CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

CHAPTER 1

1. General Introduction

1.1. Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structures

The aim of structural analysis is to evaluate the external reactions, the deformed shape and internal
stresses in the structure. If this can be determined strictly from equations of equilibrium, then such
structures are known as determinate structures. However, in many structures, it is not possible to
determine either reactions or internal stresses or both using equilibrium equations alone, because
the structures having more unknown forces than available equilibrium equations such structures are
known as the statically indeterminate structures. Static indeterminacy may be internal or external
(or both), depending on the redundancy. The total number of releases required to make a structure
statically determinate is called the degree of statical indeterminacy.

Fig 1.1 Statically indeterminate structure

For instance, the beam shown in Fig.1.1 has four reaction components, whereas we have only 3
equations of equilibrium. Hence the beam is externally indeterminate to the first degree.

Advantages and disadvantages of indeterminate structures

The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include the
following.
• Smaller Stresses- the maximum stresses in statically indeterminate structures are generally
lower than those in comparable determinate structures.
• Greater Stiffnesses- Statically indeterminate structures generally have higher stiffness’s
(i.e., smaller deformations), than those of comparable determinate structures.
• Redundancies- Statically indeterminate structures, if properly designed, have the capacity
for redistributing loads when certain structural portions become overstressed or collapse in
cases of overloads due to earthquakes, impact (e.g. vehicle impacts), and other such events.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 1

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

The following are some of the main disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures, over
determinate structures.
• Stresses Due to Support Settlements - Support settlements do not cause any stresses in
determinate structures; they may, however, induce significant stresses in indeterminate
structures, which should be taken into account when designing indeterminate structures.
• Stresses Due to Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors- Like support settlements,
these effects do not cause stresses in determinate structures but may induce significant
stresses in indeterminate ones.

Kinematic Indeterminacy of structures

When the structure is loaded, the joints undergo displacements in the form of translations and
rotations. In the displacement-based analysis, these joint displacements are treated as unknown
quantities.
The joint displacements in a structure is treated as independent if each displacement (translation and
rotation) can be varied arbitrarily and independently of all other displacements. The number of
independent joint displacement in a structure is known as the degree of kinematic indeterminacy or
the number of degrees of freedom.

Consider a propped cantilever beam shown in Fig. 1.2 (a). The displacements at a fixed support are
zero. Hence, for a propped cantilever beam, we have to evaluate only rotation at B and this is
known as the kinematic indeterminacy of the structure. A fixed-fixed beam is kinematically
determinate but statically indeterminate to the 3rd degree. A simply supported beam and a cantilever
beam shown in Fig. 1.2 (a) & (b) are kinematically indeterminate to 2nd degree.
Remark: - Usually, the axial rigidity of the beam is so high that the change in its length along
axial direction may be neglected.

(a) Propped Cantilever Beam

(b) Cantilever Beam

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

(c) Simply Supported Beam

Fig. 1.2 Kinematically indeterminate structures

In the plane frame shown in Fig.1.3 (a), the joints B and C have 3 degrees of freedom as shown in
the figure. However if axial deformations of the members are neglected then u1= u4 and u2 and u4
can be neglected. Hence, we have 3 independent joint displacement as shown in Fig. 1.3(b) i.e.
rotations at B and C and one translation.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.3 Rigid frames

1.2. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

In the analysis of statically determinate structures, the equations of equilibrium are first used to
obtain the reactions and the internal forces of the structure; then the member force-deformation
relations and the compatibility conditions are employed to determine the structure’s displacements.

However, in the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the equilibrium equations alone are
not sufficient for determining the reactions and internal forces. Therefore, it becomes necessary to
solve the equilibrium equations in conjunction with the compatibility conditions of the structure to
determine its response. Because the equilibrium equations contain the unknown forces, whereas the
compatibility conditions involve displacements as the unknowns, the member force-deformation
relations are utilized to express the unknown forces either in terms of the unknown displacements or
vice versa. The resulting system of equations containing only one type of unknowns is then solved
for the unknown forces or displacements, which are then substituted into the fundamental
relationships to determine the remaining response characteristics of the structure.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 3

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

For analyzing statically indeterminate structures, many methods have been developed. These
methods can be broadly classified into two categories, namely, the force (flexibility) methods and
the displacement(stiffness) methods, depending on the type of unknowns (forces or displacements,
respectively), involved in the solution of the governing equations.
Thus, some of these methods are:

• The consistent deformation method (force/ flexible method)

• Slope-displacement method
• Cross Moment distribution method
• Kani’s Method of structural Analysis
• The stiffness method
Analysis of indeterminate structures using consistent deformation and slope deflection methods
involve solutions of simultaneous equations. On the other hand, Cross and Kani moment
distribution methods involve successive cycles of computation.

1.3. Revision on Consistent Deformation Method

The method of consistent deformations, or sometimes referred to as the force or flexibility method,
is one of the several techniques available to analyze indeterminate structures. The following is the
procedure that describes the concept of this method for analyzing externally indeterminate
structures with single or double degrees of indeterminacy.

Principle: - Given a set of forces on a structure, the reactions must assume such a value as are not
only in static equilibrium with the applied forces but also satisfy the conditions of geometry at the
supports as well as the indeterminate points of the structure.

This method involves with the replacement of redundant supports or restrains by unknown actions
in such a way that one obtain a basic determinate structure under the action of the applied loading
and these unknown reactions or redundant. Then, the derived basic determinate structure must still
satisfy the physical requirements at the location of the excess supports now replace by redundant
reactions.

1.3.1. Beams by Consistent Deformation

The basic procedures to solve intermediate beams by the method of consistent deformation method
are as follows:

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

• determine the degree of indeterminacy

• select redundant and remove restraint
• determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary structure
• calculate deformation at redundant
• write consistent deformation equation
• solve consistent deformation equation
• determine support reactions
• draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

For illustration, consider the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 1.4 (a).

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.4
The basic determinate beam under applied loading and redundant reaction, RB =1 , is shown in Fig.
1.4 (b).
∆B
The condition of geometry dictates that: ∆ B − RB δ B = 0 ⇒ RB = =0
δB
The deflection of end B due to the applied load P and the redundant reaction RB become.

5 PL3 RB L3
∆B = and δ B =
48 EI 3EI

11 3
From statics, RB = P and M A = PL
16 16

1.3.2. Trusses by Consistent Deformation

The method essentially consists of choosing a basic determinate truss (structure) on which the
applied loading and the redundant force act and the applying conditions of geometry requiring the
deflection in the direction of the redundant force must be zero or specified value. Once the
redundant are determined, the member forces and other desired reaction components can be
determined by the principle of super position.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 5

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

Fig 1.5

The given truss is indeterminate to the 1st degree externally. A basic determinate structure shown
below is selected with external redundant HD (the horizontal reaction).

Fig. 1.6
From the geometry of the original structure shown in Fig.1.6(a), the horizontal displacement of
support D due to the applied load becomes:

SL
∆ 0 = ∑ u1
AE

Similarly, for Fig. 1.6 (b), the horizontal displacement of support D due to the fictitious load
u1=1kN, becomes:
2
u L
δ1 = ∑ 1
AE

The horizontal displacement of support D of the actual structure is zero. Thus the following
equation holds true.

∆0
∆ 0 + H Dδ 1 = 0 , ⇒ H D = −
δ1

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 6

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

CHAPTER 2
2. Slope Deflection Method
2.1. Introduction
The slope-deflection method uses displacements as unknowns and is referred to as a displacement
method. The basic idea of the slope deflection method is to write the moments for each node of the
members in terms of the deflections and rotations.

An important characteristic of the slope-deflection method is that it does not become increasingly
complicated to apply as the number of unknowns in the problem increases. In the slope-deflection
method the individual equations are relatively easy to construct regardless of the number of
unknowns. In this method, the relationship is established between moments at the ends of the
members and the corresponding rotations and displacements.
The basic assumptions are:
• axial deformation is neglected
(axial deformation is considered for reasonable and highly sensitive structures)
• shear deformation is neglected
• deformation due to bending moment and rotation is considered

Degree of Freedom (DOF)

When a structure is loaded, it deforms into a unique shape that can be specified provided we know
the displacement of specific joints on a structure. The displacements are angular and relative linear
displacements. These displacements are called degree of freedom, DOF.

In the figure shown below, node A can rotate, node B is restrained from rotation and there is a
relative settlement between the supports. Thus, θA and ∆ are called DOFs.

Fig. 2.1

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

Fixed-End Moments (FEM):

When all of the joints of a structure are clamped to prevent any joint rotation, the external loads
produce certain moments at the ends of the members to which they are applied. These moments are
referred to as fixed-end moments. These could be due to in-span loads, temperature variation and/or
relative displacement between the ends of a member.
Fixed-end moments for several common types of loading conditions may be found tabulated in
different structural analysis books for convenient reference.
2.2. Sign Convention

The moments at the end of a member are assumed to be positive when they tend to rotate the
member clockwise about the joint. This implies that the resisting moment of the joint would be
counter-clockwise. Accordingly, under gravity loading condition the fixed-end moment at the left
end is assumed as counter-clockwise (−ve) and at the right end as clockwise (+ve).

2.3. Analysis of beams

2.3.1. Derivation of Slope-Deflection Equation

For the derivation of slope deflection equation, a typical member AB of a continuous beam shown
below is considered.

Fig 2.2

The slope-deflection equations can be obtained by superposing the moments induced at each
support due to the applied load (FEM) and each of the displacements (θA, θB and ∆).

I. Contribution of the applied load

Moments due to the applied load, FEMs, (MFAB and MFBA) are obtained from Tables.

Fig. 2.3
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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

II. Contribution of rotation at A, θA

In order to develop the method, consider the beam shown in Fig 2.4(a) below. By the conjugate
beam theorem, the deflection of the real beam at A and B is zero and therefore the sum of moments
at nodes A’ and B’ of the conjugate beam must be zero.

Fig.2.4 (a) real beam Fig. 2.4 (b) conjugate beam

For the conjugate beam,

M BA L M L
∑M = A'
(2 L / 3) + AB ( L / 3) = 0 (2.1)
2 EI 2 EI
M BA L M L
∑M = R L +
B' A1
( L / 3) − AB (2 L / 3) = 0 (2.2)
2 EI 2 EI

Based on the conjugate beam theorem, the shear force of the conjugate beam is the rotation of the
corresponding actual beam. Therefore, RA1=θA. From Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) the following relations
are obtained:

4 EI 2 EI 1
M AB = θA and M BA = θA → M BA = M AB (2.3)
L L 2
The contribution of rotation at A (θA) on the end moment at A is twice as compared with the end
moment at B.

III. Contribution of rotation at B, θB

Fig. 2.5
In a similar manner, the end moments due to rotation of node B are:
2 EI 4 EI
M AB = θB and M BA = θB (2.4)
L L

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

From the above results, it is observed that the end-moment at A has twice the contribution from the
rotation at A compared with the rotation at B. More generally, the contribution from a rotation at
the “near” end is twice that of the rotation at the “far” end. The constant (1/2) is called the carry-
over factor.

IV. Contribution of relative linear displacement, ∆

If the far node B of the member is displaced relative to A, so that the chord rotates clockwise (the
member experiences negative rotations) and yet both ends do not rotate, then equal but opposite
moment and shear reactions are developed in the member.

Using the conjugate beam method, the moment of the conjugate beam is the displacement of the
real beam and hence end B’ of conjugate beam shown in Fig. 2.6(b) must have subjected to a
moment of magnitude ∆.

Fig. 2.6 (a)-real beam Fig.2.6 (b): conjugate beam

Fig. 4b ∑F y
= 0 →M AB = M BA (2.5)

M BA L M L
Fig. 4b ∑M B'
=∆+
2 EI
( L / 3) − AB (2 L / 3) = 0
2 EI
(2.6)

Solve Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) simultaneously,

6 EI∆
M AB = M BA = −
L2
The total moment at each node is obtained by adding all the moments due to FEM, contributions
from rotations at A and B and relative linear displacement.

2 EI
M AB = M ABF + ( 2θ A + θ B − 3ψ ) (2.7)
L
2 EI
M BA = M BAF + ( 2θ B + θ A − 3ψ ) (2.8)
L

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

In Eqs. (2.7) and (2.8) ψ is the span’s cord angle =∆/L. Theses equations, which express the
moments at the ends of a member in terms of its end rotations and translations for a specified
external loading, are called the slope-deflection equations.
From Equations (2.7 & 2.8), we observe that the two slope-deflection equations have the same form
and that either one of the equations can be obtained from the other simply by switching the
subscripts A and B.

2.4. Beams with Hinged Ends

The slope-deflection equations derived previously (Eq.(2.7) or Eq. (2.8)) are based on the condition
that the member is rigidly connected to joints at both ends, so that the member end rotations θA and
θB are equal to the rotations of the adjacent joints. When one of the member’s ends is connected to
the adjacent joint by a hinged connection, the moment at the hinged end must be zero. The slope-
deflection equations can be easily modified to reflect this condition. With reference to Fig.2.2, if the
end B of member AB is hinged, then the moment at B must be zero. By substituting MBA =0 into
Eq. (2.7), we write
2 EI
M AB = M ABF + ( 2θ A + θ B − 3ψ ) (2.9)
L

2 EI
M BA = M BAF + ( 2θ B + θ A − 3ψ ) = 0 (2.10)
L

Solving for θB from Eq. (2.10) and substitute this value into Eq. (2.9), thus obtaining the modified
slope-deflection equations for member AB with a hinge at end B:

 3EI  F M BA F

M AB = ( θ A − ψ ) +  M AB − 
 L  2 

 (2.11)
M = 0
 BA

Similarly, it can be shown that for a member AB with a hinge at end A, the rotation of the hinged
end is given by:

 3EI  F M AB F

 M BA = ( θ B − ψ ) +  M BA − 
 L  2 

 (2.12)
 M =0
 AB



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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

2.5. Structures with Cantilever Overhangs

Consider a continuous beam with a cantilever overhang, as shown in Fig. 2.7(a). Since the
cantilever portion CD of the beam is statically determinate in the sense that the shear and moment at
its end C can be obtained by applying the equations of equilibrium (Fig. 2.7(b)), it is not necessary
to include this portion in the analysis. Thus, for the purpose of analysis, the cantilever portion CD
can be removed from the structure, provided that the moment and the force exerted by the cantilever
on the remaining structure are included in the analysis. The indeterminate part AC of the structure,
which needs to be analyzed, is shown in Fig. 2.7(c).

(a) Actual beam

(b) Cantilever portion

(c) Part to be analyzed

Fig 2.7 Continuous beam with a cantilever overhang

Generally, the procedure for the analysis of beams by the slope-deflection method can be
summarized as follows:
• Identify the degrees of freedom of the structure. For continuous beams, the degrees of freedom
consist of the unknown rotations of the joints.
• Compute fixed-end moments. For each member of the structure, evaluate the fixed-end
moments due to the external loads

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

• In the case of support settlements, determine the rotations of the chords of members adjacent to
the supports that settle (ψ =∆/L)
• Write slope-deflection equations. For each member, apply Eq. (2.7) to write two slope-
deflection equations relating member end moments to the unknown rotations of the adjacent
joints.
• Write equilibrium equations. For each joint that is free to rotate, ∑M = 0
• Determine the unknown joint rotations. Substitute the slope deflection equations into the
equilibrium equations, and solve the resulting system of equations for the unknown joint
rotations.
• Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint rotations
determined in step 6 into the slope-deflection equations.
• Compute member end shears. For each member,
a) draw a free body diagram showing the external loads and end moments and
b) apply the equations of equilibrium to calculate the shear forces at the ends of the member
• Determine support reactions by considering the equilibrium of the joints of the structure.
• To check the calculations of member end shears and support reactions, apply the equations of
equilibrium to the free body of the entire structure. If the calculations have been carried out
correctly, then the equilibrium equations should be satisfied.
• Draw shear and bending moment diagrams of the structure by using the beam sign convention.

2.6. Analysis of frames

The slope deflection equations may be applied to statically indeterminate frames with or without
side sway. For frame analysis, the solution procedure is amended to include the identification of
unknown joint displacements and to establish shear equilibrium equations in addition to moment
equilibrium equations.
2.6.1. Frames without side sway
The analysis of frames using the slope-deflection method can also be carried out by applying the
two governing equations of beams.

A side sway will not occur if

a) the frame geometry and loading are symmetric, and
b) side sway is prevented due to supports

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

For the frame shown below, the values of angular displacement at each joint are obtained from,
∑ M B = 0 → M BA + M BC = 0
∑ M C = 0 → M CB + M CD = 0 and (2.13)
∑ Fx = 0 → H A + H D = 0

Fig. 2.7(a) Frame ABCD Fig. 2.7(b) FBD of members AB and DC

HA and HD are obtained by considering the FBDs of members AB and DC.

M BA + M BC
From FBD of member AB, ∑ M B = 0 → H A = and
h1

M CD + M CB
From FBD of member CD, ∑ M c = 0 → H D =
h2

2.6.2. Frames with side sway

A side sway will occur if

(a) the frame geometry and loading are unsymmetrical, and

(b) side sway is not prevented due to supports.

For analysis of side sway frames using slope-deflection method, the contribution of ∆ should be
superimposed & it is necessary to consider the shear forces at the base of the columns, and the
horizontal external load must be in equilibrium (force equilibrium equation) in addition to the
equilibrium of joints.

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

Fig. 2.8(a) Frame ABCD Fig. 2.8(b) FBD of members AB and DC

HA and HD are obtained by considering the FBDs of members AB and DC.

M BA + M BC
From FBD of member AB, ∑ M B = 0 → H A = and
h1

M CD + M CB
From FBD of member CD, ∑ M c = 0 → H D =
h2

∑M = 0→M + M = 0
B BA BC

∑M = 0→M + M = 0
C CB CD
and
∑F = 0 → H + H = 0
x A D

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

CHAPTER 3

3. Moment Distribution Method

3.1 Introduction

The moment-distribution method can be used to analyze all types of statically indeterminate beams
or rigid frames. Essentially, it consists in solving the linear simultaneous equations that were
obtained in the slope-deflection method by successive approximations or moment distribution.
Increased number of cycles would result in more accuracy. The iteration is stopped when, at all
joints, the out of balance moment is a negligible value.

In moment distribution method; fixed end moment, stiffness, distribution and carry-over factors are
of great importance and used frequently.

Fixed-end moment: The moment induced at member ends due to applied load (in-span load).
Stiffness factor: It is defined as the moment required to be applied at a joint to produce unit
rotation at that joint.

Distribution factor: It is the ratio of the stiffness factor of the member being considered to the
sum of the stiffnesses of all the members meeting at that particular
continuous joint.

Carry-over factor: The constant (1/2) obtained in the slope-deflection equation is carry-over
factor.

Calculation of distribution factors

Consider a simple structure shown below.

where: kEA, kEC, kEB, kED are stiffness

factors of members EA, EC, EB
and ED respectively.

4 EI ij
k ij = if the far end is fixed
Lij
3EI ij
k ij = if the far end is pinned
Lij
Fig. 3.1

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

For the equilibrium requirements at the joint, it is obvious that the summation of moments (ΣM)
should be zero at the joint. This means that the applied moment ‘M’ will be distributed in all the
members meeting at that joint in proportion to their stiffness factor. (This called stiffness – concept)

The distribution factor DFi of a member connected to any joint j is:

ki
DFi = n
≤1 (3.1)
∑kj
j =1

Note that DFi=0 for fixed end and DFi=1 for pinned end.
where n :total number of members at joint j
ki :the stiffness of member i connected to joint j

3.2 Moment distribution method for beams and non-sidesway frames

Application of the moment distribution method for beams and frames having no sidesway follow
the same procedure. Steps involved in moment distribution method:
• Calculate fixed end moments due to applied loads
• Calculate relative stiffness.
• Determine the distribution factors for various members framing into a particular joint.
• Distribute the net fixed end moments at the joints to various members by multiplying the net
moment by their respective distribution factors in the first cycle.
• In the second and subsequent cycles, carry-over moments from the far ends of the same
member (carry-over moment will be half of the distributed moment). Distribute these moments
just "carried over"; Each cycle consists of two steps:

→ distribution of out of balance moments,

→ calculation of the carry over moment at the far end of each member

• Consider this carry-over moment as a fixed end moment and determine the balancing moment. This
procedure is repeated from second cycle onwards till convergence
• Add all moments - fixed-end moments, distributed moments, moments carried over - at each
end of each member to obtain the true moment at the end

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Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

3.3 Moment distribution method for sidesway frames

In the case of sidesway frames, the analysis consists of two cases. First, the moment distribution is
carried out without considering sway of the frame. This is done by fixing the joint to obtain non-
sway moments, Mo. Second; the frame is allowed to sway by releasing the previously restrained
joint. For a certain assumed value of δ (the members to be displaced) obtain the corresponding sway
moments, Ms.

For illustration purpose, consider the frame shown below.

Fig. 3.2 (a) Actual frame Fig. 3.2 (b) Joint B is restrained Fig. 3.2 (c) Joint B is released

Case 1 (Fig. 3.2 (b)): The frame is a non sway frame since joint B is restrained. The moments, Mo,
is obtained by following the same procedure as discussed for non-sway frames.

∑ M B = 0 → M BA + M BC = 0
∑ M C = 0 → M CB + M CD = 0 and (3.2)
∑ Fx = 0 → H A + H D = R B

M BA + M BC
From FBD of member AB, ∑ M B = 0 → H A = and
h1

M CD + M CB
From FBD of member CD, ∑ M c = 0 → H D =
h2
Case 2 (Fig. 3.2 (c)): Release joint B and compute the corresponding sway moment, Ms. In this
case, the FEM are computed for a certain assumed value of δ.

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CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

6 EIδ
For member AB, M BAF = M ABF = ; L = h1
L2

∑ M B = 0 → M BA + M BC = 0
∑ M C = 0 → M CB + M CD = 0 and (3.3)
∑ Fx = 0 → H ' A + H ' D = R ' B

M BA + M BC
From FBD of member AB, ∑ M B = 0 → H ' A = and
h1

M CD + M CB
From FBD of member CD, ∑ M c = 0 → H ' D =
h2

The actual lateral displacement of the frame is x times the assumed value, ∆=xδ, where x is the
sway correction factor. For the actual frame shown in Fig. 3.2 (a), summation of horizontal forces at
joint B is zero.
∑ Fx = 0 → R B + xR ' B = 0 → x = − R B / R ' B (3.4)

The final moment for various members will be the sum of non-sway and sway moments, and it
is given by:
M ij = ( M ij ) o + x ( M ij ) s (3.5)

3.4 Moment distribution for multistory frames

Multistory frames may have more joint displacements and require more computations. To analyze
such structures, the same procedure as that of single framed structures is used.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 19

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

CHAPTER 4
4. Kani ‘s Method of Analysis
4.1 Introduction
Kani method may be considered as a further simplification of moment distribution method. In
analyzing using Kani method;

i. Frame analysis is carried out by solving the slope - deflection equations by successive
approximations. Useful in case of side sway as well.
ii. Operation is simple, as it is carried out in a specific direction. If some error is committed, it
will be eliminated in subsequent cycles if the restraining moments and distribution factors
have been determined correctly.

Consider a typical member AB loaded as shown below:

Fig 4.1 General beam element under end moments and loads
As discussed in the slope deflection method, the slope deflection equation can be written as:

F
M AB = M AB + 2M 'AB + M BA
'
(4.1)

Where:
F
M AB : Fixed end moments at A due to applied loads
EI
M 'AB : Rotation contribution of end A of member AB = ( 2θ A )
L
' EI
M BA : Rotation contribution of end B of member AB = ( θ B )
L
The near and far end rotation contributions of end A of member AB are given in Eq. (4.2) below.

EI EI
M 'AB = ( 2θ A ) = 2 Ek ABθ A and M 'BA = ( θ B ) = Ek ABθ B (4.2)
L L

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 20

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

I AB
Where: k AB =
L AB

Now consider a generalized joint E in a frame shown in the following figure where members EB,
EC, ED and EA meet. It carries a moment M.

where: kEA, kEC, kEB, kED are stiffness

factors of members EA, EC, EB
and ED respectively.

Fig 4.2

From equilibrium of joint E, ∑ M E = 0

∑ ME = M EB + M EC + M ED + M EA = 0 (4.3)

Write these moments in the form of Eq. (4.1)

∑ME = ∑ M (FEB + EC + ED + EA ) + 2∑ M (' EB + EC + ED + EA ) + ∑ M (' BE + CE + DE + AE ) = 0 (4.4)

Let the net FEM at joint E = M EF = M EB

F F
+ M EC F
+ M ED F
+ M EA . This moment is also called restrained
moment at joint E. The total near end rotation contribution from Eq. (4.4) becomes:

1
'
∑ M ( EB + EC + ED + EA ) = - [ M EF + ∑ M (' BE + CE + DE + AE ) ] = 0 (4.5)
2

Upon substitution and simplification the following equation is obtained.

'
∑ M ( EB + EC + ED + EA ) = -2 [ Ek EBθ E + Ek ECθ E + Ek EDθ E + Ek EAθ E ]
= - 2 Eθ E ( k EB + k EC + k ED + k EA ]
= - 2 Eθ E ∑ k E

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 21

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

Thus, the rotation of joint E, θ E , can be written as follow:

'
∑ M ( EB + EC + ED + EA )
θE =− (4.6)
2E ∑ k E

where:
∑ k E =sum of the member stiffnesses framing in at joint E

From Eq. (4.2), the rotation contribution of end E of member EB , M 'EB is:

'
M EB = 2 Ek EBθ E (4.7)

Substituting Eq. (4.6) in to Eq. (4.7) gives the following near end moment equation for member
EB.
 − ∑ M (' EB + EC + ED + EA )  k
M '
= 2 Ek EB   = − EB (∑ M (' EB + EC + ED + EA ) ) (4.8)
EB
2E ∑ k E  ∑ kE
 

Combining Eqs. (4.5) and (4.8) yields the following general equation;

1 k EB
'
∑ M EB = - ( M EF + ∑ M (' BE +CE + DE + AE ) ) (4.9)
2 ∑ kE

Thus, the rotation contribution of near end of member EB is -1/2 of the sum of the rotations
contributions of far ends of members meeting at E.

Note that the sum of rotation factors of different members meeting at a joint is equal to –1/2.
⇒ If net fixed end moment at any joint along with sum of the far end contribution of
members meeting at that joint are known then near end moment contribution can be
determined.
⇒ If far end contributions are approximate, near end contributions will also be approximate.
⇒ When far end contributions are not known (as in the first cycle), they can be assumed to
be zero.
Rules for calculating rotation contributions:
4.2 Without sides way
Definition: “Restrained moment at a joint is the algebraic sum of FEM’s of different members
meeting at that joint.”

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 22

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

1. Sum of the restrained moment of a joint and all rotation contributions of the far ends of
members meeting at that joint is multiplied by respective rotation factors to get the required
near end rotation contribution. For the first cycle when far end contributions are not known,
they may be taken as zero (1st approximation).

2. By repeated application of this calculation procedure and proceeding from joint to joint in
an arbitrary sequence but in a specific direction, all rotation contributions are known. The
process is usually stopped when end moment values converge. This normally happens after
three or four cycles. But values after 2nd cycle may also be acceptable for academic.

4.3 With side sway (joint translations)

In this case in addition to rotation contribution, linear displacement contributions(Sway
contributions) of columns of a particular storey are calculated after every cycle as follows:

Fig 4.3 Sidesway Frame

For the first cycle

(A) → Linear Displacement Contribution (LDC) of a column = Linear displacement factor
(LDF) of a particular column of a story multiplied by [storey moment + contributions at
the ends of columns of that story]
⇒ Linear displacement factor (LDF) for columns of a story = −3/2
-3 k
⇒ Linear displacement factor of a column =
2 ∑k

Where k=stiffness of the column being considered

Σk is the sum of stiffness of all columns of that storey.
(B) → Storey moment = Storey shear x1/3of storey height.
(C) → Storey shear : It may be considered as reaction of column at horizontal beam / slab levels
due to lateral loads by considering the columns of each sotrey as simply supported beams
in vertical direction. “If applied load gives + R value (according to sign conversion of
slope deflection method), storey shear is +ve or vice versa.”
Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 23
Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

For 1st cycle with side sway

(D) Near end contribution of various = respective rotation contribution factor
members meeting at that joint ×[Restrained moment + far end contributions]

Linear displacement contributions will be calculated after the end of each cycle for the
columns only.

For 2nd and subsequent cycles

respective rotation contribution factor
(E) Near end contribution of various = ×[Restrained moment + far end contributions+
members meeting at that joint linear displacement contribution of columns of
different storeys meeting at that joint]

Rules for the calculation of final end moments (sidesway cases)

(F) → For beams, End moment = FEM + 2 near end contribution + Far end contributions.
(G) → For columns, End moment. = FEM + 2 near end contribution + Far end contribution +
linear displacement contribution of that column for the latest cycle.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 24

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

CHAPTER 5
5. Influence Lines for Indeterminate Structures

5.1. Introduction
An influence line represents the variation of the reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at a specific
point in a member as a concentrated force or uniform loads moves over the member. Moreover, the
magnitude of the associated reaction, shear, moment, or deflection at the point can be calculated
from the ordinates of the influence-line diagram.

The procedure for constructing influence lines for statically indeterminate structures essentially
involves computing the values of the response function of interest for various positions of a unit
load on the structure. Since the influence lines for forces and moments of determinate structures
consist of straight-line segments, such influence lines were constructed by evaluating the ordinates
for only a few positions of the unit load and by connecting them with straight lines.

However, the influence lines for indeterminate structures are generally curved lines. Thus, the
construction of influence lines for indeterminate structures requires computation of many more
ordinates than necessary in the case of determinate structures.

5.2. Influence lines by the method of consistent deformations

Procedure for Analysis

The procedure for constructing influence lines for statically indeterminate structures by the method
of consistent deformations can be summarized as follows:-

• Determine the degree of indeterminacy of the structure and select redundant.

• Select a number of points along the length of the structure at which the numerical values
of the ordinates of the influence lines will be evaluated.
• To construct the influence lines for the redundants, place a unit load successively at each
of the points selected in step 2; and for each position of the unit load, apply the method of
consistent deformations to compute the values of the redundants.
• Plot the values of the redundant thus obtained as ordinates against the position of the unit
load as abscissa, to construct the influence lines for the redundants.
• Once the influence lines for the redundants have been determined, the influence lines for
the other force and/or moment response functions of the structure can be obtained through
equilibrium considerations.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 25

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School of Civil and Environmental Eng’g.

5.3. Qualitative Influence Lines By Muller- Breslau’s Principle

In many practical applications, such as when designing continuous beams or building frames
subjected to uniformly distributed live loads, it is usually sufficient to draw only the qualitative
influence lines to decide where to place the live loads to maximize the response functions of
interest. As in the case of statically determinate structures, Muller-Breslau’s principle provides a
convenient means of establishing qualitative influence lines for indeterminate structures.

The influence line for a force (or moment) response function is given by the deflected shape of the
released structure obtained by removing the restraint corresponding to the response function from
the original structure and by giving the released structure a unit displacement (or rotation) at the
location and in the direction of the response function, so that only the response function and the unit
load perform external work.

Procedure for Analysis

The procedure for constructing qualitative influence lines for indeterminate structures is essentially
involves:

• removing from the given structure the restraint corresponding to the response function of
interest to obtain the released structure;
• applying a small displacement (or rotation) to the released structure at the location and in
the positive direction of the response function; and
• drawing a deflected shape of the released structure consistent with its support and
continuity conditions. The influence lines for indeterminate structures are generally curved
lines.
Once a qualitative influence line for a structural response function has been constructed, it can be
used to decide where to place the live loads to maximize the value of the response function. The
value of a response function due to a uniformly distributed live load is maximum positive (or
negative) when the load is placed over those portions of the structure where the ordinates of the
response function influence line are positive (or negative).

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and Page 26

Yisihak Gebre