S3 43 6
S5/2 44 5
F5 45 4
F9/2 46 1
S0 47 2
S1/2 48 1
S0 49 2
°
P1/2 50 3
P0 51 4
°
S3/2 52 3
P2 53 2
°
P3/2 54 1
S0

5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293
2 2 2 2 4 5 5 2 7 8 10 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 2 10 2 3 10 2 4 10 2 5 10 2 6
[Kr]5s [Kr]5s [Kr]4d5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p [Kr]4d 5s 5p
4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298
55 2
S1/2 56 1
S0 72 3
F2 73 4
F3/2 74 5
D0 75 6
S5/2 76 5
D4 77 4
F9/2 78 3
D3 79 2
S1/2 80 1
S0 81 2
°
P1/2 82 3
P0 83 4
°
S3/2 84 3
P2 85 2
°
P3/2 86 1
S0

6
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.90545 137.327 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.078 196.96655 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98038 (209) (210) (222)
2 14 2 2 14 3 2 14 4 2 14 5 2 14 6 2 14 7 2 14 9 14 10 14 10 2 2 3 4 5 6
[Xe]6s [Xe]6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Xe]4f 5d 6s [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p [Hg]6p
3.8939 5.2117 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.417 ? 10.7485
87 2
S1/2 88 1
S0 104 3
F2 ? 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116

7
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununquadium Ununhexium
(223) (226) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) (281) (272) (285) (289) (292)
2 14 2 2
[Rn]7s [Rn]7s [Rn]5f 6d 7s ?
4.0727 5.2784 6.0 ?

Atomic Ground-state 57 2
D3/2 58 1
G°4 59 4
I9/2
° 60 5
I4 61 6
H°5/2 62 7
F0 63 8
S°7/2 64 9
D°2 65 6
H°15/2 66 5
I8 67 4
I15/2
° 68 3
H6 69 2
F°7/2 70 1
S0 71 2
D3/2
Lanthanides

Number Level
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Symbol 58 1
G°4 Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

Ce
138.9055 140.116 140.90765 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92534 162.500 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.04 174.967
2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 9 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 14 2
[Xe]5d6s [Xe]4f5d6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 5d6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 6s [Xe]4f 5d6s
Name 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259
Cerium
140.116 89 2
D3/2 90 3
F2 91 4
K11/2 92 5
L°6 93 6
L11/2 94 7
F0 95 8
°
S7/2 96 9
D°2 97 6
H°15/2 98 5
I8 99 4
I15/2
° 100 3
H6 101 2
F°7/2 102 1
S0 103 2
P°1/2?

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Atomic
Actinides

2
Weight
†
[Xe]4f5d6s
5.5387 Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
(227) 232.0381 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Ground-state Ionization [Rn]6d7s
2 2 2
[Rn]6d 7s
2
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 3
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 4
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 6 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7 2
[Rn]5f 7s
7
[Rn]5f 6d7s
2 9 2
[Rn]5f 7s
10 2
[Rn]5f 7s
11 2
[Rn]5f 7s
12 2
[Rn]5f 7s
13 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s
14 2
[Rn]5f 7s 7p?
Configuration Energy (eV) 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9 ?

† 12
Based upon C. () indicates the mass number of the most stable isotope.
Lithium, Li Atomic
Number
3 HANDBOOK OF X.RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

COMPOUND 15 BINDING ENERGY, eV REF.

50 55 60 LiF
15
55.5

65 55 45
BINDING ENERGY, eV

32 PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS
 HANDBOOK OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Lithium, Li Atomic
Number
3

F
LiF
MgKa

N(E)
E

x4 F

Li 1s

c
1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 33
 HANDBOOK OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

BN
MgKa

81s

o o
c

1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 37
 HANDBOOK OF X·RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY

Polyeth'ylene
C(KLL)
MgKa

C 15

N(E} 1020 1000 980

E

C(KLL}

IFj
:;1
i
·1
J l
I
i
j

1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 39
 HANDHOOK OF X·RA Y PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Nitrogen, N Atomic
Number
7

N(KVV) BN
MgKa

N 15

880 840

o o
c

1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 41
 HANDBOOK OF X-RA Y PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Oxygen, 0 Atomic
Number
8

o 1s

MgKa

O(KVV}
745.3

N(E}
-E-

805 765 725

AI AI

Ar

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 43
 HANOBOOK OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Sodium,Na Alomic11 Number

Na2HP04
Na(KlL)

KL Z:lL2:) MgKa
263.5

Na1s

331.0
N(E)
e-

350 300 250

o x4

Na2s
Na2p

1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BIND!NG ENERGY eV I

r=tERKIN-ELMER 47
 HANDBOOK OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Magnesium, Mg Atomic
Number
12

Mg(KLL)

AI Ka

KL,L ,
Mg1s
380.2
N(E)
--E-

390 340 290

Mg2s

xlO Mg2p

1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 49
 t-t""NOBOuK OF X·RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Aluminum, AI Atomic
Number
13

MgKa

AI 25

Al2p

N(E)
-E-

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 51
 HANDBOOK OF X-RA Y PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY
Silicon, Si Atomic
Number
14

MgKa

Si2p

Si2s
N(E)
E

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 53
 rfANOlHJOK OF X·RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCQPY
Sulfur, S Atomic
Number
16

MgKa

S 2p

N(E)
E S 25'

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 57
 HANDBOOK OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTAOSCOPY
Chlorine, Cl Atomic
Number
17

CI(LMM) Poly (Vinyl Chloride)

AI Ka

N(E)
-E-

1320 1310 1300 1290 1280

Cl2p
x4

Cl2s

1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 o
BINDING ENERGY, eV
PERKIN-ELMER 59