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1 - Introduction To Statistics

This course provides an overview of biostatistics principles and methods. Students will learn how to identify statistical tests, conduct statistical analyses, interpret results, and communicate findings through class projects and exercises. The course objectives are to help students understand how to collect and quantify data, simplify complex data for presentation, measure variation, identify relationships among factors, and appropriately apply and interpret statistical tests and analyses. Students will learn to apply statistical concepts in health sciences, use descriptive and analytical methods, and accurately summarize statistical results.

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189 views34 pages

1 - Introduction To Statistics

This course provides an overview of biostatistics principles and methods. Students will learn how to identify statistical tests, conduct statistical analyses, interpret results, and communicate findings through class projects and exercises. The course objectives are to help students understand how to collect and quantify data, simplify complex data for presentation, measure variation, identify relationships among factors, and appropriately apply and interpret statistical tests and analyses. Students will learn to apply statistical concepts in health sciences, use descriptive and analytical methods, and accurately summarize statistical results.

Uploaded by

depressed potato
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOSTATISTICS

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course is designed to give an overview of the


principles and methods of biostatistics: identification of
statistical tests, making a test investigation, sampling,
collecting data, types and errors of collected data,
tabulating and analyzing the information, interpreting the
findings and stating the conclusion through a series of
class projects. Practical experience is offered to the
students on how research techniques and procedures are
applied to solve the statistical problems.The course will
also help the students in understanding the importance of
the biostatistics in dealing with various medical and
biological problems.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• The course has been designed to give you an
understanding of:

• How data are collected and how observations are


quantified during the scientific and research process

• Presenting the facts in numerical form.

• Simplifying the complex data in the form of suitable


tabular, diagrammatic and graphic form.

• Measure the variation , when we are dealing with


people and natural phenomenon.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
• Relationship among different facts / factors o clinical
characteristics

• The reasoning and assumptions underlying the inferential


statistical process

• The appropriate application and interpretation of various


inferential statistical procedures, including the z, t-test, the
Chi-square test, inferential tests applied to correlation, and
basic

• How to write a simple description of methodology and


results from analyses (ANOVA)

• Data analysis techniques provide better diagnostic than


traditional summary statistics by emphasizing visual
representations of the data.
LEARNING OUTOMES
• On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

• Apply basic statistical concepts commonly used in Health Sciences

• Use and interpret results of, descriptive statistical methods effectively

• Use basic analytical techniques to generate results

• Interpret results of commonly used statistical analyses in written


summaries

• Interpret results of, the principal methods of statistical inference and


design

• Communicate the results of statistical analyses accurately and effectively

• Make appropriate use of statistical software


EVALUATION CRITERIA

• Quizzes: 20%

• Assignments: 5%

• Mid Term Examinations 35%

• Final Term Examination 40%

• Total 100%
RECOMMENDED BOOKS

• Danial WW. Biostatistics: Foundation for analysis


in health science. 9th Ed. Wiley Publishers; 2009.

• Nilton JS. Statistical Methods in biological and


health sciences. 3rd Ed. McGrew Hill; 1998

• Hoel PG, Port SC, Stone CJ. Introduction to


statistical theory 1st Ed. Brooks Cole; 1972.

• Samuels M. Statistics for life sciences. 3rd Ed.


Dellen Publishers co; 2002
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
• Zar JH. Biostaistical Analysis. 4th Ed. Francis Hall; 1999

• Sher Muhammad chaudhry Part 1 & Part


11,Introduction to statistical theory.Ilmi kitab khana
urdu bazar Lahore

• Bernard Rosner fundamentals of biostatistics

• Douglas G. Altman practical statistics for medical


research

• Geoffrey r. Norman, David L. Sreiner, Biostatistics:


The bare essentials
Statistics
• Derived from latin word “status”

• Status means information useful to state

• Backbone of research

• Facts systematically arranged

e.g
Statistics of birth, statistics of road accidents,
statistics of educational institutions
Statistics
It is a branch of science that deals
with collection of data, presentation
of data ,making analysis and drawing
conclusion to reach decisions in the
face of uncertainty.

Data…….collection of values
Importance of Statistics
• Assists in summarizing the larger sets of data in a
form that is easily understandable

• Assist in effective planning in any field of inquiry

• Drawing conclusions and making predictions

• Useful tool in aiding researches and studies in


different field

• Presentation of organized data in charts and


graphs
Branches of statistics
• Biostatistics

• Econometrics

• Psychometry

• Geostatistics

• Environmental statistics

• Actuarial statistics
Biostatistics
•Branch of statistics that concerns
with the application of statistical
methods to medical and biological
data.
• In medical field, statistical methods enable us
to study the effectiveness of different
treatments in medicines.

• Knowledge of statistical methods is very


important in health and medical research and
in clinical practice for dealing with uncertainty
in diagnosis and treatments.
• Statisticians often use the method of
comparison.

• We want to know the effect of a treatment


(like the Salk vaccine) on a response (like
getting polio).

• Compare the responses of a treatment group


with a control group
Population
The population consists of the set of all
measurements in which the investigator is
interested. The population is also called the
universe E.g

Population of patients

Population of smokers

Population of cancer patients


Sample
Sample is a representative part of the
population

• Usually populations are so large that a


researcher cannot examine the entire group.
Therefore, a sample is selected to represent
the population in a research study. The goal is
to use the results obtained from the sample to
help answer questions about the population.
Parameter & statistic
• Parameter is any numerical value calculated
from population. It is denoted by Greek letter

• Statistic is any numerical quantity calculated


from sample. It is denoted by Latin letter
Branches of statistics
• Descriptive statistics

• Inferential statistics
Descriptive statistics

• Descriptive statistics are methods which deals


with collection of data, presentation of data in
different forms e.g tables, graphs and
diagrams and finding averages and other
measures which would describe the data.
• For example, tables or graphs are used to
organize data, and descriptive values such as
the average score are used to summarize data.
Inferential statistics

It deals with the procedures for making


inferences about the characteristics of
population based on the characteristics of
sample.
Variable
• Variables are things that we measure, control,
or manipulate in research. They differ in many
respects

• Variables are characteristics which takes


different values in different situations.

• Height, marital status, no of visits to hospital


,blood pressure
Constant

A constant is a characteristic that does not vary.


A constant also is a symbol, often a letter toward
the beginning of the alphabet, such as a, b, or c.
Discrete and continuous
variable
Discrete variable

• Capable of taking some specific numerical


values in a given range

E.g no of successful operations in a hospital

No of heart beats in a fixed period of time


Continuous variable
• It is capable of taking each and every possible
value with in a given range.

• E.g

• Age , weight , length


Qualitative and quantitative
data
• Qualitative data

When a population is classified into several


categories, it is possible to count the number of
individuals in each category. These counts are
the qualitative data.

e.g Gender, hair color, blood types


Quantitative data
• Observations which are measured
quantitatively give rise to quantitative data.

E.g

Cholesterol level, blood pressure


Collection of data
• Primary data
The data that is originally collected and have not
undergone any sort of statistical treatments

• Secondary data
The data that have undergone any sort of
statistical treatment atleast once.
Scale of measurement
• Nominal scale

• Ordinal scale

• Interval scale

• Ratio scale
Nominal scale

Assign responses to different categories

For example

• Gender…. male,female

• Marital status…. Married,unmarried


Ordinal scale

Set of categories that are ordered from least to


most.

For example

Militry ranks

Medical condition… (satisfactory,serious,critical)


Interval scale

• Scale with values and there is the same numerical


distance between each value

• The scale has arbitrary zero point

• Examples

• How appealing is this cereal box to children?

Not at all very

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Ratio scale

• Ratio data have an absolute zero, and the ratio


of two numbers is meaningful. The notion of
absolute zero means that zero is fixed, and the
zero value in the data represents the absence of
the characteristic being studied.

• Example

• income

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