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Calculus Ii: Lecturer: Eng Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi

This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a Calculus II course. The chapter covers principles of integral evaluation, including integration methods like integration by parts, trigonometric substitutions, and numerical integration using Simpson's rule. It also introduces improper integrals, which extend the definition of the definite integral to infinite intervals and functions with vertical asymptotes. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these techniques.

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Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi
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66 views18 pages

Calculus Ii: Lecturer: Eng Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi

This document provides an overview of Chapter 1 from a Calculus II course. The chapter covers principles of integral evaluation, including integration methods like integration by parts, trigonometric substitutions, and numerical integration using Simpson's rule. It also introduces improper integrals, which extend the definition of the definite integral to infinite intervals and functions with vertical asymptotes. Examples are provided to illustrate the application of these techniques.

Uploaded by

Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULUS II

Lecturer: Eng Fuaad Abdirizak Elmi


Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia

CHAPTER 1
PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRAL
EVALUATION
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
Introduction
 In earlier chapters we obtained many basic integration
formulas as an immediate consequence of the corresponding
differentiation formulas.
 Subsequently, we expanded our integration repertoire by
introducing the method of u-substitution.
 That method enabled us to integrate many functions by
transforming the integrand of an unfamiliar integral into a
familiar form.
 However, u-substitution alone is not adequate to handle the
wide variety of integrals that arise in applications, so
additional integration techniques are still needed.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
Introduction
 In this chapter we will discuss some of those techniques, and
we will provide a more systematic procedure for attacking
unfamiliar integrals.
 We will talk more about numerical approximations of definite
integrals, and we will explore the idea of integrating over
infinite intervals.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia

 Outline
Here is a listing and brief description of the material in
this set of notes.
 An Overview Of Integration Methods
 Integration By Parts
 Integrating Trigonometric Functions
 Trigonometric Substitutions
 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
 Improper Integrals
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
Introduction
 If it is necessary to evaluate a definite integral of a function for
which an antiderivative cannot be found, then one must settle
for some kind of numerical approximation of the integral.
 In this section we will extend those methods to general definite
integrals, and we will develop some new methods that often
provide more accuracy with less computation.
 We will also discuss the errors that arise in integral
approximations.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
A Review Of Riemann Sum Approximations
 Recall from Section5.5 that the definite integral of a
continuous function f over an interval [a,b]may be computed
as n

 f ( x ) dx  
i 1
f ( x ) x

 Where the sum that appears on the right side is called a


Riemann sum.
 In this formula, ∆𝑥 is the width of the sub interval of a
partition.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
Trapezoidal Approximation
 It will be convenient in this section to denote the left end point,
right end point, and midpoint approximations with n
subintervals by Ln, Rn, and Mn, respectively.
 Of the three approximations, the midpoint approximation is
most widely used in applications.
 If we take the average of Ln and Rn, then we obtain another
important approximation denoted by trapezoidal
approximation
x
 f ( x)dx  Tn  2 ( f (x0 )  2( f (x1 )  2( f (x2 )  2( f (x3 )  ( f (xn ))
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
Simpson’s Rule
 When the left and right endpoint approximations are averaged
to produce the trapezoidal approximation, a better
approximation often results.
 We now see how a weighted average of the midpoint and
trapezoidal approximations can yield an even better
approximation.
x
 f ( x)dx  S n 
3
( f ( x0 )  4( f ( x1 )  2( f ( x2 )  4( f ( x3 )  ( f ( xn ))
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
 Example
 Use Trapezoidal rule & Simpson’s rule to evaluate the
following definite integrals;
10 3
i. 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
8 2
ii. 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
 Example
ii. The data table below shows the instantaneous velocity of a
car every 5 minutes. Use Trapezoidal rule & Simpson’s rule
to determine the displacement of the car in the first 30
minutes. What is the average speed of the car for the entire
30 minutes?
Velocity 25 28 32 30 29 26 23
(m/s)
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
 Example
iii. The volume flow rate of water leaving a tank in galons per
minute is shown in the data table below. Estimate the total
volume of water that flowed out of a tank in the first 30
minutes, using Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule.

Velocity 12.3 12.7 13.1 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.1


(m/s)
Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.5 Numerical Integration; Simpson’s Rule
 Classwork
i. Given the speed (m/s) of runner shown in the data table
below. Use Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule to estimate
the distance in meters travelled by a runner in the first 32
seconds.
V (m/s) 0 5.6 7.2 8.3 9.1 9.4 9 8.6 7.5
Time 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.6 Improper Integrals
Introduction
 Up to now we have focused on definite integrals with
continuous integrands and finite intervals of integration.
 In this section we will extend the concept of a definite integral
to include infinite intervals of integration and integrands that
become infinite within the interval of integration.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.6 Improper Integrals
Introduction
 It is assumed in the definition of the definite integral that [a,b]
is a finite interval and that the limit that defines the integral
exists; that is, the function f is integrable.
 Our main objective in this section is to extend the concept of a
definite integral to allow for infinite intervals of integration
and integrands with vertical asymptotes within the interval of
integration.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.6 Improper Integrals
Definition
 The improper integral over the intervals 𝑎, +∞ is defined to
be
 b
a
f ( x ) dx  lim
b  
a
f ( x ) dx

 In the case where the limit exists, the improper integral is said
to converge, and the limit is defined to be the value of the
integral.
 In the case where the limit does not exist, the improper integral
is said to diverge, and it is not assigned a value.
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia
1.6 Improper Integrals
 Example
 Evaluate the following improper integrals;
∞1
i. 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∞ 1
ii. 1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
∞ 1
iii. 1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
∞ 1
iv. 1 𝑥𝑝
𝑑𝑥
Department of Civil Engineering
University Of Somalia

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