Chapter 2

Modeling of Hybrid Renewable Energy

System

2.1 Introduction

RES can be connected together in a DC-bus, or AC-bus, or in a hybrid DC/AC-

buses. The choice of the appropriate configuration depends on the type of output
power for most generation and loads. Therefore, it is better to use DC-bus coupling if
most generation and some loads are DC [51] and to use AC-bus coupling in the case
of mainly AC generation and loads [52]. If the major power sources of the HRES
generate a mixture of AC and DC power, then a hybrid-coupled integration scheme
is preferable (i.e. hybrid DC/AC-buses) [53], which is the case considered in this
book as shown in Fig. 2.1.

2.2 Modeling of Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel

Energy System

The configuration used in Fig. 2.1 consists of wind energy and PV energy systems,
DG, battery bank, charge controller, bidirectional converter, main load, and dummy
load. The dispatch of this configuration is easy to be understood. The main load is
supplied primarily from the WT and PV array through the bidirectional converter.
The excess power from the wind energy system and/or PV energy system above the
load demand is stored in the battery bank until the batteries are completely charged.
If the battery storage is full; excess power (i.e., dummy power) will be used to
supply certain special loads (i.e., dummy loads), such as loads for cooling and
heating purposes, water pumping, and charging the batteries of emergency lights.
When the load power is greater than the generated power, the deficit power will be
compensated from the batteries until they reach the minimum SOC (SOCmin). When
the battery storage is exhausted and the HRES fails to meet the load demand, DG is

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 11

M. Abdelaziz Mohamed and A.M. Eltamaly, Modeling and Simulation of Smart
Grid Integrated with Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Studies in Systems,
Decision and Control 121, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64795-1_2
12 2 Modeling of Hybrid Renewable Energy System

AC Bus DC Bus

Wind Turbines

AC
PV Array
Diesel Generator

DC
Battery
Charger

Main Load

Dummy
Load

Battery Bank

Fig. 2.1 Schematic diagram of the hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery energy system

used. Mathematical modeling of the proposed HRES parts is detailed in the fol-
lowing subsections.

2.2.1 Modeling of Wind Energy System

Wind resources and the electric power output from WT at a particular location
depend on wind speed at the hub height, the WT speed characteristics. Wind speed
at the hub height of WT is calculated by the power law equation using the wind
speed data collected at the anemometer height as [54]:

a
h
uðhÞ ¼ uðhg Þ ð2:1Þ
hg

where, u(h) and u(hg) are wind speeds at hub height (h) and anemometer height
(hg), respectively, and a is the roughness factor. The value of a differs from site
to site and from time to time at the same site and has been taken in this book as
0.14 [55].
2.2 Modeling of Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel Energy System 13

The output power of WT is described in terms of wind speed from the typical
power curve characteristics of the WT as follows [56]:
8
< 0; u\uc or u [ uf
PW ðuÞ ¼ Pr uu2 u
2 2
c
; uc  u  ur ð2:2Þ
: r uc
2

Pr ; ur  u  uf

where, PW is the WT output power, Pr is the rated output power of WT, uc is the
cut-in wind speed, ur is the rated wind speed, and uf is the cut-off wind speed.
The capacity factor of the WT can be calculated as follows:
h i h i
exp ðuC =cÞk  exp ður =cÞk h  k i
CF ¼ k k
 exp  uf =c ð2:3Þ
ður =cÞ ðuC =cÞ

Weibull distribution is a statistical tool that can be used to model wind speeds.
This tool can identify how often winds of different speeds will be seen at a par-
ticular location with a certain average wind speed. The Weibull parameters, shape
parameter (k) and scale parameter (c) are calculated using the following statistical
analysis method, respectively [57]:

k¼a
ð2:4Þ
c ¼ expðb=kÞ

where,
!
X
w X
w X
w
a¼ ðxi 
xÞ ðyi 
yÞ = ðxi 
xÞ2 ð2:5Þ
i¼1 i¼1 i¼1

1X w
aX w
b ¼
yi  a
xi ¼ yi  xi ð2:6Þ
w i¼1 w i¼1

yi ¼ lnð lnð1  F ðui ÞÞÞ; xi ¼ lnðui Þ ð2:7Þ

where,
x and
y are the mean values of xi and yi, respectively.

The average power generated by each WT at a certain site can be calculated in
terms of the Weibull parameters and the capacity factor from the following
equations:

PWT;av ¼ CF  Pr ð2:8Þ

where, PWT,av is WT average power.

14 2 Modeling of Hybrid Renewable Energy System

The number of WT (NWT) required to supply an average annual demand (PL,av)

can be calculated by the following equation:

PL;av
NWT ¼ ð2:9Þ
PWT;av

2.2.2 Modeling of PV Energy System

The solar radiation on tilted surface (Ht) can be estimated considering the solar
insolation, ambient temperature, and manufacturer’s data of the PV panels, slope of
the PV panels and latitude and longitude of the site [58, 59]. The output power of
the PV system (PPV) is calculated as expressed in the following equation [60]:

PPV ðtÞ ¼ Ht ðtÞ  PVA  lc ðtÞ ð2:10Þ

where, µc(t) is the hourly generating efficiency of the PV system and can be
obtained in terms of the cell temperature as shown in the following equation [60]:

lc ðtÞ ¼ lcr ½1  bt  ðTc ðtÞ  Tcr Þ ð2:11Þ

where, bt is the temperature coefficient, ranging from 0.004 to 0.006 per °C for
silicon cells [61]. µcr and Tcr are the theoretical solar cell efficiency and temperature
at solar radiation flux of 1000 W/m2, respectively. In this book, bt has been taken as
0.004 per °C. µcr and bt are usually given by the PV module manufacturers. For the
usual theoretical temperature Tcr = 25 °C, a literature average value for crystalline
silicon modules theoretical efficiency is µcr = 0.12. Tc(t) is the hourly solar cell
temperature at the ambient temperature (Ta), and can be obtained from the fol-
lowing equation [61]:

Tc ðtÞ ¼ Ta þ k Ht ðtÞ ð2:12Þ

where, k is the Ross coefficient, expresses the temperatures rise above ambient with
increasing solar flux. Earlier reported values for k were in the range 0.02–0.04 Cm2/W
[61]. The value of k has been used in this book as 0.03 Cm2/W.
PVA is the total solar cells area required to supply the load demand and can be
calculated from the following equation:

1 X8760
PL;av ðtÞ Fs
PVA ¼ ð2:13Þ
8760 t¼1 Ht gc ðtÞ VF

where, Fs is the safety factor which includes the possible allowance of insolation
data inaccuracy, VF is the factor of variability which considers the impact of yearly
radiation variation, and their values are around 1.1 and 0.95, respectively.
2.2 Modeling of Hybrid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel Energy System 15

2.2.3 Battery Storage Model

The SOC after certain time (t) is calculated based on the energy balance between the
wind, PV energy systems and the load as given by the following equations:

EB ðt þ 1Þ ¼ EB ðtÞð1  rÞ þ surplus power  gBC Charging mode ð2:14Þ

EB ðt þ 1Þ ¼ EB ðtÞð1  rÞ  deficit power=gBD Discharging mode ð2:15Þ

where, EB is the energy of the battery bank, ηBC and ηBD are the charging and
discharging efficiency of the battery bank (in this book ηBC and ηBD have been
considered as 90% and 85%, respectively) [62]. r is the battery self-discharge rate;
it is assumed as 0.2% per day for most batteries [63].
At any time, the battery bank should follow the following constraints:

EB;min  EB ðtÞ  EB;max ð2:16Þ

E B ð t þ 1Þ ¼ E B ð t Þ ð 1  r Þ ð2:17Þ

where, EB,max and EB,min are the maximum and minimum allowable storage
capacities of the battery bank, respectively. EB,min can be obtained from the fol-
lowing equation:

EB;min ¼ DOD EBR ; ð2:18Þ

where, EBR is the nominal storage capacity of the battery bank, and DOD is the
maximum depth of discharge of the battery bank.

2.2.4 Diesel Generator Model

DG is the conventional source of energy which is used as a backup to supply the

power deficiency in HRES. The hourly fuel consumption of DG is assessed using
the following equation [64]:

Df ðtÞ ¼ aD PDg ðtÞ þ bD PDgr ð2:19Þ

where, Df(t) is the hourly fuel consumption of DG in L/h, PDg is the average power
per hour of the DG, kW, PDgr is the DG rated power, kW, aD and bD are the
coefficients of the fuel consumption curve, L/kWh, these coefficients have been
considered in this book as 0.246 and 0.08145, respectively [65].