UNIT II – ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS

PART – A

1. Define “Analytic function”

A single valued function w=f ( z) of a complex variable z is said to be
“analytic” at a point z0 if it has a unique derivative at z 0. The function f ( z ) is analytic
in a region R if it has derivative at every point of R.

2. What are the necessary conditions for f (z) to be analytic?

(or)
State “ Cauchy – Riemann equation “ in Cartesian co-ordinaties?
Statement:
If w=f ( z )=u+iv is an analytic function of z , then the four derivatives
∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂v
, , and
∂x ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y should exist and satisfy the condition,
∂u ∂ v ∂v ∂u
= and =− U =V ∧U y =−V x
∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂ y . This can also be written as x y

3. What are the sufficient conditions for analytic functions?

A single valued function w=f ( z) possessing continuous partial derivatives
∂u ∂ u ∂v ∂v
, , and
∂x ∂ y ∂ x ∂ y at each point of the region R and satisfying CR equations, then
f (z) is analytic in the region R.

4. Prove that an analytic function with constant real part is also a constant
Proof:
Since f (z) is an analytic function, it satisfies CR eqns,
∂u ∂ v ∂v ∂u
= and =−
∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂ y --------- (1)

Give real part is constant (i.e) u=constant

∂u ∂u
= 0 and =0
∂x ∂y , Then eqn (1) becomes,

∂v ∂v
= 0 and =0
∂y ∂x
(i.e.,) v is also a constant

Since u∧vare constants, then f ( z )=u+ iv is also a constant.

5. Verify whether f ( z )=z 3 is analytic or not?

 Solution:
Given f ( z )=z 3
¿( x +iy)3

¿ x 3+ i3 y 3 +3 x i 2 y 2 +3 x 2 yi

¿ x 3−i y 3 −3 x y 2 +3 x2 yi{∴i 3=−i , i2 =−1}

¿ ( x 3−3 x y 2 ) +i(3 x 2 y − y 3)

Here u=x3 −3 x y 2 , V = 3x2y – y3

∂u
= x 2−3 y 2−−−−−−−−−−( 1 )
∂x 3
∂v
= xy−−−−−−−−−−−−−−( 2 )
∂x 6

∂u
= −6 xy−−−−−−−−−−−−−( 3 )
∂y

∂v
= 3 x 2−3 y 2−−−−−−−−−−−(4)
∂y

∂u ∂ v ∂v ∂u
= and =−
By CR equations, ∂x ∂ y ∂x ∂y

∂u ∂ v
=
From (1) & (4), ∂x ∂ y

∂v ∂u
=−
From (2) & (3), ∂x ∂y

Hence CR equation is proved & the given function f ( z )=z 3 is analytic.

6. What are Harmonic functions?

If any function of x∧ ywhich possess continuous first and second order
partial derivatives and satisfies the Laplace equation is called “ Harmonic
functions”.
2 2
∂u ∂u
+ =0 u
∂ x2 ∂ y2 {if is given}
2 2
∂v ∂v
+ =0 v
(or) ∂ x2 ∂ y2 {if is given}

2 z−5
7. Find the fixed points or invariant points of the transformationw= ?
z+4
 Solution:
2 z−5
Given w=
z+4
2 z −5
Replacew by z, z=
z+4
2
⇒ z +2 z +5=0
−2 ± √ 4−20
z=
2
−2 ± 4 i
z=
2
z=−1 ± 2i
−1 + 2i and −1 −2i are the fixed points / invariant points.

Part –B

1
log ( x 2 + y 2 )
1. Prove that u = 2 is harmonic and find its conjugate. Also find f (z ).

1
log ( x 2 + y 2 )
: Given that u = 2
Sol

2 2
∂u ∂u
2
+ 2=0
To find: (i) To prove u is harmonic. ie., ∂ x ∂ y

(ii) To find its conjugate V

(iii) To find f(z) = u + i v

(i) To prove u is harmonic

∂u 1 1 x
=
[ ]
∂ x 2 x2 + y 2
2 2
( 2 x ) =
x 2+ y 2
∂ 2 u ( x + y ) (1 ) − x ( 2 x ) y 2− x 2
= =
∂ x2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x2 + y 2)2
∂u 1 1 y
=
∂ y 2 x2+ y2
2
[ ]
(
2
2 y ) =
x 2+ y 2
∂2 u ( x + y ) ( 1 ) − y ( 2 y ) − y 2+ x 2
= =
∂ y2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2 ( x 2 + y 2 )2
2 2 2 2 2 2
∂u ∂u y −x −y + x
+ = + =0
∂ x 2 ∂ y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 ( x2 + y 2 )2
Hence u satisfies Laplace Equation.
Therefore u is harmonic
 (ii) To find its conjugate V.
Using Milne’s Thomson method

f (z ) = ∫ [ u x ( z ,0 ) − i u y ( z ,0 ) ] dz
1
f (z ) = ∫ dz + c
z .
f (z ) = log z + c
f (z ) = log r ei θ + c
f (z ) = log r + i θ + c

( yx ) + c
f (z ) = log √ x 2 + y 2 + i tan−1

1 y
f (z ) = log ( x + y ) + i tan ( ) + c
2 2 −1
2 x
y
v = tan ( )
−1
x
(iii) To find f(z) = u + i v

1 y
log ( x 2 + y 2 ) + i tan−1
f(z) = u + i v = 2 x

f(z ) = log (x+iy) = log z

∂2 + ∂2
2. If
f (z) z 2
be an analytic function of ,then prove that ∂ x ∂ y
2 [ ]| 2 2
f ( z )| =4|f ' ( z )|

Sol : let z = x+iy, z̄ = x − iy

z + z̄
z + z̄ = 2x ⇒ x =
2
z − z̄ −i ( z − z̄ )
z − z̄ = 2iy ⇒ y = =
Therefore 2i 2
∂ x 1 ∂ x 1 ∂ y −i ∂ y i
= , = , = , =
∂ z 2 ∂ z̄ 2 ∂ z 2 ∂ z̄ 2

∂ = ∂ ∂x + ∂ ∂ y = 1 ∂ −i ∂
∂z ∂x ∂ z ∂ y ∂ z 2 [ ∂x ∂ y ]
∂ = ∂ ∂x + ∂ ∂ y = 1
∂ z̄ ∂ x ∂ z̄ ∂ y ∂ z̄ 2 [ ∂∂x + i ∂∂y ]
2 2 2
∂ + ∂ =4 ∂
∂ x 2 ∂ y 2 ∂ z ∂ z̄
By using the above result , we write
 ∂2 + ∂2 |f ( z )|2 = 4 ∂2 |f ( z)|2
[ ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ] ∂ z ∂ z̄

2
= 4 ∂ .f (z ). f ( z̄) 2
∂ z ∂ z̄ [|f ( z)| = f ( z). f ( z̄ )[
= 4 ∂ .f ( z ). f ( z̄ ) = 4 f (z ). f ( z̄ )
' ' '
∂z
' 2
=4 | f ( z)|

∂2 + ∂2 log|f ' ( z)|=0

3. If
f (z) z
be an analytic function of , then prove that
[ ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ]
Sol:Sol : let z = x+iy, z̄ = x − iy
z + z̄
z + z̄ = 2x ⇒ x =
2
z − z̄ −i ( z − z̄ )
z − z̄ = 2iy ⇒ y = =
Therefore 2i 2
∂ x 1 ∂ x 1 ∂ y −i ∂ y i
= , = , = , =
∂ z 2 ∂ z̄ 2 ∂ z 2 ∂ z̄ 2

∂ = ∂ ∂x + ∂ ∂ y = 1 ∂ −i ∂
∂z ∂x ∂ z ∂ y ∂ z 2 [ ∂x ∂ y ]
∂ = ∂ ∂x + ∂ ∂ y = 1
∂ z̄ ∂ x ∂ z̄ ∂ y ∂ z̄ 2 [ ∂∂x + i ∂∂y ]
2 2 2
∂ + ∂ =4 ∂
∂ x 2 ∂ y 2 ∂ z ∂ z̄

By using the above result , we write

∂2 + ∂2 log|f ' ( z)|= 4 ∂2 log|f ' ( z)|

[ ∂ x2 ∂ y2 ]
∂ z ∂ z̄

2 1 '
= 4 ∂ . log|f ( z)|2
∂ z ∂ z̄ 2
2
= 2 ∂ log [ f ( z) f ( z̄) ]
' '
∂ z ∂ z̄
 2
= 2 ∂ { log f (z ) +log { f ¿¿'( z̄)}
'
∂ z ∂ z̄
''
f ( z̄)
=2 ∂
∂z { } '
f ( z̄)
=0

sin 2x
u= z
4. If cosh 2 y − cos 2x find the analytic function of .

sin 2x
u=
cosh 2 y − cos 2x
Sol: Given

To find f (z ) = u + i v ,

Ie., By using Milne’s Method

f (z ) = ∫ φ1 ( z,0 ) dz − i ∫ φ2 ( z,0 ) dz

∂u
φ1 ( z ,0 ) = ( z,0)
∂x
∂u
φ2 ( z ,0 ) = ( z ,0)
∂y
Where

∂u ( cosh 2 y − cos 2 x ) ( 2 cos 2x ) − sin 2 x ( 2 sin 2x )

=
∂x ( cosh 2 y − cos 2x )2

( cosh ( 0 ) − cos 2 z ) ( 2 cos 2 z ) − 2 sin 2 2 z

φ1 ( z , 0 ) =
( cosh ( 0 ) − cos 2 z )2

( 1 − cos 2 z ) ( 2 cos 2z ) − 2 sin 2 2 z

φ1 ( z ,0 ) =
( 1 − cos 2 z )2
2 cos 2z −2 cos2 2 z − 2 sin2 2 z
=
( 1 − cos 2z )2

2 cos 2 z −2 ( cos2 2 z − sin 2 2 z )

=
( 1 − cos 2 z )2
2 cos 2 z −2
=
( 1 − cos 2 z )2

2 ( cos 2 z −1 ) −2 −1 −1
φ1 ( z , 0 ) = 2
= = = 2 = − cos ec 2 z .
( 1 − cos 2 z ) (1 − cos 2 z ) 1 − cos 2 z sin z
( 2 )
 ( cosh 2 y − cos 2x ) ( 0 ) − sin 2 x (2 sin h 2 y )
=
( cosh 2 y − cos 2 x )2

− sin 2 z ( 2 sin ( 0 ) )
φ2 ( z, 0 ) = =0
( cosh 2 y − cos 2 x )2

By Milne’s method

f (z ) = ∫ φ1( z ,0) dz − i ∫ φ 2( z,0) dz

f (z ) = ∫− cosec 2 z dz − 0 = cot z + c

5. If the imaginary part is e− x ( x cos y + y sin y ) , Find the analytical function of z .

−x
Sol: Given imaginary part v = e ( x cos y + y sin y )

To find f (z ) = u + i v ,

ie., By using Milne’s Method

f (z ) = ∫ φ1 ( z,0 ) dz + i ∫ φ2 ( z ,0 ) dz
∂ v −x
= e ( cos y ) + ( x cos y + y sin y ) (−e-x )
∂x

φ2 ( z, 0 )= e− z ( cos 0 ) + ( z cos 0 + 0 . sin 0) (−e -z )

−z -z −z
φ2 ( z,0 )= e + (z ) (−e ) = e (1 − z).

∂ v −x
= e (− x sin y + y cos y + sin y (1) )
∂y
φ1 ( z, 0 )= e− z (− z sin 0 + 0 cos 0 + sin 0 (1 ) ) = 0

By Milne’s method,

f (z ) = ∫ φ1 ( z,0 ) dz + i ∫ φ2 ( z ,0 ) dz

f (z ) =∫ o dz + i ∫ (1 − z ) e−z dz

e− z e− z
[ [ ] [ ]]
f (z ) = i ( 1 − z )
−1
− (−1)
(−1)
2
+c

f (z ) = i [− e− z + z e− z + e−z ] + c = i z e− z +c
6. Find the analytic function of f ( z )=u+ iv such that u−v=e x ¿

Sol:

Let f ( z )=u+ iv
if ( z )=iu−v

f (z ) + i f ( z) = (u − v ) + i ( u + v )

(1 + i) f (z ) = ( u − v ) + i (u + v )

F( z) = U + i V

where F ( z)=(1 + i) f (z ) , U = ( u − v ) , V = (u + v )

U = u – v = e x ¿ = real part of F(z)

∂U
= e x ( cos y − sin y ) = φ1 ( x , y )
∂x
φ1 ( z , 0 ) = e z ( cos 0 − sin 0 ) = e z

∂U
= e x (− sin y − cos y ) = φ 2 ( x, y )
∂y
φ2 ( z , 0 ) = e z (−sin 0 − cos 0 ) = −e z

By Milne Thomson method, we have

' z z z
F ( z)= φ1 ( z ,0) − i φ2 ( z ,0) = e + i e = ( 1 + i ) e

Integrating, we get

F(z )= ∫ ( 1 + i ) e z dz = ( 1+i ) e z +c

( 1 + i ) f ( z )= ( 1+i) e z +c
c
f ( z )= e z + = ez + C
(1 + i)
sin 2 x
7. Find the analytic function of f ( z )=u+ iv such that 2 u−3 v=
cos h 2 y – cos 2 x
Sol: Let f ( z )=u+ iv
if ( z )=iu−v

2f ( z) + 3 i f ( z) = 2u + 2iv + 3 iu − 3 v
( 2 + 3i ) f ( z) = ( 2u − 3v ) + i ( 2v + 3u)
Let F ( z)= (2 + 3i ) f ( z) , U= ( 2u − 3 v ) , V = ( 2v + 3u)
 sin 2x
U= ( 2u − 3v ) = = real part of F ( z)
cosh 2 y − cos 2 x
∂U ( cosh 2 y − cos 2x ) 2 cos2 x − sin 2 x ( 0 + 2 sin 2x )
=
∂ x ( cosh 2 y − cos2 x )2
2
∂U ( cosh 2 y − cos 2x ) 2 cos2 x − 2sin 2 x
= =φ1 ( x, y )
∂ x ( cosh 2 y − cos2 x )2
( cosh 0 − cos 2z ) 2 cos2z − 2sin2 2 z
φ1 z ,0 =
( )
( cosh 0 − cos2 z )2
( 1 − cos 2 z ) 2 cos 2z − 2sin 2 2z
φ1 ( z ,0 )=
( 1 − cos2z )2

2 cos2 z − 2 cos 2 2 z − 2 sin2 2 z 2 cos2 z −2 ( cos2 2 z + sin2 2 z )

φ1 ( z , 0 ) = =
( 1 − cos2 z )2 (1 − cos2 z )2
2 cos2 z −2 2 ( cos2 z − 1 ) − 2 ( 1 − cos2 z )
φ1 ( z ,0 )= = =
( 1 − cos2 z )2 ( 1 − cos2 z )2 ( 1 − cos2 z )2
−2 −2
φ1 ( z ,0 )= = = − cos ec 2 z
(1 − cos 2z ) 2 sin 2z

∂U ( cosh 2 y − cos 2 x ) 0 − sin 2 x ( 2 sinh 2 y − 0 )

= = φ 2 ( x, y )
∂y ( cosh2 y − cos2 x )2
− sin 2z ( 2 sinh 0 )
φ2 ( z ,0 )= =0
( cosh 0 − cos2 z )2

By Milne Thomson method, we have

' 2
F ( z)= φ1 ( z , 0) − i φ2 ( z , 0) = − cosec z − i 0

Integrating, we get

F (z )= ∫ (− cos ec 2 z − i 0 ) dz = cot z +c

( 2+ 3 i ) f ( z )= cot z +c
cot z
f ( z )= +C
( 2+ 3 i )

1
8. Find the image of |z−2 i|=2 under the transformation w=
z

1
Sol:Given transformation is w=
z
 1
Then z=
w

1
|z − 2i|= 2 is | − 2i|= 2.
w
1 − 2iw
| |= 2
Therefore, the image of w

1−2iw
| |=2
1 +4 v 2 +4 v+ 4u 2= 4 u2 + 4 v 2
w
4v+1=0

1
w=
Therefore the image of |z − 2i|= 2 under the transformation z is a straight line 4v + 1
=0 in the w - plane

9. Find the Mobius transformation which maps the points z=( 0,1 , ∞ )into the points
w=( i ,−1 ,−i ) respectively and also find the invariant points.
Sol:
Here z 1=0 , z 2=1 , z 3=∞
w 1=i , w2=−1 , w3 =−i

( z − z 1) ( z 2 − z3 ) ( w − w 1 ) ( w2 − w3)
=
( z1 − z2 ) ( z 3 − z ) ( w1 − w2 ) ( w3 − w )

z2
( )
( z − z1) z3 z − 1
3
=
( w − w1 ) ( w2 − w 3 )
z ( w1 − w 2 ) ( w3 − w )
( )
( z1 − z2 ) z3 1 − z
3

1
( )
( z − 0 ) ∞ − 1 ( w − i ) (−1 + i )
=
z (i + 1 ) (−i − w )
( )
(0 − 1) 1 − ∞
 ( z ) (− 1 ) ( w − i ) (−1 + i )
=
(− 1 ) ( 1 ) (i+ 1 ) (−i − w )

( w − i ) (i − 1)
z=
(−i − w ) (i+ 1 )

( w − i ) ( i − 1 ) ( i − 1 ) ( w − i ) ( i − 1 )2
z= =
(−i − w ) (i+ 1 ) ( i − 1 ) (−i − w ) ( i2 − 1 )

( w − i ) ( i − 1 )2 ( w − i ) ( i2 + 1 −2i )
z= =
(−i − w ) ( i2 − 1 ) (−i − w ) (−1 − 1 )

( w − i ) (− 1+ 1 −2i ) ( w − i ) (−2i )
z= =
(−i − w ) (−1 − 1 ) (− i − w ) (−2 )

( w − i ) (i ) ( wi + 1 )
z= =
(−i − w ) −i − w

z (−i − w ) = ( wi + 1 )
−iz − wz = wi + 1
−iz −1 = wi + wz
w ( i + z )= −(iz +1)
−(iz+1)
w=
(i + z)
Which is the required bilinear transformation

To find invariant points:

Replace w by z,

−(iz+1)
z=
(i + z )
z ( i + z )= −(iz+1)
zi + z 2 = −iz −1
2
Then z + 2iz + 1 = 0

−b ± √ b 2 − 4 ac −2i ± √−4 − 4 −2i ± √−8 − 2i ± i2 √ 2

z= = = =
2a 2 2 2
z =− i ± i √ 2

Where − i +i √2 and − i −i √2 are the invariand or fixed points.

10. Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z=(−1 , 0 , 1 ) into w=(−1 ,i , 1 )of
w- plane .Also show that under this mapping the upper half of the z-plane maps onto the
interior of the unit circle |w|<1.

Sol:
Here z 1=−1 , z2=0 , z 3=1
w 1=−1 , w2=−i, w 3=1
( z − z 1) ( z 2 − z3 ) ( w − w 1 ) ( w2 − w3)
=
( z1 − z2 ) ( z 3 − z ) ( w1 − w2 ) ( w3 − w )
( z +1 ) ( 0 − 1 ) ( w +1 ) (−i − 1 )
=
(−1 − 0 ) ( 1 − z ) (−1 +i ) ( 1 − w )
( z +1 ) ( w +1 ) (−i − 1 )
=
( 1 − z ) ( 1 − w ) (−1 +i )
( z +1 ) ( w +1 ) (−i − 1 ) (−1 − i )
=
( 1 − z ) ( 1 − w ) (−1 +i ) (−1 − i )
( z +1 ) ( w +1 ) (− i − 1 )2
=
( 1 − z ) ( 1 − w ) ( 1 −i2 )
( z +1 ) ( w +1 ) ( i2 + 1 + 2i ) ( w +1 ) (− 1 + 1 + 2i ) ( w +1 ) ( 2i )
= = =
(1 − z ) ( 1 − w ) (1 +1 ) ( 1 − w ) ( 1 +1 ) ( 1 − w ) ( 2)
( z +1 ) ( w +1 ) (i ) wi + i
= =
( 1 − z ) (1 − w ) 1 − w
z+1 wi + i
=
1−z 1 − w
z+1 + 1 − z wi + i +1−w
=
z+ 1 − 1+z wi + i −1 + w
zi + 1
w=
z+i
wherew is the bilinear transformation.

From the question,

|w|<1

| zi+1
z +i |
<1

|zi+1|<|z +i|
|xi− y+1|<|x+ iy +i|

|xi + ( 1− y )|<|x+i ( y +1 )|
x 2+(1− y)2 < x 2+(1+ y )2
 x 2+ 1+ y 2−2 y< x 2 + y 2 +1+2 y

0< 4 y ⇒ y >0

∴ y> 0is the image of |w|<1