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Transmission & Distribution PDF

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655 views23 pages

Transmission & Distribution PDF

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Nil Akash
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PART-4: POWER § RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-)) SYSTEM, Chapter-4.3 : Transmission and Distribution sm by Rohit Mehta and V.K. Mehta Reference Books: Principles of Power Syste = : im x Show that, the generalized circuit constants of the short transmission satisfy the condition FGETS DPDC-14 AD-BC=l. ‘Show that the generalized circuit of short circuit transmission line for the condition AD- a une- BC=1 x The sending end voltage of a ransmission line as a finction of receiving end = PGCB-15 | voltage and current is expressed as follows Vs=A VitB Ir 5 Let A=|AlZa?, B= [BIZB%, Ve Vd 20°, Vs = IVs} 285 ‘xpression for real & reactive power in terms of their quantities. cme te distance over which a load of 15000 KW at ap.f. 0°8 lagging Saat pate delivered by a 3-phase transmission line having conductors each of resistance és , Mehta per kilometre. The voltage at the receiving end is to be 132 kV and the loss in the | transmission is to be 5% 7 TA 16 km long, 69 kV, S-phase transmission Tine has (0.125+j0.143) Q/km | BCPCL-18, impedance. If 70 MW power is sent at 0.8 p.f. at 64 KY, find the efficiency of the | Example line. [Similar to Example 10.5, Mehta] 10.5, Mehta 3 [A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16 km long overhead line supplies 1000 KW at 11 KV, 0.8 p-f. | Example. | lagging. The line resistance is 0.03 © per phase per km and line inductance is 0.7 | 10.8, Mehta | mH per phase per km. Calculate the sending end voltage, voltage regulation and efficiency of transmission. wl | 6 ‘A 69-KY, three-phase short transmission line is 16 km long. The line has a per | Suggestion | phase series impedance of 0.125 + j0.4375 ohm/km, Determine the sending end voltage, voltage regulation, the sending end power, and the transmission efficiency when the line delivers (a) 70 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor at 64 kV. (b) 120 MW, unity power factor at 64 kV. 6 A 132W, 50Hz, 3 phase transmission line delivers a load of 50MW at 0.8 p.f. | SGFL-17, lagging at the receiving end. The generalized circuit constants of the transmission | Example line are A= D = 0.95 /1.40°, B= 96 /7.80°, C= 0.0015 /90°. Find the voltage | 10.17, regulation of the line. /Example 10.17, Mehta} Mehta 7 What she percentage saving in feeder copper if the line voltage in a 2-wire d.c. | BWDB-18, ¥ raised fram Volts to 400 volts for the same power transmitted over | Example 5 esate istance and having the same power loss. (Example 7.1, Mehta] 7.1, Mehis three phase transmission line section has series impedance/mile of j0.01Q. The GTCL-18 ad) ar 7 respectively. Determit ind Voltage Regulation athe receiving end of « 30 kar ission line | NWPGCH find Wolage Regulation jong transmission line 14 4-40 Scanned with CamScanner "J The towers of height 30 m and 90 m respectively support a transmission Tine | PGCB-11 y anv EEE JOB SOLUTION y-» sending end voltage, y | LiN® tneutal Teceiving Pivots -casssmision Tine has 4 2 inductive eastan ty 10% how. much capacitive reactance shou 4 single phase power system require two (AS put ina three phase system, thre 4 source. , three or four wir |ipad with the source. Explain how current is it are required to connect the PGCB-19, ‘onnect the load with the | E¢ o& PART-4; power ere : Current Line to Toad neutral a GCB-20 ret ee 'umed back tothe source ina thes Fra te phasor diagram of voltage regulation of — |fffeent loads. Which load shows the minimum varinng see 58 | BURT] -FR2KV transmission on line has the following date MSe-13 i Weight of conductor: 680 kg/km; length of span = 26n BFDC-IG, Ultimate Strength = 3100 kg; Safety Factor—> ™ DPDC.6, ample, Calculate the height above ground at which condu Ground clearance required = 10m. (Example, 8.17, Mehta] itor should be supported. | 8.17, Mehta | conductor at water crossing. The horizontal distance between the towers is SOD an Ifthe tension in the conductor is 1600 kg, find the minimum clearance of the conductor and water and clearance mid-way between the supports, Weight of conductor is 1-5 kg/m. Bases of the towers can be considered to be at water evel. Theory 1] Write down the advantages and disadvantages of ac transmission, PGCLAL 1_|Why high voltage is used in power transmission? PGCB-17 3__|What are the factors that affect high voltage power transmission? PGCB-17 + Required condition in system for high voltage transmission. DESCO-13 (FF) 5__| What are the standard voltage ratings of transmission line in Bangladesh? KPCL Viva. © Thy ac to de and de to ac conversation is taken place for transmission of power | 35" BCS import from other country’? : (7 ]lfeu toss is constant in "Poti ao and de, ST ae fy prefered to de for Wansmission W7rbel 7 istribution. Why? — BORIC What are the requirements to be fulfilled for being ‘good transmission & po stebution system? SREDAAS | Write Short Note on: Corona KPCL Viva | lat is corona effect? = CPA-I7, ii fi corona, What are the factors of corona’ ‘SREDA-IS 'e Short Note on: Skin Effect AB-I7 ‘> Baa reasons of occurring skin effet in wansmisson ne. i is Ferranti effect? pasa, TKPCL Viva_| [KPCL Vive_| AB-I7 ‘at is Ferranti i m? [Write ee tantt effect in power system — Tula shor note on: Ferranti effect in lon} wisn Tine —— — “0 the diagram how the conductor of a transmission 4-41 36" BCS ‘BPDB-10 Scanned with CamScanner RONY, PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOL ious types cable used in. crangmission Ti sion line cables POWER SYSTEM, UTION (V-)) BOF-16 PGCB-17 CPA-I7 [is [Write down Write down the name of different trans insmission lin 1e? Write dows mn the properties of F sulatoris different because | PGCB-15 i 74_| Why insulator is used in trat ‘across the various discs of suspension type (c) tower height (4) none 15 | Potentia fof (a) series capacitance —_(b) shunt capacitance of the above _ : PGCE T6__| What is MICC? What are the cable specifications C92, Cl, C61 and C91 pee 17 Explain standing wave generation in power transmission. Seite Equivalent Circuit of Transmission Lines Equivalent Circuit of Short Transmission Line a Fo iy 888 Ms Pan, ae pa Nominal T-Model of Long Transmission Line Tene eu IE Equivalent Circuit of Medium Transmission Line fre aq ee Nominal x-Model of Long Transmission Line WsllV5 py Msi ing x Vs lV 2 on=! ‘sllVel _ Wel x Vs= Va +IR cos On +1 Xt sin Op cos 05 = YRC On +IR Vs i - ¥, % regulation 2 Yh 100% =“ Re YR Va tn cos Op Ya IRcos Op +12R acter “y, * 100% Pr = Real Power flow in the line Qu = Reactive Power flow in the line , Vs = Sending end voltage Va = Receiving end voltage = Angle between Vs and Vr X= Reactance of the line A,B, C, D = generalized circuit constant Cos 6s = Sending end power factor Poe 4-42 Scanned with CamScanner Show that, the generalized circuit co, model satisfy the condition show sgition AD — BC = 1. jssion line can be expressed as a two port network: ts where, YyeAVet Ble ~------- ® wd W2CVet Dr == --=- @ 4 ort transmission line can be expressed as, Here, 4 ZR ax a WeVet Ze = 220027 ® | | bel 0 seeeenee @® \ Comparing eq. D) with @ and @ with @) we get, =, |,B=Z, C=0 and D =1. AD-BC=1*1 -Z*0 = 1-0 =I. (Shown) i i ‘iving end The sending end voltage of a transmission line as & function of receiving Voltage and current is expressed as follows Vs= A VrtB Ir a, ver NL Le Anata, BIBL Yo ats biain expression for real & reactive power in tem WA Vas Ip icone val 29 . 26°) AL bea _ (vsl25*) - (al za?) (Wel 20) ie 1B 28" |B] 48° = Mal 1H) 46-pyp HAL Nal (ap? Scanned with CamScanner PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-!) PART-4: POWER Systp4 (RONY weal! eg 9 bal LAL al 2 ial IVnl2 0 Complex Power, Se = [Val In wate 2p 3° - a LB-0) vil > _ tAL Wal? Real Power, Pa= Sx cos 0= “SU! cos (8-8)? - a cos(B- 0)? Ans: waa wa Wal sinB—-o? Ans sin (B-8)° - Reactive Power, Qa = Sx sin 8 = a Rony Parvej Special Note: jadtions Mivough transmission line. Esimate the distance over which a load of 15000 kW at a pf. 0°8 lagging can be | Example delivered by a 3-phase transmission line having conductors each of resistance | © 10.4, Mehtg per kilometre, The voltage at the receiving end is to be 132 kV and the loss in the transmission is to be 5% Line current, Power delivered 15000 x 1 Ls ~ Fixtine voltage x power factor — /3x132X10° x0-8 Line losses = 5% of power delivered = 0-05 15000 = 750 kW Let RQ be the resistance of one conductor. Line losses = 3°R or 750 x 10? = 3x (82/xR 750 x10° Re SQ rte Resistance of each conductor per km is 1 2 (given). Length of line = 37-18 km 4 [A 16 kam long, 69 KV, S-phase transmission line has (0.125% , KV, 3 .1254]0.143) Oikm | BCPCLA, ee ETO MW powers snt at 08 pst 64 KV, find the efficiency ofthe | Example similar to Example 10.5, Mehtc Solution: : a 105.2 pA ; sin 6 = V(1- cos?0p) = V(1- 0.82) = 0.6 Z=Ri+jX.= 16 * (0.1254)0,143) 9=2+}2.290 Vs= Vr + In (Ri cos Ox + . Xx sin 6 % In=(V5-Va)/ (Re cos On +X, ace 4-44 ee 3 Scanned with CamScanner (49837 30950208 + 2.29 2p =3*970.74 *2= ars R 2=5.65 MW yori ine, 11 = Pout / (Pout + Loss) = 7017045 65) =o, ooss 9253 = 92.53% An Ans. gal fi | 50 Has 16 km long overhead line su ne resistance is 0.03 2 per phase kn, Calculate the sending en plies 1000 KW at ver km and ine ndues soe BE Brampie cl voltage, voltage huctance is 0.7 | | repute | 108 Meh 6 ¢ igh phase Pet KO oh ransmisson ie efi Se poinnccofeh conden R = 003 x 16=0480 pessnce ere conden Xi, = IRFLX16 = 20x 50%0-7%107x16=3529 3 on peingendsormnese, Ve = UxIO = a3siv ood pore tO 608g = 0S lagging 1000x 10° ___1000x10? Line urea! = S57 cos FGI KOE “OOO edagentvolingelphase. Vs ~ Vt TRos byt indy = 6351 + 65-6 x 048 x 08 + 656 x 3:52 06= 6515 V __ sage Voltage regulation = ate x 190 = SSE= S55 100 = 289% a Line losses = 32 R=3X (65-6) K048=62x 10° W Input power = Output power + Line losses = 1000 + 6: ‘ Output power 1000 oe a ie XO X 100 = 938% Transmission efisieney = “pone power i006 & iam Tong, The line has a per | Suggestion mine the sending end and the transmission ower factor at 64 KV. TORY, three-phase short transmission line is 1 thse series impedance of 0.125 + j0.4375 ohm/km. Dete ‘olage, voltage regulation, the sending end power, svency when the line delivers (a) 70 MVA, 0.8 lagging P x a 120 MW, unity power factor at 64 KV. a: (16) =2 +572 Teline impedance is Z = (0.125 + j 0.4375) 6420" _36,950420" kV Wi The rece "eteiving end voltage per phase is ’R = 4 St 703 = 23.33 MVA/ph *°2333 x 0.8 = 18,67 MW/ph k= 23.33 Feasoq *(cosd - jsind) =0.631 0.8 j0.6) =O 5052- 0.3789) wa 4-45 | aki Scanned with CamScanner RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-)) PART-4: POWER SYSTENY The sending end voltage is Vs =Vq + Zp =36.9504.20°(RV) + (2 + j7(0.5052- j0.3789)(KA) =(40.61- 72.78) =40.70823.91° kV ‘The sending end line-to-line voltage is |“s¢z-1) 3|¥s| =70.508 kV ‘The sending end power Ps = Px + Ip?R = 19.467 MW/ph Pegging = 58.4 MW % Voltage Regulation Regt X100 =10.169% Pave 56 MS Transmission line efficiency = 7 = Fg gpg ~100 =95.90% san 58. (®) The per phase power, Pa = 120/3 = 40 MW - js = + j0) = 3e950acEy 68 jsin®@) =(1.0825+ j0)kA. 6 A 132V, S0Hz, 3 phase transmission line delivers a load of S0MW at 0.8 p.f. | SGFL-17,) lagging at the receiving end. The generalized circuit constants of the transmission | Example line are A= D = 0.95 /1.40°, B= 96 /7.80°, C= 0,0015 /90°, Find the voltage | 10.17, regulation of the line. (Example 10.17, Mehta Mehta Solution: Receiving end voltage/phase, Vp = 132x 103/,/3 = 76210 V J 50x 10° © V3x132x10 x0-8 COS}, = 08; sing, = 06 Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have, Vz = Va+j0=76210 20° Receiving end current, =IBA Ty = In 2-0, = 273 36-9" Sending end voltage per phase is yo- A+ BT = 0:95 £1-4°x 76210 20° +96 2 78° x273 2-36-90" 72400 Z1-4° + 26208 241-19 = 72400 (cos 1-4° + sin 1-4°) + 26208 (cos 41-1° +; sin 41-19) = 72400 (0:9997 + 0-0244) + 26208 (0-7536 +; 0°6574) (72378 + 1767) + (19750 +7 17229) 92128 + 18996 = 94066 Z11-65° V 4-46 1 0 Scanned with CamScanner «s EEE JOB SOLUTION y-1) aves B —————____ PART-4: power sySTEM aS r hsBr y endures Be T+ iy ins = 0:0015 290°x 76219 Zoe = 114 290+ 260 2-35-5" = N14 (cos 90° j sin 90%) + 260 (cos 35°5° = 14 (0+) + 260 (0-814~j 0-58) = jll4+2u -j 180 =211 -j36 +0°95 21-49% 273 2-369" J sin 35°5°) Te = Ty - Ty = QU -)36)-273 2-36-9° = (211 7 36) ~ (218-7 164) = -7 +5 128 = 128-2.293-1° A rent, currents coamsind won = UIA, : Regulation = —“T—® x 100 = O66 95— 76210 199 = 30% “Fhat isthe percentage saving in feeder copper if the line voltage in a 2-wire d.c. | BWDB-18, stem is raised from 200 volts to 400 volts for the same power transmitted over | Example ae ‘ame distance and having the same power loss. (Example 7.1, Mehta] 7.1, Mehta »y shows 200 V system, whereas Figure (ii) shows 400 V system. os ower delivered ‘and Ibe power loss in both cases. Let v, and a, be the volume and area eer 200 V system and v, and a, for that of 400 V system. (fXesection tp E Vp= 400 Ip L__# ny Ww Now, (0, And P > Vyly= 4001, ii) As same power is delivered in both cases, s 200/, = 400 J, or 1,= (200/400) f, = 0-5! Powerloss in 200 system, WY; = 2° Ry Fi ; Power loss in 400 V system, IW, = 2/3" Ry = 200°) Ry = O'5h Re As power loss in the two cases is the same, 5 W, = 1% ia QAR, = OST R R,/R, = 2/05=4 2 a a/a, = 4 v/y = 4 v/v, = W4=0°25 4-47 Scanned with CamScanner ART-4: POWER RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-1) P. ER SYSTEny ‘age saving in feeder copper (1 = 0:25) x 100 = 75% i ile of j 7 GTC 8 A three phase transmission line section has series impedance/mile of j0.019. The L-18 ivi id line section is 100 miles long. If the Supply end and receiving end voltages ke to end) are 230 KV & 230.15 KV respectively. Determine the power flo bs 5, the line, if the sending end voltage leads the receiving end by 15' Solution: Z=jX=j0.01 x 1009=j10 pea lWSllal 4. 5 - 230% 23085 502 13700 MW 2 IV; Val? 230 x 230.15 230% ‘Ane Qe WsllVal .., 5_Wal SORES «cos 15° = 1831 MVAR Ans. 9] Find Voltage Regulation at the receiving end of @ 50 km long transmission line NWFGCL-) from the following data: | ‘Load Current Line to neutral Line to neutral receiving (A) sending end voltage, V end voltage, V 0 230 230 200 230 215 200 240 225 | Solution: Line to neutral sending | Line to neutral receiving Voltage Regulation end voltage, Vs end voltage, Vr (Vs- Va) /Vr 230 230 (230-230)/23 230 215 (230-215)/215 240 225 (230-225)/225 AS, 6.98% is the highest value among the three values, Voltage regulation is 6.98% Ans. 10 A transmission line has 4. inductive reactance. To imy by 10% how much capacitiv € reactance should be added in series? prove the real power flow | PGCB-19 | Solution: Real Power flow Px = sled sind So, if Vs, Vr and 8 are Constant then, Pro 1/X. 4-48 Scanned with CamScanner |: POWER SYSTEM v< FEE JOB SOLUTION (v- aves EEE JO! NAVD PART: an “y a v nsil - a ws yhase power system require two wires to connect the load with the | EGCB-20 inale | i ut ina three phase system, three or four wires are required to connect the = we sure. Explain ho currents retumed bck tothe sore ina thre return path in three phase three wire system. If the system is balanced, the total sum of Frantaneus cuent i equal fais. re we have three phases R, Y and B. If the current flowing in postive Direction is +10 A then the cureat flowing th wi i eeoet SO aa ing through Y and B will be in negative iit oad is unbalanced (which isa dangerous situation), each phase will gt diferent voltage, aren exceeding rated phase voltage. na’ phase 4 wire system, 4® wire is neutral wire. This 4" wire is the return path for the current to come Af sourcelground. <- Ba i phasor diagram of voltage regulation oftansmision ine wing diferent | BUET Joads. Which load shows the minimum variation? MSc.-13 ‘Solution: : Vs OK Va oe wtb a B ] 132KV transmission on line has the following data : BFDC-16, | Weight of conductor : 680 kg/km; length of span = 260m DPDC-16, Ultimate Strength = 3100 kg; Safety Factor = 2 Example, 8.17, Mehta Lee the height above ground at which conductor should be supported round clearance required = 10m. /Example, 8.17, Mehta) Sains 4-49 nr YO TEETER OES Scanned with CamScanner RONY PARVES'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-l) PART~4: POWER SYSTEM ‘Wt of conductor/metre run, w = 680/100 = 0.68 kg Working tension, 7 = Ultimate strength _ 3100 - 1550 ke Safety factor Span length, 1 = 260m 2 sag = wh _ 0-68 (260) 3.7m 8T 8x 1550 - Conductor should be supported at a eight of 10 + 3-7 = 13-7 m 14] The towers of height 30 m and 90 m respectively support @ transmission line | PGCB-11 conductor at water crossing, The horizontal distance between the towers is 500 m. If the tension in the conductor is 1600 kg, find the minimum clearance of the conductor and water and clearance mid-way between the supports. Weight of conductor is 1-5 kg/m. Bases of the towers can be considered to be at water level. ‘Solution Following figure shows the conductor suspended between two supports A and B at different levels with as the lowest point on the conductor. Here, /=500m; w=1-5kg; T= 1600 kg. Difference in levels between supports, h = 90 — 30 = 60 m. Let the lowest point O of the conductor be at a distance x, from the support at lower level (Le., support A) and at a distance x, from the support at higher level (.e., support B). Obviously, atx = 500m AD 2 a Sag 5, = ar and sig = 23. = 5-5 Wwe SS or or or 60 = w pple tH) (0 —%) = 20%2 «1600 1-5x 500 ~ 256m Ail) 4-50 ma Scanned with CamScanner PART-4: POWER SYSTEM 47 378m = wat _1LSx(127)? 5 ee a 2T 21609 77m . ¢ of the lowest point O from water leve} a = 30-7=23m peni-pint Poe ata distance from the lovest point 0 = X= 250-4) = 250-122 = 128 m 2 Sigg = ME = ES x28)" ae nid = OF = 3x69) 7 768m ee of mid-point P from water level = 23+7-68 = 30:68 m Theory jie dowa the advantages and disadvantages of ac transmission PGCL-I agvantagest 7 Thepower can be generated at high voltages. @ The maintenance of a.c sub-stations is easy and cheaper. fa) The ac. voltage can be stepped up or stepped down by transformers with ease and efficiency. This pemnits to transmit power at high voltages and distribute it at safe potentials. | Dixdvamtages (@) —Anac. line requires more copper than a d.c. line, () The construction of a.c. transmission line is more complicated than a d.c. transmission line. (i) Due to skin effect in the a.c. system, the effective resistance of the line is increased. (i) Ana. line has capacitance, Therefore, there is a continuous loss of power due to charging current even when the line is open. r - Why high voltage is used in power transmission? PGCB-17 Selon: Tetansnission of electric power is carried at high voltages due to the following reasons: Reduces volume of conductor material. Increases transmission efficiency fy 9) Decteases percentage line drop m fp Matar the factors that affect high voltage power transmission? PCE gees in system for high voltage transmission. a Solutio 4-51 Scanned with CamScanner 4: POWER RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V-)) PART~4: POWER SYSTEM i material required is reduced. This decreases the Sse ea ts mn em ot ig eet cost of transformers, switchgear and other terminal apparatus also ee be pa eae 7 transmission line, there is optimum transmission voltage, beyond which there is nothing i cane T of economy. The transmission voltage for which the cost of conductors, cost ae as sine hee and other terminal apparatus is minimum is called economical transmission voltage. The st ea ea gives the total cost of transmission for the voltage considered. According to American practice, ic voltage between lines ina 3-phase ac. system is = 5. 2 V = 550-6214 755 Where, 1°= line voltage in kV P= maximum kW per phase to be delivered to single circuit 1 distance of transmission line in km [5 ___] What are the standard voltage ratings of transmission line in Bangladesh? [KPCL Viva ] Solution: ‘The existing transmission voltage levels in Bangladesh are 66KV, 132KV, 230KV, and 400kV ra a 6 Why ac to de and de to ac conversation is taken place for transmission of power | 35' er] | import from other country? Solutic A high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system uses direct current for the bulk Sansmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alterating current (AC) systems. For long. Gistance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For underwater Power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance each cycle. For shorer distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still be justified, ue to other benefits of direct current links. HVDC uses voltages between 100 kV and 1,500 kV. Ifcu loss is constant in both ac and de, still ac is preferred to de for transmission and WZPDCL- distribution, Why? 14, KUET Solution: : Engineer's Perspective: 1. tis easy to maintain and 2. Plant cost for AC transmission i aS (Circuit breakers, transformers etc .) is much lower than the equivalent DC g 8g s a > is) 8 rather than the oth AC can be stepped up and back down with transformers as rely on a constantly changing & 1g EMF (el 7 Ifthe DC was left at the supply volageoet = the wires would have t. Over a very large distance the volt di t and 10 be enormously thick (and expensive) in order to camry earemereee , 4-52 Auite easily whereas DC cannot as transformers: Scanned with CamScanner oe jd and industrial ; isehol systems are wi ' ery equipment to DC. ited for AC rather at DC can be quit ® voltage quite danger high Tous, if yor } ard to release the hand from it 1 were to grab a wi © pgcoe it as the muscl wire with damaged . into say that arabbing an AC bare wire would be nal clamp up tight. ged insulation it 5 atreleasing yourself from it Y good for you either but you h ave more of thi 'an DC. It Would be highly impractical pea ae He requTemeNts to be led Tor ba sripution system? for being good transmission & | ORIG erogulation: Votog repulsion shoald be zero 4 geal: Interpton shouldbe zeroes. . fe Baanced oa: ‘Voltage should be balanced. i eleny:Efciency should be high fy Frequency The Geguecy of the supply system must be maintained constant 1 Spnidal waveform: The alternating voltage supplied tothe conser: ; i ‘| should (si) Freedom from inductive interference: Power lines should be free from ee 7 [Witte Short Note on: Corona. ‘What is corona effect? SREDA-15 KPCL Viva Define corona. What are the factors of corona? a | Corona Tepheromenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is town a corona rive voltage) is applied across two conductors ‘ben an temating potential difference (more than critical disrup int violet glow which "bose pacing is large as compared to their diameter, the conductors are surrounded by a fai ‘eed corona, | "sc eting Corona | Th Pbtomenon of corona is affected by the physical state of the atmosphere as well as by the conditions ofthe la : Thefallowng are the factors upon wich corona depends: ion of air surrounding the ted. by the physical state of ethan formed due to ioni erefore, it is affect y weather, the numberof fons m0 Om phere: am ‘As corona is conductors, th atmosphere. In the storm) 4-83 Scanned with CamScanner RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V=}) (id) Conductor size: (iii) Spacing between conductors: (iv) Line voltage: normal and as such corona occurs at much less voltage as compared with fair weather. “The corona effect depends upon the shape and conditions of the conductors, The rough and irregular su corona because unevenness of the surface decreases the value of breakdown voltage. Thus a stranded conductor has irregular surface and hence gives rise to more corona that a solid conductor. If the spacing between the conductors is made very large 0% compared to their diameters, there may not be any corona effec. Ik is because larger distance between ‘conductors reduces the electro- Satie stresses at the conductor surface, thus avoiding corona formation. ‘The line voltage greatly affects corona. If it is low, there is no change in the condition of ar surrounding the conductors and hence to corona is formed. However, ifthe line voltage has such a value that electrostatic stresses developed at the conductor surface make the air around the conductor conducting, then corona is formed. PART-4: POWER SYSTEM 10 | Write Short Note on: Skin Effect SREDA-IS Explain the reasons of occurring skin effect in transmission line. AB-I7 Solution: Skin Effect: “The tendency of altemating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor is known as skin effect. Current No current flows over flow the surface Due to skin effet, the effective area ofeross-section ofthe conductor through which current flows is reduced Consequently, the resistance of the conductor is slightly increased when carrying an altemating current. Causes of skin effect: a = eee oi can be easily explained. A solid conductor may be thought to be consisting of a lars ae . we aa a small part of the current. The inductance of each strand will vary according its potion Th strands near the center are surrounded by a greater magnetic flux and hence have large tance than that near the surface. The high reactance of inner strands causes the alternating current to flows the surface of conductor. 4-54 Scanned with CamScanner a, ind at i mrren, inductance is 2er0 and hence ru : the current S iF cross-section of Y gest depends upon the Following factors ci 6 terial: ~ ature of 0 vane fire: Increases withthe diameter of wie aa : Increases with the i afeteersire: Ls for ame contre ne qnsusre® the Solid conductor, ye rd hat st fT eile when the sup gun F all (<1). low (< 50 Hz) and conductor. diameter ‘What is Ferranti effect? ‘What is Ferranti effect in power system? RRL Wit a short note on: Ferranti effect in long transmission ne SRS ‘Syations Feranti effect ‘heeft in which the voltage at the receiving end of the transmissi \sownas the Ferranti effect. Such type of effect mainly occurs becaus al ion line is more than the sending voltage is © of light load or open circuit atthe receiving Fertt effect is due to the charging current of the line, When an alterating voltage is applied, the curent that {ons ito the capacitor is called charging current. A charging current is also known as capacitive curent. The ciuping current increases in the line when the receiving end voltage of the line is larger than the sending end. ‘Woy Ferranti effect occurs? Cpuctance and inductance are the main parameters of the lines having a length 240km or above. On such ‘utsission lines, the capacitance is not concentrated at some definite points. Its distributed uniformly along the ‘olelength of the line. Wen the voltage is applied at the sending end, the current drawn by the capacitance of the line is more than me ‘Sorted with the load, Thus, at no load or ight load, the voltage at the receiving end is quite large as comp: "te constant voltage at the sending end. ow ‘Yeduce Ferrant effect: an scr PSE Scanned with CamScanner RONY PARVEJ'S EEE JOB SOLUTION (V=1) ticular voltage. If the Electrical devices are designed to work at some pa gh voltage cquipment get damaged, and ther windings bum because of at low load of no Toad increases the receiving end voltage- reactors at the receiving end of the lines. tween line transmis; -d within Shunt reactor is an inductive current element connected current from transmission lines. When this effect occurs in long capacitive VAR of the lines and therefore the voltage is regulate [12 [Draw the diagram how the conductor of a transin Solution: ‘When 3-phase line conductors are not equidistant from Under such conditions, the flux linkages and inductance of each phase ar 'A different inductance in each phase results in unequal voltage drops in ‘conductors are balanced. Therefore, the voltage at the receivin In order that voltage drops are equal in all conductors, general t ductor occupies the original positio ywn as transposition. regular intervals along the line so that each cont ‘an equal distance, Such an exchange of positions is kno\ ‘This voltage can jon Tine 1s transposed. PART~4: POWER SYSTEM voltages are high at the user ends their Ferranti effect on long transmission lines be controlled by placing the shunt nd neutral to compensate the capacitive sion lines, shunt reactors compensate the the prescribed limits. BPDB-10_] cach other, the conductor spacing is said to be unsymmetrical, not the same. the three phases even if the currents in the g end will not be the same for all phases. ly the positions of the conductors are interchanged a mn of every other conductor over ‘Above figure shows the transposed line. The phase conductors are designated as A, B and C and the positions occupied are numbered 1, 2 and 3. After transposition, each conductor has the same average inductance, 13 Write down various types cable used in transmission line. [BOF-16 | ‘Write down the name of different transmission line cables [PGcB-17_} Solt ‘According to the voltage for which they are manufactured, cables can be divided into the following groups: Low-tension (L.T.) cables + upto 1000 V High-tension (H.T.) cables : upto 11,000 V Super-tension (S.T.) cables : from 22 kV to 33 kV Extra high-tension (E.H.T.) cables: from 33 kV to 66 kV Extra super voltage cables : beyond 132 kV For 3-phase service, following types of cables are generally used: Belted cables upto 11 kV. Screened cables: from 22 kV to 66 kV 4-56 Scanned with CamScanner .s EEE JOB SOLUTION (v- PART-4: POWER SYSTEM Pressure cables: beyond 66 ky ‘gused in transmission line? Write dow n the properties of insulator. [CPAAIT pe in sisson iB © provide neces 00 ny 1eakoBe current from conductors to earth, ot insulati i "7 insulation between line conductors and supports se a pould have the following desirable properties ania! strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load et , tc righ ®*C”. al resistance of insulator material i 9 need resistance oft in order to avoid leakage currents to ea » Hive eriivty —— ‘material inorder that dielectric strength is nigh = a | should be non-porous, f it ate! ovltor materi Porous, free from impurities and eracks 4 * a eee . otherwise the rao of present 0 fatbover y He

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