UNIT-05

Uete
motchuy (Yattlevn Hatch)
Joab abc ad
abc
Nauve
Stng atoun9 alg0uithm wid

Nacve
AlgOnthm
ave alGoutHlm ds all valid
The ssts
a hat_ Chrcks.
the Ccltiow Pl1..mj =T[S+1. .. S+m]
lar cak then -m+1
DOMLblo Valus &.(P=paterv, Tatext|Stw
S Shiyt)
AHESFRIJ6T-ALGrORITHH

NAIVE-STRING MATCHER (T,P)

1 D T:1engths
m- P[enqth
3H0rS =0 to n-m
P1- m]= T|S+1 S+m]
p/int "attern ocUTS i t Shuft "s

Runr
Kunruy ime 0((n-m+1)m)

S1urgmatchurg by autonata 7

LG DFA Centaning Suubatuunj. Pp10

T= OllotTo/otT
RutHalt at
uen nal stotu

Atcept
halt ct final stat
mycomeaano
B 0,
C
1
 kwp Stung matching
Robin

T S34268s 16
P2685

Che9se a pum nwrbe 913

268S mod 13
Lind pmed q
lements
ouxfoui pduy
S3 42 mod 13
12

63426 mdd 13 Spdbu

4z8 4668 mod 13

Succeshul hit 268S mod 13

68S9 d 13
mo
8
8s96 mod 13 3
Algoti thm
RABIN-KARP. HATCHER (T:P d, q)
n n
Tleng th
2 m- P. lenqthu
3 h d mod 9
P: 0

6
to:0
fo6 tom
P- dp+pliJ) mod q
to
cd to T(J) macd q +

9 fos S-0 to
n-m
0 p= =ts
bn Companion
 o J ==T S+
if m]
poin Pattesn a Occurs Dete
oith Shuft"s Parye

d (ts- T
4
tstI 1S+1]h) + T[SIm+1]) mod y
im
O((n-m+1)m)
 alAsSMAS
KMP Stuy matchug Date
Page

uth mgb p:hatt

DLD PPL
Cempulu A

uix wnctiem
COMPUT E - PREFIX - FONCTION ( P )

m Plenqth
let m) be a ne aq
3 71-0
4
K:0
or 9 2 to m

hle k zo and P[K+1J# P[q1

R: TR]
iP[k+J:: Plq]
K: KtI
T la3- k

Otu3n iT

23 4 S6

o213/07
23 S
6
Pob|baba bjaal 3
78 9

TEO0 2 o 8
KMP-HATCHER (TP)
asSMAte.
Date
n Tlength
Poge
m- P length
amnuuteCOMPUTE - PREfIx -f ONCTIONtP)

/numbN ochanactens matchud

fo ton c a n the taxt rom lelt to uglt
hile 9>o and Plq 11 7T[i]
nex charcatn does not matbu
f P l q : = Tlil_
99t1 /neet chatacd rct chu
9m al P matdeol?
point Pattexn occurS srth Shdt " t-

LoB fan the nxt mateh

blab ba
23
P ba bC

4am
lom found at 6-4 = 2

11 L4)0
q2

3 S6 18 9 0 11/2 13 1IS %t2

2
Palbla|6] blalolbla 9pqo
3 S6
ololt2lo1 2/341516/l6l/2/olial
 DAA

P Ond NP PsoblemS

P-_problems The, paoblems hih re

Selvable in belynomjal time kru

as p- pooblems.
EXamples Bub ble Soot
Binasy seaz Ch
Selection Sost
9wck Soot
Non d t ttuninUstic T d Hesge Sort
PouomNd

hich are
NP-PsoNems- The poo blems
are knoon as
NeHable in pblynomal time
Dp-pooblems. duia bo blem
1hic
Eamples NP IS the class f polysemal os
Its easy to Check the cosrectryess e
Claimoo anMEn
ALL
AAL poObleros inp COn be Sovetd ith pelyrermd
in NP.
Hm alsOcthn in

Paru intsaatable.
I S n o t knoon hethes p=NP Hown
preblarns CUr Knowm
 pepan tat t
Con be peved hat Dete
P - NP.
Pege
PNP) wu ,h C
PTobla r Ne
that aL nEithe in Pno7 inNP
CtTYste
Thu p .belen
blem to cios P
jt'
t ird a oludior ottapovm
Co to f.
pLeblcm

t'se to
ehick 9tution tat may haue
haue ban
Vesy t edious to ftnd
Pcias Th C l o f Cemits tho
poblems tat au aoluab in_potynomis
Hme t h e psueblams a be elves
i n O(nk)

NPC (np Completenen)

B s NP Compeai ifit
Suiedtwe CAnolith Ons

6isinNP t m edueible
Pelynomio
t n nP

erd phofe7
atiofies h
but net
Lesan Hnas
6 A NP-

oumall
L uduces to
4Hat Carhe
- hand
 palynovwial me,
lued in
Ia
m
pn4b{un Date
Lt P P Page
do be PC9 fhiu
pxeed rO_Lel
o stt Hhmt
algaithu
hy
for iB
ek ent Rod,
CRh C OPpOxinotn

thotacea Deyneual tima irDtante

SolutiCn alseuthm ek B

pelynneHa-4 m
|algbnithm to detde B e a

paeynenmius-mu alseuthm to
duud A

Harnil tenian Cycle

E T$P
 algornthm- Many
any puoblem
Aproxi mat1on NP
are NP-_
psachical S1ghfane Cemplete
are too important to aband on
hut
btaunuh ar pLmal
nedty beause
Selutudn naclable aprotle
S NP Cmplutu wukoly to
palyemial t ina lssnith
La xaty but Hhuy de
that all hspe sLostThuse
uet

a
ip
ueapphsasbA Dsethis aund NP-
atul Iaputs dra
Smull n alsanuth expemuuti cl_
may taeaeCHY Satisacnzs
SLmd,imay g le possible to ng
hOY-pdtmal SolutienS n P o y n e a l pmL
/uthun r he woTStCaNe 9YCn ths aeNaILY -
or_cn
npIache neaT opi
mality is cten
. A alsaith
Ptws
 luhOnM (altod sSMAte
optmal Date
Cpphoximatuo nlaithun us o
)poge
ChapuJuphusuds pCpeual
uealL P-
Oppexnati onn alsathoyo a
Cenpile p'obarm
xap
Vextex Cove phobltm
Vetex Covr o a wolwuded aph
a Dubt tel 1ts vwtic Suc h a fa
thru
eey
eny dg (u.u) othghaph,
in the vetey Mtheugh tha.
cever
6h IS

haneuy Ventey (ove, he Set Covêu al

Cuven an d i s u t s
daw o h Gwe aph
venhex pthltn
CevePe
is to hd
qap, fhs
3 VOnkex

b 2

(3)
(beol0 ( b,e,cl)
A PPROY-VERTEX - COVER(G1) erpy

(4 0)0 4, 1)
3 wle '+0

do let (U,0) be an abi tTasy dqu E

-CUfu,u]
meue mtaery dge tnid ert on

thor
TehunC i
 TSP uSin uOYIm0lugi?

(G1,c)
Date SSMALe
APPROX
T S P - 10OR Page
V L J u be q
uentexIE
Slec a
UYfex
Sprmn theeT f
a minmum
G
faom 100t USIhg PRIH(G,G
MST-RIN[G1.

Let be the ist . vert ces Visi tod

walk b T
p3eorder see
etunn he hamilfonj0) Cycle fLot ViSit
he vevies in the ovder L

(A
3 HST 3
2

he - order
AD A-D-C-8 -A
2+6 +3+S = 16

A-8-C-h-d-e-f 1-A
Rondamused 9o
Randoised qwick Sort
KGan)
Kandemized Pastitien (A-

r)
P
Roandom (p.r)
exchange A[T] A[]
Tetuin
Paxtition( A p,T