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Short Test - Learning Unit 1.1

by C DU PREEZ - 10 Sep 2020 @ 9:23

Hi everyone!

I will be posting short tests on each Learning Unit as new Learning Unit summaries are posted. I hope these tests are helpful. Answering these tests
are by no means compulsory, but I do believe they will aid you for upcoming assignments and exams. You are welcome to post your answers either
on this page, or you may email me at [email protected].

1. Name the 2 goals of criminology. (2)

2. Name 5 things/aspects that criminology studies. (5)

3. Elaborate on the 5 fields of specialization within criminology and shortly discuss each. (10)

4. Provide examples of how crimes and justice are human constructions & vary over time and from community to community. (4)

5. Name the chief objective of criminal law. (1)

6. Discuss the 'element of guilt' according to the juridical definition of crime. (5)

7. TRUE/FALSE

7.1 According t the non-juridical definition of crime, criminologists should not study all illegal behaviour which harms society. (1)

7.2 Edward H. Sutherland is known as the father of American criminology. (1)

7.3 Acting in self-defense can be seen as a circumstance which legalizes an illegal act. (1)

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TOTAL: (30)

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Re: Short Test - Learning Unit 1.1

by R LLALE - 14 Sep 2020 @ 22:03

1. The goal of criminology is:

to understand the subject matter and

to determine how understanding can be used to benefit the society

2. Criminology studies:

crime
offenders
victims
punishment of offenders and
crime prevention and control strategies

3. Five specialisation in criminology are:

Criminal law - it covers the definition of crime and criminal behaviour

Crime theories - reasons and explanations provided by criminologist for the causes and occurrence of criminal behaviour
Victimology - it covers the study of crime victims
Criminal justice - is the study of agencies for social control
Criminal and deviant behavior systems - entails risk assessment strategies that determine the extent of criminal behaviour

4. Crime and justice are human constructions and vary from one society to the other. For instance, In United State of America, the use of a
forbidden phrase n-word in reference to African-Americans is regarded as racist and a racial slur, but is freely used and acceptable when used
between African-Americans themselves. However, it is forbidden in South Africa to use the k-work, which was predominantly used pre-1994,
irrespective of race. During apartheid, stealing from Whites South Africans was seen as 'taking' back what was stolen from Blacks, as a way to
weaken the system. Pregnancy termination is not permitted in most Islamic countries, yet in most democratic countries, like South Africa is
allowed, subject to legislative prescript as regulated in The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996.

5. The chief objective of criminal law is to provide rules and regulations regarding the control and prevention of crime and the punishment of
criminal and deviant behaviour.

6. Elements of guilt refer to the culpable frame of mind in which a person commits a wrongful act. Such a wrongful act is committed in a conscious
state of mind, whereby 'the holder of the guilt' has weighed the cost benefits and the potential repercussions thereof. There are two forms of guilt;
deliberate intent and negligence. The state of the perpetrator will determine his or her accountability. Factors like age, mental illness, intoxication,
and fear amongst others, will contribute to determining whether the perpetrator is accountable or not for his or her wrongful act.

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7.

7.1 False

7.2 True

7.3 True

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Re: Short Test - Learning Unit 1.1

by C DU PREEZ - 16 Sep 2020 @ 12:47

Good day R Llale,

Thank you for your active participation.

Please see below feedback to your assignment:

1. The goal of criminology is:

to understand the subject matter and (1)

to determine how understanding can be used to benefit the society (1)

2. Criminology studies:

crime Elaborate
offenders
victims (1)
punishment of offenders and
crime prevention and control strategies

Any of the below:

Causes of crime
Society’s reaction to crime
Differences in nature & scope of crime
Why only some commit crime
Explains judicial process
Victims of crime
Why they become victims
Profile of victims

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What makes them prone to becoming victims

3. Five specialisation in criminology are:

Criminal law - it covers the definition of crime and criminal behaviour (2)
Crime theories - reasons and explanations provided by criminologist for the causes and occurrence of criminal behaviour (2)
Victimology - it covers the study of crime victims (2)
Criminal justice - is the study of agencies for social control (2)
Criminal and deviant behavior systems - entails risk assessment strategies that determine the extent of criminal behaviour (2)

4. Crime and justice are human constructions and vary from one society to the other. For instance, In United State of America, the use of a
forbidden phrase n-word in reference to African-Americans is regarded as racist and a racial slur, but is freely used and acceptable when used
between African-Americans themselves. However, it is forbidden in South Africa to use the k-work, which was predominantly used pre-1994,
irrespective of race. During apartheid, stealing from Whites South Africans was seen as 'taking' back what was stolen from Blacks, as a way to
weaken the system. Pregnancy termination is not permitted in most Islamic countries, yet in most democratic countries, like South Africa is
allowed, subject to legislative prescript as regulated in The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1996. (4) Excellent examples.

5. The chief objective of criminal law is to provide rules and regulations regarding the control and prevention of crime and the punishment of
criminal and deviant behaviour. (0) Chief objective = protect people against unsanctioned behavior by others

6. Elements of guilt refer to the culpable frame of mind in which a person commits a wrongful act. Such a wrongful act is committed in a
conscious state of mind, whereby 'the holder of the guilt' has weighed the cost benefits and the potential repercussions thereof. There are two
forms of guilt; deliberate intent and negligence. The state of the perpetrator will determine his or her accountability. Factors like age, mental
illness, intoxication, and fear amongst others, will contribute to determining whether the perpetrator is accountable or not for his or her wrongful
act. (5)

7.

7.1 False (1)

7.2 True (1)

7.3 True (1)

TOTAL: 25/30 Excellent work

Please continue with your participation :)

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Forums->Short Tests->Short Test - Learning Unit 1.2

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Short Test - Learning Unit 1.2

by C DU PREEZ - 17 Sep 2020 @ 13:41

1. According to the classical school of criminology, what is the main instrument of human control? (1)

2. Name 4 of the assumptions of the classicial school of thought. (4)

3. What can inhibit free will according to the neo-classical school of thought? (4)

4. Discuss the crime control model and due process model. (6)

5. Name 3 of the assumptions of the positivist school of thought. (3)

6. In critical criminology, in terms of what concepts can crime be defined? (1)

7. List the 6 variants of feminism. (6)

8. Name 3 factors that contribute to crime according to the postmodernism school of thought. (3)

9. Name 2 factors affecting crime in South Africa. (2)

TOTAL: 30

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Re: Short Test - Learning Unit 1.2

by W MOKOELE - 27 Sep 2020 @ 15:33

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CMY501 short rest

1.It is fear (of pain)

2.All people are self-serving (selfish,hedonistic) and liable to commit crime.

To live in harmony people agree to give up certain freedoms for protection by strong central state.

Punishment is necessary to deter crime

State has performative to administer punishment.

3 Pathology

Incompetence

Mental disorder

Other conditions which may mitigate personal responsibility.

4.Crime control model

*Fundamental goal of criminal justice system is 'subjugation of crime

*Through robust law enforcement,strict enforcement and harsh punishment.

*Use of death penalty

*Better to emphasize protecting citizens from crime than protecting civil liberties of citizens.

*Concerns is more over public safety than individual rights.

Due process control

*Individual rights are important

*Better to let several criminals go free then falsely imprison innocent.

*Believes Criminal justice system is full of human error

*Individual rights should be protected at each stage

*Accused should be accorded legal counsel and unbiased treatment.

*Discretion by personnel should be limited.

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5.Focus-criminal behaviour

Protection through treatment and rehabilitation of offender.

*Stresses influence of hereditary,psychological and social factors as causes of crime

*Conviction that society is progressing

*Social scientist can study society,provide accurate understanding of how society works and a rational means of overcoming existing social
problems.

6.Crime is defined in terms of concept of oppression.

7.*Liberal feminism

*Radical feminism

*Marxist feminism

*Socialist feminism

*Black feminism

*Postmodern feminism

8.*Strives for equally for all genders

*Fights for race and sexuality and on basis of gender

*3 major contributions

9.*Political conflicts and competition

*Poverty,unemployment and relative deprivation due to apartheid.

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Forums->Short Tests->Short Test - Learning Unit 2.1

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Short Test - Learning Unit 2.1

by C DU PREEZ - 28 Sep 2020 @ 13:54

1. Name the seven categories of crime according to the South African Police Service (SAPS). (7)

2. Provide a discussion on the effects of alcohol on behaviour. (10)

3. List 5 reasons why people may not report a crime to the SAPS. (5)

4. List 7 crimes posing the greatest threat to citizens & welfare of our country according to the Government’s National Crime Prevention Strategy. (7)

5. Elaborate on how day, season and climate can have an effect on crime trends. (8)

6. TRUE/FALSE

6.1 Embezzlement can be categorised as a commercial crime. (1)

6.2 Alcohol increases serotonin levels in persons. (1)

6.3 An example of an 'expressive crime' would be corruption. (1)

TOTAL: (40)

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Re: Short Test - Learning Unit 2.1

by S NXUMALO - 14 Oct 2020 @ 23:41

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1. The seven categories of crime according to the South African Police Service (SAPS)

i. Crimes of violence
ii. Social fabric crime
iii. Property-related crime
iv. Commercial crime
v. Violence aimed at property
vi. Crimes heavily dependent on police action for tracing
vii. Crimes falling under robbery with aggravating circumstances

2. The effects of alcohol on behaviour

Generally, the alcohol or any other drug has the effects on behaviour. The reports on the current lock down due to COVID-19 Pandemic
outbreak suggested that the alcohol has effects on behaviour. The below discussion is strictly from the study guide.

According to Wash (2015:293–4), as more and more alcohol is drunk, behaviour becomes less and less inhibited as the rational cortex
surrenders its control of the drinker’s demeanour to the more primitive limbic system (the “emotional” brain). What is going on in the drinker’s
brain to cause this? Although alcohol is a brain-numbing depressant, at low dosages it is actually a stimulant because it raises dopamine
levels. Alcohol also reduces inhibition by affecting a neurotransmitter called GABA, which is a major inhibitor of internal stimuli such as fear,
anxiety, and stress. Additionally, alcohol decreases serotonin, reduces impulse control, and increases the likelihood of aggression (Walsh &
Bolen in Walsh 2015:293). Alcohol’s direct effects on the brain can thus help us to reinvent ourselves as “superior” beings: the fearful to
become courageous, the withdrawn to become more confident, and the timid to become more assertive.

As powerful a behavioural disinhibitor as alcohol is, it is not sufficient by itself to change anyone’s behaviour in the direction of serious law
violations. Most people don’t become violent or commit criminal offences when drinking, even when they are “over the limit”. Alcohol releases
behaviours we normally keep under control, but may be prone to exhibit when control is weakened. Hence we may become silly, amorous,
melancholic, maudlin, and even aggressive and violent when our underlying propensity to be these things is facilitated by alcohol and the
social context in which it is drunk. In some contexts, drinking may lead to violence, but not in others. Experimental research has shown that
drinking increases fantasies of power and domination, increases the incidence of not backing off when challenged or of interpreting some
gestures as threatening (Walsh 2015:293). Add a vehicle to the equation and it is clear how this

combination can lead to increased (often serious/fatal) motor vehicle collisions.

3. Five reasons why people may not report a crime to the SAPS.

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i. A crime is sometimes seen as too insignificant to report.

ii. A victim might not be sure how seriously their allegation will be taken by the police.
iii. The victim fears retaliation or repeat victimisation.
iv. The crime is considered personally embarrassing or shameful.
v. There is a lack of trust in the competency in the SAPS

4. Seven crimes posing the greatest threat to citizens & welfare of our country according to the Government’s National Crime Prevention Strategy.

i. crime with firearms, which has allowed violence to increase to a great extent
ii. organised crime, such as drug smuggling and illegal immigration, which has risen
iii. sharply since South Africa’s readmission into the international community white collar crime
iv. sexual violence and crime against children
v. violence added to conflict between groups, such as those in KwaZulu-Natal and the continuing taxi wars, which threaten democracy
vi. vehicle theft and hijacking, which contribute to fear and feelings of insecurity
vii. corruption in the legal system

5. How day, season and climate can have an effect on crime trends.

According to the study guide, “The warm summer months show an increase in reported crimes. Research has shown that stress levels can rise
due to long-term exposure to extreme temperatures, which relates to an increase in violent crimes (Siegel 2009:45). People spend more time
outdoors because of the pleasant weather. In addition, young people commit morecrime than any other age group and, during the long holiday
season (November to January), they have greater opportunities to commit crime and also to become victims of crime. During this same period,
houses are left vacant because people are on holiday, making them more vulnerable to property crimes.

The first day of the month can also have an influence on the increase in crime.

Consider the following two reasons:

• paying out of pensions

• people having extra money available which may relate to behaviours associated with crime such as drinking, partying and gambling (Siegel
2009:45)

Instead of receiving a salary at the end of the month, many workers get paid in cash on a weekly basis. This practice can also contribute to
crime owing to consumption of alcohol over weekends when socialising with people at taverns, clubs, shebeens and so on.”

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6.1 TRUE

6.2 FALSE

6.3 FALSE

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Forums->Short Tests->Short Test - Learning Unit 2.2

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Short Test - Learning Unit 2.2

by C DU PREEZ - 14 Oct 2020 @ 7:21

1. Discuss the 3 ways in which people respond to crime statistics. (6)

2. Explain why it can be stated that police statistics do not reflect the true extent of crime. (5)

3. Provide a detailed discussion on 4 of the main shortcomings/limitations of official crime statistics. (8)

4. Name the main strength of self-report studies/surveys. (1)

5. List 4 of the main critiques of self-report studies. (4)

6. Name the main goal of data mining. (1)

7. Discuss how geography of a city can influence crime. (5)

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Re: Short Test - Learning Unit 2.2

by S NXUMALO - 16 Oct 2020 @ 0:04

1. The three ways in which people respond to crime statistics.

The “awestruck” treat them with reverence and as if they represent the clear truth about a particular issue.
The “naïve” are more critical, but also tend to accept statistics as hard facts.

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The “cynical” are very suspicious about statistics believing that they are often flawed, that they can be manipulated to prove anything
and, even worse, that they are deliberately used to mislead and deceive.

2. Why it can be stated that police statistics do not reflect the true extent of crime.

The police statistic only reflects on reported crimes, and this alone is the problem. Not all crimes committed are reported to the police.
What make things worse is that the members of the community seems to be not willing to report crime to police. This is influence by the
perception that police are corrupt and/or lazy which results the members of public to see no need to report crime to police. As this
perception grows led to more cases went unreported which results the police statistics to be more unreliable.

3. Four of the main shortcomings/limitations of official crime statistics.

Official crime statistics include only those crimes which are reported to the police. Crimes are therefore committed which are never
included in statistics and this a general shortcomings of official statistics.
Some crimes are much more likely to be reported than others, for example, where insurance claims require the presentation of a case
number and serious crimes as opposed to petty crimes like washing stolen on washing which is common occurrences in townships and
informal settlement.
Police acumen may influence reporting and recording as different police stations often employ different categories and official procedure.
Sometimes police are always suspected of manipulating the statistics in some stations to create the impression that they are winning the
war against crime.
Changing norms and values may influence the crime rate. In most cases this influence by communities for instance once the
communities draw the line in certain types of crime and threaten to take law in their hands e.g. Child abuse and domestic violence, stock
theft in farming communities.

4. The main strength of self-report studies/surveys, according to Walsh (2015:38), is that researchers can correlate a variety of characteristics of
respondents with their admitted offences that go beyond the demographics of age, race and gender.

5. Four of the main critiques of self-report studies.

Are too often limited to asking questions only about petty offences,
Usually conducted among young people,
May not provide results that are representative of the wider population’
Cannot guarantee that respondents have told the truth.

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6. The main goal of data mining is to identify significant and recognisable patterns, trends and relationships that are not detected through
traditional techniques alone.

7. How geography of a city can influence crime.

The geography of a city can strongly influence the type of crime because in some areas it easier or more difficult type of crime to occur. For
instance, number of exits/entrances to the city, open veld, parks, levels streets from the houses, dilapidated buildings determine the type of
crime will or will not occur

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Forums->Short Tests->Short Test - Learning Unit 3.1

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Short Test - Learning Unit 3.1

by C DU PREEZ - 14 Oct 2020 @ 7:21

1. Provide a brief discussion on the 4 types of violent offenders. (10)

2. List the 3 factors which influence conventional crime. (3)

3. Provide a discussion of the factors influencing crime among black people. (5)

4. Provide an explanation of the 'age-crime curve'. (5)

5. Name the 4 theories Walsh introduced to help explain offending. (4)

6. TRUE/FALSE

6.1 Asian nations have the highest crime rates. (1)

6.2 The chivalry hypothesis believes women are protected by decision-makers in the justice system. (1)

6.3 The majority of South African prisoners are between the ages of 30 and 35 years old. (1)

TOTAL: (30)

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