SQL[Structured Query Language]

===
---> it is a DataBase Language, which is used to communicate with Database
Systems
(SQL server,MS-ACCESS,ORACLE,MySQL,DB2,SYBASE) for the follwing purpose

*) Inserting Data
*) Deleting the Data
*) Updating the Data
*) Retrieving the Data
--> it is not a case-sensitive Language

--> Query = QUEstion+ReplY

DATABASE --> collection of Tables, where Table is called "Relation"

TABLE --> Collection of Records, where records are called "ROWS or "TUPLES"
RECORD --> Collection of Fields or Attributes

--> SQL statements are Divided into 4 TYPES

*) DDL (Data Definition Language) statements

1. create
2. alter
3. drop
4. Truncate
*) DML(Data Manipulation Language) statements
1. Insert
2. Update
3. Delete
4. Select
*) DCL (Data Control Language) statements
1. Grant
2. Revoke
*) TCL (Transction Control Language) statements
1. Commit
2. RollBack

SQL TOPICS
==========
*) SQL statements
*) SQL OPerators
*) SQL set Operators
*) SQL joins
*) SQL stored Procedures
*) SQL Triggers
*) T-SQL (Transact SQL)
*) SQL Cursors
*) SQL Views
*) SQL Constraints
*) SQL Functions
*) SQL RULES

SQL STATEMENTS
==============
1. DDL statements
 ============

*) create
=====
--> it is used to create the Database,Table,views, triggers, stored
Procedures and so on

i) syntax : creating the Database

----------------------------------

create database <database_name>

Ex : create database EmployeeDB

---> When Executing this Query, the two files are Created

*) ".MDB" file ---> holds the Datas or records

*) ".LDF" file --> holds the Transaction Information

syntax : selecting the Database

--------------------------------

use DataBase_Name

Ex : use EmployeeDB

ii) syntax : creating the Table

----------------------

create table <table_name>(col1 datatype,col2 datatype,....)

SQL DataType
==========
int --> specifies the integer values to Store in a Column
datetime --> specifies the Datetime value to Store in a Column
varchar ---> specifies the Variable Length characters to Store in a
Column
char ---> specifies the Fixed length of character String to
store in a Column
money ---> specifies the Float values to store in a Column
varbinary --> specifies the Binary values to store in a Column

Ex: create table emp(eid int,ename varchar(20),sal int)

syntax : viewing the Structure of a Table

=======================

Exec sp_help <table_name>

Ex : EXEC[UTE] sp_help emp

2) alter
====
--> used to change or modify the structure of Existing table

*) we can add new columns

 *) we can modify the datatype of Existing column including its size
*) we can also a delete a column of a Existing Table

i) syntax : Adding a New Column

----------------------------

alter table <table_name> add new_column_name datatype

Ex : alter table emp add dept varchar(5)

ii) syntax : Deleting a Column

-----------------------

alter table <table_name> drop column <column_name>

Ex: alter table emp drop column dept

iii) syntax : modify or change the Existing column datatype

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

alter table <table_name> alter column <existing_col_name> new_datatype

alter table emp alter column ename varchar(40)

3. drop
===
---> used to remove the table from the DB system

syntax : drop table table_name

=====

Ex : drop table emp

4. truncate
======
--> used to remove all the rows from the table.

syntax : truncate table <tablename>

Ex : truncate table emp

DML statements
===========

1. select
====
--> it is used to retrieve all rows or specific rows from the Table

i) Syntax : Retrieving the All rows

-----------------------------

select * from <table_name>

Ex : select * from emp

 ii) syntax : Retrieving the Specific rows
---------------------------------

select * from <table_name> where <condition>

Ex : select * from emp where address='hosur'

iii) syntax : retrieving all rows with specific columns

select col1,col2,...,col-n from <table_name>

Ex : select ename,salary from emp

iv) syntax : Retrieving the TOP N records

------------------------------------

select top n * from tablename

Ex : select top 15 * from emp

2. Insert
====
--> used to insert or add new records to table

i) syntax : inserting the values in all columns

----------------------------------------

insert into <table_name> values(val1,val2,val3,....);

Ex : insert into emp values(1001,'ssss','CS')

ii) syntax : inserting the values in specific colms

--------------------------------------------

insert into <table_name>(col1,col2,..) values(val1,val2,..)

Ex : insert into emp(eid,ename) values(1001,'www')

3) delete
====
--> used to delete all rows or specific rows from the table

i) syntax : to delete all rows

---------------------
delete from <table_name>

Ex : delete from emp

ii) syntax : to delete only specific rows

---------------------------------
delete from <table_name> where <condition>

Ex : delete from emp where eid=1001 -> deletes the specific row

Ex : delete from emp where address='hosur' --> deletes the group of

rows
 4) update
---> used to update the specific row or group of rows or all rows from
the Table

i) syntax : to update all records

update table_name set col1=val1,col2=val2,...

Ex : update emp set bonus=1000

ii) syntax : to update only specific records

update <table_name> set col1=val1,col2=val2,.. where <cond>

Ex : update emp set bonus=2000 where deptid=3

SQL operators
===========

*) <, >,<=,>=,<>,=
*) AND
*) OR
*) IN
*) NOT IN
*) BETWEEN
*) LIKE

Ex : AND
===

select * from emp where salary>=5000 AND salary<=10000

Ex : OR

select * from emp where city='hosur' OR city='bangalore'

Ex : BETWEEN

select * from emp where salary BETWEEN 6000 AND 10000

Ex : IN

select * from emp where city in('hosur','krishnagiri')

Ex : NOT IN

select * from emp where city not in('hosur','krishnagiri')

 Ex : LIKE

WILDCARD SYMBOLS
================

% ----> matches the 0 or more characters

_(underscore) ---> matches the Single character

[ ] --> matches the character listed within the brackets

[ start-end ] --> matches the characters within the given range

Ex : %
=====

select * from emp where ename LIKE 'N%'

select * from emp where city not in('hosur','krishnagiri')
select * from emp where ename like 'v%'
select * from emp where ename like '_i%'
select * from emp where ename like '[svk]%'
select * from emp where ename like '[a-m]%'

SQL set OPERATORS

==================

--> used to combine the rows of two or more tables..

--> each table must have the same no of columns and similar datatype

*) UNION
--> used to combine the rows from two or more tables without
including the duplicates records..

syntax
=====
select * from T1 UNION select * from T2

*) UNION ALL

--> similar to UNION but includes the Duplicate records in the

ResultSet.

syntax
---------
select * from T1 UNION ALL select * from T2

*) INTERSECT

--> returns the records that appears in both sets

syntax
--------
select * from T1 INTERSECT select * from T2
 *) EXCEPT [MINUS-ORACLE]

---> returns only the records that appears in first set but not in
the Second set..

syntax
--------
select * from T1 EXCEPT select * from T2

Ex :
===
select * from emp UNION select * from emp1
select * from emp UNION ALL select * from emp1
select * from emp INTERSECT select * from emp1
select * from emp1 EXCEPT select * from emp

SQL Constraints
=============

Data Integrity
---------------
--> it ensures the correctness of the Data stored in the Database
Tables

Constraints
--------------
--> constraints are set of rules, which are applied to table columns

Types of Constraints
================

*) primary key constraint

*) Unique Constraint
*) foreign key constraint
*) not null constraint
*) default constraint
*) check Constraint

i) primary key constraints

-----------------------
---> it doesnt allows the duplicate values to enter in a columns which has
primary key

syntax
=====

create table <tablename>

(
col1 datatype constraint <constraint_name> constraint_type,
col2 datatype,
------
)

Ex :
 ==
create table student
(
sid int constraint sid_key primary key,
sname varchar(20)
)

ii) unique constraints

------------------------
--> similar to primary key constraints but it allows the NULL values

Ex :
create table student1
(
sid int constraint sid_key1 unique,
sname varchar(20)
)

iii) Default Constraint

-------------------------
---> it is used to insert default value in a column when the user not
given the value to insert

syntax
======
create table tablename
(
col1 datatype,
col2 datatype default value,
-----
)

Ex :
==
create table emp2
(
eid int,
ename varchar(20),
deptid int,
doj datetime default getdate(),
salary int default 6000
)

insert into emp2(eid,ename,deptid) values(1001,'sri',100)

insert into emp2 values(1002,'eeee',101,'12-jul-2008',10000)

iv) Not Null Constraint

---------------------------

-> The Enforcement of NOT NULL constraint on a Table Column, makes the user
must enter the value in a Column which has NOT NULL constraint..
 syntax
=====
create table <tablename>
(
col1 datatype not null,
col2 datatype,
----
)

Ex : create table student(sid int,sname varchar(10) not null)

v) check Constraint
-----------------------
--> it allows only a specific range values to Enter in a Column

syntax
=====

create table <tablename>

(
col1 datatype constraint constraint_name check (columnname
in('val1','val2')),
col2 datatype,
----
)

Ex:
==
create table emp
(
eid int,
ename varchar(20),
gender varchar(10) constraint gen_check check (gender
in('Male','female')),
age int constraint age_check check(age between 20 and 40)
)

Enabling/Disabling the Constraint Checking

-------------------------------------------

i) Disabling the Constraint Checking

syntax
=====
alter table tablename nocheck constraint [ALL|Constraint_name]

Ex : alter table emp nocheck constraint gen_check

ii) Enabling the Constraint

----------------------

syntax
=====
alter table tablename check constraint [ALL|Constraint_name]

Ex : alter table emp check constraint gen_check

vi) Foreign key constraints
======================
--> it is used to create a relationship b/w tables
--> all values in the Foreign key must match the Values in the Primary key
--> Foreign key references the Primary key

Ex :
===
create table student_personal
(
sid int constraint p_id primary key,
sname varchar(10),
address varchar(20),
gender varchar(10)
)

create table student_marks

(
sid int constraint f_id foreign key references student_personal(sid),
Tamil int,
English int,
Maths int,
Science int,
SScience int,
Total int,
Result varchar(5)
)

T-SQL(Transaction SQL) @a--> local,@@-->global varibles

=================
--> we can add a programming features to SQL to perform the tasks as mush as
Easy to make the Transaction..

T-SQL Variable Declaration

======================

syntax : declaring the Variable

=====
declare @varname

Ex : declare @a int
declare @name varchar(20)

syntax: assigning the values to a Variable

======

set @varname=value
(or)
select @varname=value from <tablename> where <condition>

Ex :
===
set @a=100

or
 select @a=100

select @name=ename from emp where eid=1001

syntax : printing the Variable Values

=====
print 'user string' --> displaying the String values
print convert(varchar,variable) --> displaying the Integer Values
print 'user string' + convert(varchar,variable)

Ex :
==

print 'The value of a is : '+convert(varchar,@a)

declare @a int
declare @salary int
declare @ename varchar(20)
set @a=1
select @salary=salary,@ename=ename from emp where eid=1001
print 'The value of a is : '+convert(varchar,@a)
print 'EName : '+@ename
print 'ESalary : '+cast(@salary as varchar)

Ex : if...else statement
==
declare @a int,@b int
set @a=10
set @b=20
if @a>@b
print 'a is greatest'
else
print 'b is greatest'

begin....end block
===============

it is used to include set of T-SQL statements

syntax
=====

begin
//stmt1
//stmt2
-----
end

Ex :
==
declare @a int,@i int
 set @a=10
set @i=1
while @i<=@a
begin
print 'i = '+convert(varchar,@i)
print 'i * a = '+convert(varchar,(@i*@a))
set @i=@i+1
end

Stored Procedures
==============
--> it is a procedure, which is used to execute the set of statements as a
Single Transaction
--> it is createad and stored in server

syntax
===

create procedure <procedure_name> [par1,par2,...]

as
begin
//sql statements
end

syntax : Executing the Stored procedure

===

EXEC[UTE] procedurename [par1,par2,..]

syntax : droping the Procedure

=====

drop procedure <procedure_name>

create table student (sid int,sname varchar(20),M1 int,M2 int,M3 int,tot int,aveg
int,result varchar(10))

create procedure stuinsert @sid int,@sname varchar(20),@m1 int,@m2 int,@m3 int

as
begin
declare @tot int,@avg int
declare @r varchar(10)
set @tot=@m1+@m2+@m3
set @avg=@tot/3
if @m1>=35 and @m2>=35 and @m3>=35
set @r='PASS'
else
set @r='FAIL'
insert into student values(@sid,@sname,@m1,@m2,@m3,@tot,@avg,@r)
print 'Record Inserted'
end

exec stuinsert 1003,'arun',78,87,95

select * from student

select * from student order by tot DESC

SQL Functions
============

---> scalar functions or single row functions

*) Numeric Functions
*) string functions
*) Date functions
*) conversion functions(convert,cast)
*) System functions

---> aggregate functions or group functions

*) min()
*) max()
*) count()
*) sum()
*) avg()

select * from emp

select sum(salary) as TOTAL_SALARY from emp
select avg(salary) as AVG_SALARY from emp
select min(salary) as MIN_SALARY from emp
select max(salary) as MAX_SALARY from emp
select count(*) as NO_OF_Employees from emp

select city, sum(salary) as TOTAL_SALARY from emp group by city

i) Numeric Functions
===============
select sqrt(64),abs(-
50),sin(45),cos(45),tan(45),power(2,3),floor(23.67),ceiling(34.78),round(123.54676,
2),pi(),log(100),exp(5),rand()

ii) Date Functions

------------------
select getdate(),dateadd(yyyy,2,'12-jul-2012'),datediff(dd,'12-jul-
2012','20-jan-2014'),day('12-jul-2014'),month('12-jul-2013'),year('13-jul-2014')

iii) String Functions

----------------------

select char(97),ascii('a'),left('Navin kumar',6),right('Navin

Kumar',5),len('Navin Kumar'),ltrim(' sri'),rtrim('sse
'),replicate('Navin',3),upper('sachin'),lower('VIRU'),replace('sachinRT','RT','Rame
sh'),substring('Navin Kumar',1,5)

System functions
=============
--> used to query general information about the DB system

select
host_id(),host_name(),suser_id(),suser_name(),object_id('emp'),object_name(20730584
21)

DCL statements
=============

*) grant --> giving permission to another user to access its DB Objects

syntax
======

grant [previleges] on <table_name> to <User_name>

Ex : grant ALL on emp to user2

Ex : grant INSERT on emp to user2

*) revoke --> withdrawing the permission from the Granted users

syntax
======

revoke [previleges] on <table_name> from <user_name>

Ex : revoke ALL on emp from user2

Ex : revoke INSERT on emp from user2

TCL statements
============

---> commit

--> used to make a transaction permanent to the Database

--> once the transaction is commited, we cant rollback the transaction

syntax : commit

---> rollback

--> used to undo the transaction

syntax
======
rollback

Cursors
=======
 1) declaring the Cursor
==============

syntax :

----

declare cursor_name cursor [forward|scroll]

for select statement

Ex:
===

declare mycursor cursor scroll

for select * from emp

2) opening the Cursor

==============

syntax :
=======
open cursor_name

Ex : open mycursor

3) Fetching the Information from the Cursor

================================
syntax
======

fetch [next|prior|first|last|absolute n|relative n] from cursor_name into

var1,var2,..

4) closing the Cursor

=================

syntax:
======
close cursor_name

Ex; close mycursor

==

5) Deallocate the Cursor

====================

syntax
======
deallocate cursor_name
Ex:
==
deallocate mycursor
 declare mycursor cursor scroll
for select * from emp

open mycursor

declare @eid int,@deptid int,@sal int

declare @name varchar(20),@city varchar(20)
fetch absolute 1 from mycursor into @eid,@name,@sal,@deptid,@city
print 'Eid : '+convert(varchar,@eid)
print 'Ename : '+@name
print 'Esalary : '+convert(varchar,@sal)
print 'Deptid : '+convert(varchar,@deptid)
print 'City : '+@city

declare @eid int,@deptid int,@sal int

declare @name varchar(20),@city varchar(20)
fetch next from mycursor into @eid,@name,@sal,@deptid,@city
while (@@fetch_status=0)
begin
print 'Eid : '+convert(varchar,@eid)+'-Ename : '+@name+
'-Esalary : '+convert(varchar,@sal)+'-Deptid : '+convert(varchar,@deptid)+'-
City : '+@city
fetch next from mycursor into @eid,@name,@sal,@deptid,@city
end

SQL VIews
===========

--> A view is a virtual table, which holds the Output of the Query..

--> holds the records as up-to-date

syntax
======
create view view_name
as
select Query

Ex : create view myview as select * from emp

droping the Views

==============

syntax : drop view view_name

Ex: drop view myview

sql Joins
=========

--> joins are used to combine rows from two or more tables based on the
Condition..

types of joins
===========

*) inner join
*) outer join
--> left join
--> right join
--> full join
*) cross join

INNER JOIN:
===========
Returns all rows when there is at least one match in
BOTH tables
LEFT JOIN:
========
Return all rows from the left table, and the matched
rows from the right table
RIGHT JOIN:
=========
Return all rows from the right table, and the matched rows
from the left table
FULL JOIN:
===========
Return all rows when there is a match in ONE of the tables

*) inner join
========
syntax :
-------

select * from T1,T2 where T1.C1=T2.C1

or
select * from T1 inner join T2 on T.c1=T2.c1

*) outer join
==========
--> similar to inner join but it also includes the unmatched values in the
Resultset

syntax
 select * from T1 [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL] OUTER JOIN T2 ON T1.C1=T2.C1

*) cross Join
==========
---> it gives the cortesian product of two tables

syntax
======

select * from T1 cross join T2

SQL Rules
======

-->a rule specifies the acceptable values that can be inserted into that column.

syntax
======
create rule rule_name as <conditional_Expression>

Ex:
===
create rule myrule as @salary>=3000

binding the rule to Table column

==========================

syntax
======

execute sp_bindrule rulename,'obj.colname'

Ex:
---

execute sp_bindrule myrule,'emp_salary.salary'

unbinding the rule

==================

syntax:
=======
execute sp_unbindrule 'obj.colname'

Ex:
===
execute sp_unbindrule 'emp_salary.salary'
Sql Identity property
===============

--> it is applied to the table column when creating the table,so we dont need to
enter the values in the column with idenity property..

syntax
======

create table <table_name>

(

col1 datatype identity(seed,incr),

col2 datatype,
----
)

Ex:
==

create table emp

(
eid int identity(1001,2),
ename varchar(20)
)

@@idenity
=========
--> it is a Global variable, which is used to find the most recently generated
identity value

Ex:
==
select @@identity

select ident_seed('emp')
select ident_incr('emp')

Triggers
======
syntax:
======

create trigger <trigger_name> on <table_name>

[FOR|AFTER|INSTEAD OF] [INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE]
as
begin
//statements
end