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The document discusses energy management systems (EMS) in the context of smart grids. It summarizes several existing works that propose methods for demand profile shaping to smooth demand and reduce peaks. This includes optimization models, dynamic pricing schemes, and distributed scheduling mechanisms. It then notes limitations of these existing works, such as focusing on single objectives like cost or emissions, not considering load shifting or management priorities. The document introduces that this book will present a new methodology using load shifting through a smart grid application and particle swarm optimization to optimize hybrid renewable energy system sizing.

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51 views3 pages

1 - 3 - 3 Energy Management Systems

The document discusses energy management systems (EMS) in the context of smart grids. It summarizes several existing works that propose methods for demand profile shaping to smooth demand and reduce peaks. This includes optimization models, dynamic pricing schemes, and distributed scheduling mechanisms. It then notes limitations of these existing works, such as focusing on single objectives like cost or emissions, not considering load shifting or management priorities. The document introduces that this book will present a new methodology using load shifting through a smart grid application and particle swarm optimization to optimize hybrid renewable energy system sizing.

Uploaded by

basharfarhan
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8 1 Introduction and Literature Review

1.3.3 Energy Management Systems

With the framework of smart grid and energy management systems (EMS), many
management challenges become possible. Demand profile shaping (DPS) is the
important challenge of the EMS. DPS can be accomplished by shifting, scheduling,
or reducing demand in order to obtain a smoothed demand profile, or reduce peak
demand. As an example, Cui et al. [41] proposed a dynamic pricing framework
providing incentives to users to create full load profile appropriate for them and
utilities, and almost approaching to an ideal flat profile.
Conejo et al. [42] described an optimization model to adjust the hourly load level
in response to hourly electricity prices. The objective of the model is to maximize the
utility of the consumer subject to a minimum daily energy consumption level,
maximum and minimum hourly load levels, and ramping limits on such load levels.
The authors also modeled the price uncertainty using robust optimization techniques.
Caron and Kesidis [43] proposed a dynamic pricing scheme incentivizing con-
sumers to achieve an aggregate load profile suitable for utilities and studied how
close they can get to an ideal flat profile depending on how much information they
share. In addition, they provided distributed stochastic strategies that successfully
exploit this information to improve the overall load profile when users have only
access to the instantaneous total load on the grid.
Kishore and Snyder [44] presented a simple optimization model for determining
the timing of appliance operation to take advantage of lower electricity rates during
off-peak periods. They proposed a distributed scheduling mechanism to reduce peak
demand within a neighborhood of homes. Their mechanism provides homes a
guaranteed base level of power and allows them to compete for additional power to
meet their needs. Finally, they introduced more powerful energy management
controller’s optimization model, based on dynamic programming, which accounts
for the potential for electricity capacity constraints.
Mohsenian-Rad and Leon-Garcia [45] proposed an optimal and automatic res-
idential energy consumption scheduling framework, which attempts to achieve the
desired trade-off between customers who are more willing to reduce their aggregate
demand over the entire horizon, rather than shifting their load to off-peak periods,
which tend to receive higher incentives, and vice versa.
Ghosh et al. [46] developed an optimization mechanism incentivizing the energy
customers. This mechanism depends on the trade-off between minimizing the
electricity bills and minimizing the waiting time for the operation of each device.
Lee et al. [47] first developed a generalized measure of dispatchability of energy,
identified two classes of dispatchable energy loads, and then they created models
for these loads to match their consumption to the generation of energy sources.
O’Neill et al. [48] presented a novel energy management system for residential
demand response. The algorithm named CAES and used to reduce the residential
energy costs and smooth the energy usage. CAES is an online learning application
that implicitly estimates the impact of future energy prices and consumer decisions
on long-term costs and schedules residential device usage.
1.3 Literature Review 9

Emission control is an important management objective in the electric power


industry and has a significant influence on environment protection. Therefore, many
researchers have investigated how to optimize emission reduction. Bakker et al.
[49] presented a three-step control strategy to optimize the overall energy efficiency
and increase generation from renewable resources with the ultimate goal to reduce
the CO2 emission caused by electricity generation.
Saber and Venayagamoorthy [50] presented cost and emission reductions in a
smart grid by maximum utilization of gridable vehicles (GVs) and RES. They
presented possible models for GV applications, including the smart grid model;
these models offer the best potential for maximum utilization of RES to reduce cost
and emission from the electricity industry.
A common disadvantage of the optimization methods described above is that
they focused on one problem like sizing, matching, reliability, emission control or
cost minimization, and they didn’t address multi-objectives or multi-constraints
analysis of HRES [14–39]. Also, in some researches, the minimization of the
system cost is implemented by using probability programming techniques or by
linearly changing the values of corresponding decision variables, resulting in
suboptimal solutions and sometimes increased the computational effort require-
ments [15–17]. Furthermore, some of these methods [14, 20, 28] did not take into
account some system design characteristics, such as PV modules slope angle and
WT installation height, which highly affect the optimization accuracy. The choice
of the appropriate configuration of the proposed system depends on the type of
output power of most generation systems and load types. However, most of the
proposed systems described in [14, 16, 17–24, 26–28, 30, 32, 35–39] used a
DC-bus alone or AC-bus alone for HRES despite the difference in generated energy
sources. Furthermore, all of the algorithms developed in the above literature do not
consider the management and exploitation of the dummy energy while renewable
generation greater than the load demand and the maximum acceptable power in
storage devices [14–50].
Concerning EMS and DPS in the smart grid system, some of the optimization
approaches described in the above studies didn’t consider load shifting and
management-based load priority, and management-based available generation
[14–50]. Also, some of these approaches relied on the consumer’s endeavors or
encouragement consumers to improve the load profile or decrease peak demand,
which makes it hard to be accomplished [41, 43, 45, 46, 48]. Furthermore, most of
these approaches depend on the presence of a real-time pricing tariff for cost or peak
demand reduction which is sometimes not available [42, 44, 47]. Cost reduction or
peak demand reduction can be accomplished by applying smart grid applications
like load shifting based-available generation, which has been considered in this
book.
This book introduces a methodology to determine the optimum design of the
HRES. Load shifting based-smart grid application and PSO algorithm have been
utilized together in this methodology, which has not been reported before in the
literature, and considered as the main new contributions in this work.
10 1 Introduction and Literature Review

1.4 Research Objectives

The main objective of this study is to model, optimize and simulate the HRES
integrated with the smart grid. This study covers the following objectives:
• Developing a mathematical model for the HRES components.
• Developing a model for the economic calculations of the proposed system.
• Developing a control strategy for the demand based generation.
• Optimizing the size of the proposed system, based on smart grid application.
• Developing a proposed methodology for management and exploitation of the
dummy energy.

1.5 Organization of Book

The book is organized in six chapters including this chapter. The following is a
brief description of each chapter:
In this chapter introduces an overview of renewable energy generation. The
challenges that can be addressed based on the smart grid are presented. In addition,
the problem statement, the research objectives, and the book outline are presented.
Finally, a survey of the literature on integrating RES and energy management in the
smart grid system is presented.
Chapter 2 introduces a model for the proposed HRES. A mathematical model for
each part of the HRES is presented. System reliability model and energy cost model
for HRES are also introduced.
Chapter 3 introduces a new iterative optimization algorithm for sizing the
components of a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery energy system to meet
the load demand with the lowest generated energy cost and the highest reliability.
Chapter 4 introduces a novel intelligent algorithm to determine the optimum size
of stand-alone HRES using smart grid applications. Demand profile shaping is
introduced using the load shifting method.
Chapter 5 introduces a PSO algorithm based on smart grid applications to
determine the optimum size of stand-alone HRES so as to meet the load require-
ments with the minimum cost and the highest reliability. Parallel implementation of
PSO is introduced to distribute and speed up the optimization process.
Chapter 6 provides general conclusions of this book.

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