ENGINEERING HORSEPOWER (𝑽 × 𝑨 × 𝑬𝑭𝑭 × 𝑷𝑭) ÷ 𝟕𝟒𝟔

POWERFACTOR 𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑻𝑺 ÷ (𝑽 × 𝑨)

UTILITIES 1 – EFFICIENCY (𝟕𝟒𝟔 × 𝑯𝑷) ÷ (𝑽 × 𝑨 × 𝑷𝑭)

ELECTRICITY
*Module 1 (Electron Theory)
I. Symbols
3. Alternating Current (AC Three Phase)
Description Symbol
–3ø
VOLTS E or V AMPS 𝑰 = 𝑷 ÷ (𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑬 × 𝑷𝑭)
WATTS (Power) P or W WATTS 𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑬 × 𝑰 × 𝑷𝑭
RESISTANCE R or Ω VOLTS 𝑬 = 𝑷÷𝑰
AMPERES I or A
VOLTS-AMPS 𝑽𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑬 × 𝑰
(Current)
VOLT-AMPERES VA HORSEPOWER (𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑽 × 𝑨 × 𝑬𝑭𝑭 × 𝑷𝑭)
÷ 𝟕𝟒𝟔
KILOVOLT- Kva
POWERFACTOR 𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑾𝑨𝑻𝑻𝑺 ÷ (𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑽
AMPERES × 𝑨)
EFFICIENCY (𝟕𝟒𝟔 × 𝑯𝑷) ÷ (𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟐 × 𝑽 × 𝑨
Description Symbol × 𝑷𝑭)
HORSEPOWER HP
POWER FACTOR PF  Direct Current flows in one direction.
KILOWATTS kW  Alternating Current flows back and
forth.
KILOWATT kWh
HOUR
Matter
CAPACITANCE C  Matter –anything that has mass
EFFICIENCY EFF (weight) and occupies space
 Molecule –group or series of diff.
II. Formulas, Equations, Laws atoms
1. Direct Current  Compounds –group of molecules
AMPS 𝑰 = 𝑷÷𝑬  Elements –broken down to a single
WATTS 𝑷=𝑬×𝑰 atom and still maintains the properties
of the original materials.
VOLTS 𝑬 = 𝑷÷𝑰
 Three states: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS
HORSEPOWER (𝑽 × 𝑨 × 𝑬𝑭𝑭) ÷ 𝟕𝟒𝟔
EFFICIENCY (𝟕𝟒𝟔 × 𝑯𝑷) ÷ (𝑽 × 𝑨) THE ATOM
 Atom –the building blocks in the
2. Alternating Current (AC Single Phase) universe for mass.
–1ø  The smallest particle in which an
AMPS 𝑰 = 𝑷 ÷ (𝑬 × 𝑷𝑭) element or substance can be divided
WATTS 𝑷 = 𝑬 × 𝑰 × 𝑷𝑭 without losing its property.
VOLTS 𝑬 = 𝑷÷𝑰  Three basic components: PROTON,
NEUTRON, ELECTRON
VOLTS-AMPS 𝑽𝑨 = 𝑬 × 𝑰
 ATOM CONSTRUCTION They have a strong magnetic
 Nucleus –located in the center that attraction towards the nucleus.
contains protons and neutrons.  Free electrons –orbits on the
 PROTONS –positively charged outermost ring which is known as
 NEUTRONS –adds atomic weight to VALENCE RING.
an atom but do not have any electrical
charge
FREE ELECTRONS
 ELECTRONS –negatively charged;
 Free electrons –free to move
lighter than protons
atom to atom, this movement is
called ELECTRON FLOW.
BALANCED ATOMS  Can easily be moved to another
 Atoms have equal number of atom. (loosely held)
electrons and protons.  Because of their distance from the
 NO ELECTRICAL CHARGE. Atoms nucleus, free electrons have a
are neither positive nor negative. weak magnetic attraction.
They are electrically neutral or
balanced.
 Negatively charged electrons will
cancel the positive charge of INSULATORS
the protons,balancing the charge  Insulators –any material that
of atoms. stops the flow of electricity.
 The cancellation of charges creates  With 5 to 8 electrons in the outer
a natural attraction or bonding ring.
between the proton and electron.  The 5 to 8 electrons in the outer
ring are held tightly to the atom
ION PARTICLES therefore they CANNOT be easily
 ION –an unbalanced charged moved to another atom to make
particle (either positively or room for more electrons.
negatively charged) that is  Materials included: GLASS,
responsible for electron flow RUBER, PLASTIC
(electricity).
 When atom loses or gains an CONDUCTORS
electron, imbalance occurs.  Conductors –any material that
 Ions will release an electron to allows electrons to flow
become balanced again.  With 1 to 3 electronsin the outer
ring. (held loosely to the atom)
ELECTRON ORBITS  They can easily be moved to
 Electrons rotate around the atom another atom.
at diff. orbit called  Materials included: Copper and
Orbit/Rings/Shells. gold
 Bound electrons –orbits around
the nucleus on the inner rings. SEMICONDUCTORS
 Semiconductors –neither a  Voltage can exist between two
conductor nor insulator. points without electron flow.
 With exactly 4 free electrons in
the outer orbit. VOLTAGE UNITS
 Materials included: CARBON,  Voltage –measured in units called
SILICON, GERMANIUM VOLTS
 These materials can be used in the  Value prefixes: millivolt, volt,
manufacturer of diodes, kilovolt, megavolt
transistors, integrated circuit chips. Symbol Multiplier
Volt V 1
*Module 2 (Current Flow Millivolt mV 0.001
Theories) Kilovolt kV 1,000

 Electron Theory –states that

CURRENT (AMPERES)
current flows from negative to
 Current –the quantity or flow rate
positive.
of electrons moving past point with
 Conventional Theory (Hole
one second.
Theory) –states that current flows
 Also known as amperage.
from positive to negative.
 high voltage = high current flow
 low voltage = low current flow
VOLTAGE
 Voltage –the electrical force that
MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT
moves electrons through a
 Ammeter –measures the quantity
conductor.
of current flow.
 Voltage is electric pressure also
 Ammeters are placed in series
known as EMF (Electro Motive
(inline) to count the electrons
Force) that pushes electrons.
passing through it.
 The greater the difference in
electrical potential(diff. between
EFFECTS OF CURRENT FLOW
positive and negative), the
 Heat Generation –when current
greater the voltage force
flows, heat will be generated.
potential.
 high current flow = greater heat
generated
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE
 Electromagnetism –when current
 Voltmeter –measures the voltage
flows, a small magnetic field is
potential voltage potential across
created.
or parallel to the circuit.
 High current flow = strong
 It measures the amount of
magnetic field
electrical pressure difference
between two points being
measured.
 RESISTANCE *Module 2 (Types of Electricity)
 Resistance –is the force that
reduces or stops the flow of  Static Electricity –electricity that
electrons. It opposes voltage. is standing still. Voltage potential
 Higher resistance will decrease the with NO electron flow.
flow of electrons.  Dynamic Electricity –electricity in
 Lower resistance will allow more motion. Voltage potential WITH
electrons to flow. electron flow.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE
 Ohmmeter –measures the I. Direct Current (DC) –
resistance of an electrical circuit or electrons flowing in only one
component. direction. DC electrical
 No voltage must be applied while systems are used in cars.
the ohmmeter is connected. II. Alternating Current (AC) –
electrons flowing back and
RESISTANCE UNITS forth. Electrical appliances at
 Resistance –measured in units home use AC power.
called OHMS
 Vale prefixes: kilo ohms, mega  Lower resistance will allow more
ohms electrons to flow.
Symbol Multiplier
Ohm Ω 1 *Module 2 (Sources of Electricity)
Kilo ohm K 1,000
Mega M 1,000,000 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
ohm
 Electricity –can be created by
several means: Friction, Heat,
Light, Pressure, Chemical Action,
RESISTANCE OF FACTORS
Magnetic Action
 LENGTH of the conductor –the
 Friction –creates static electricity.
longer the conductor, the higher
 Heat –can act upon a device called
the resistance.
a thermo couple to created DC.
 DIAMETER of the conductor –
 Light –applied to photoelectric
the narrower the conductor, the
materials will produce electricity.
higher the resistance.
 Pressure –applied to a
 TEMPERATURE of the material –
piezoelectric material will produce
resistance increases as the
DC electricity.
temperature increases.
 Chemical Action –certain
 PHYSICAL CONDITION
chemicals will create electricity.
(damage) to the material –any
damage will increase resistance.
BASIC CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION
 TYPE OF MATERIAL USED –
 Power Source –battery,
various materials have a wide
alternator, generator, etc.
range of resistances.
 Protection Fuse –fuse, fusible  Source voltage –is not affected
link, circuit breaker by either current or resistance. It is
 Load Device –lamp, motor, either too low, normal or too high.
winding resistor, etc.  If voltage is too low, current will
 Control –switch, relay, transistor be low.
 Conductors –a return path, wiring  If voltage is normal, current will
to ground be high if resistance is low, and
current will be low if resistance is
LOADS high.
 Load –any device that consumes  If voltage is too high, current
electricity such as lamp, horn, will be high.
wiper motor, etc.
 In an electrical circuit, ALL LOADS CURRENT
are regarded as resistance.  Current –is affected by either
 Loads –use up voltage and control voltage or resistance.
the amount of current flowing in a  If the voltage is high and
circuit. resistance is low, current will be
 Loads with high resistance cause high.
less current to flow.  If the voltage is low and
 Loads with low resistance allow resistance is high, current will be
high current rates to flow. low.

*Module 3 (Ohm’s law) RESISTANCE

 Resistance –is not affected by
 Ohm’s Law –the current in a either voltage or current. It is
circuit is directly proportional to either too low, okay, or too high.
the applied voltage and inversely  If resistance is too low, current
proportional to the amount of will be high at any voltage.
resistance.  If resistance is too high, current
I = Amperes (Current) will be low if voltage is okay.
R = Ohms (Resistance)
E = Volts (Voltage) CIRCUIT PROTECTION
Current (I) 𝑬 Circuit protection devices are used to
𝑰=
𝑹 protect wires and connectors from being
Resistance (R) 𝑬 damaged by excess current flow caused
𝑹=
𝑰 by either an over current or short-circuit.
Voltage (E) 𝑬=𝑰×𝑹 Excess current causes excess heat, which
causes circuit protection to "open
 If the voltage goes up, the current circuit".
flow will go up, and vice versa.

SOURCE VOLTAGE
CIRCUIT PROTECTION DEVICES Whenever a short circuit, over current or
Fuses, fuse elements, fusible links, and mismatched load connection occurs, then
circuit breakers are used as circuit the thin wire inside the fuse melts
protection devices. Circuit protection because of the heat generated by the
devices are available in a variety of heavy current flowing through it.
types, shapes, and specific current Therefore, it disconnects the power
ratings. supply from the connected system. In
normal operation of the circuit, fuse wire
FUSES is just a very low resistance component
A fuse is an electric / electronic or and does not affect the normal operation
mechanical device, which is used to of the system connected to the power
protect circuits from over current, supply.
overload and make sure the protection of
the circuit. Electric fuse was invented by How to Select Proper Rating Size of
Thomas Alva Edison in 1890. Fuse?

Fuse Rating = ( Power / Voltage ) x 1.25

1 Ex. Find a right size of fuse for 10A two
pin socket
(1000W / 230V) x 1.25 = 5.4A

1kW is the power rating which can be

control through the 2 pin socket and the
main supply voltage is single phase 230V
AC (120V AC in US).
6A fuse rating instead of 5.4A for safe
and reliable operation of the circuit.
FUSES
A general Fuse consists of a low
Characteristics of a Fuse
resistancti, metallic wire enclosed in a
Different types of fuses can be categories
non combustible material. It is used to
on the following characteristics.
connect and install in series with a circuit
and device which needs to be protected
• Current Rating a Current Carrying
from short circuit and over current,
Capacity of Fuse
otherwise. electrical appliance may be
• Voltage Rating of Fuse
damaged in case of absence of the fuse
• Breaking Capacity of a Fuse
and circuit breaker as they are unable to
• I^2t Value of Fuse
handle the excessive current according
• Response Characteristic
to their rating limits.
• Rated voltage of Fuse
• Packaging Size
FUSES
The working principle of a fuse is based
on the "Heating effect of Current" i.e.
Characteristics of a Fuse Response characteristic shows the
response time for over current event.
• Current Rating & Current Carrying Fuses which respond rapidly to the over
Capacity of Fuse current situation is called ultra-fast fuses
Current carrying capacity is the amount or Fast fuses. They are used in Many
of current which a fuse can easily semiconductor devices because
conduct without interrupting the circuit. semiconductor devices damaged by over
current very rapidly.
• Rated Voltage of Fuse
Expect the current capacity of current, • Packaging Size
there are the maximum voltage rating a Other factors and parameters are
fuse can handle safely. Each fuse has marking, temperature derating, voltage
maximum allowed voltage rating, for drop and speed
example, if a fuse is designed for 32
volts it cannot be used with 220 volts, Classification of Fuses
different amount of isolation is required Fuses can be classified as "One Time
in different fuses working on different Only Fuse", "Resettable Fuse ", "Current
voltage levels. Bases of voltage rating, a limiting and non current limiting fuses"
fuse can be HV (High Voltage) LV (Low based on the usage for different
Voltage), and Miniature Fuses. applications.

 Breaking Capacity of a Fuse One time use fuses contain a metallic

The value of maximum current that can wire, which burns out, when an over
safely be interrupted by the Fuse is current, over load or mismatched load
called Breaking Capacity and should be connect event occurs, user has to
higher than the prospective short circuit manually replace these fuses, switch
current. fuses are cheap and widely used in
almost all the electronics and electrical
 I^2t Value of Fuse systems.
The 12t terms related to fuse normally
used in short circuit condition. it is the The Resettable fuse automatically reset
amount of energy which carry the fuse after the operation when fault occurs at
element when the electrical fault is the system.
cleared by fuse element.
The Current limiting fuse, they
produce high resistance for a very short
Response Characteristic period while the non - current limiting
The speed at which fuse blows. depend fuse produce an arc in case of high
on the amount of current flowing through current flow to interrupts and limit the
its wire. The higher the current flowing current in related and connected circuit.
through the wire, faster will be the
response time.
 industries. commercial as well as home
distribution panels.
There are two types of Cartridge fuses.
1. General purpose fuse with no time
delay
2. Heavy-duty cartridge fuses with time
delay. Both are available in 250V AC to
600V AC and its rating can be found on
the end cap or knife blade.
Cartridge Fuses are enclosed in a base
and can be divided in further in Link type
Types of Fuses cartridge fuses and D Type Cartridge
Fuses can be divided into two main Fuses.
categories according to the type of input
supply voltage. HRC (High Rupturing Capacity) Fuse
or Link Type Cartridge Fuse

AC fuses
In the AC system, voltage with 60Hz or
50Hz frequency changes it amplitude
from zero to 60 times every second, so
arc can be extinct easily as compared to
DC. Therefore, AC fuses are little bit
small in sizes as compared to DC fuses.

DC fuses
In a DC system, when the metallic wire
Melts because of the heat generated by
the over current, then Arc is produced
and it is very difficult to extinct this arc
because of DC constant value. So in High Voltage Fuses High Voltage
order to minimize the fuse arcing, DC (HV) fuses are used in power system to
fuse al e little bigger than an AC fuse protect the power transformer,
which increase the distance between the distribution transformers and instrument
electrodes to reduce the arc in the Fuse. transformer etc where circuit breakers
may not be able to protect the system.
Cartridge fuse: are used to protect High Voltage fuses are rated for more
electrical appliances such as motors air- than 1500V and up to 13kV.
conditions, refrigerator, pumps, where
high voltage rating and currents The element of High Voltage fuse
required. They are available up to 600A generally made of copper, silver or tin.
and 600V AC and widely used in The fuse link chamber may fined with
boric acid in case of expulsion type HV of porcelain having the IN and OUT
(High Voltage) Fuses terminals which is used to be in series
with the circuit to protect.
Automotive, Blade Type a- Bolted
Type Fuses The main advantage of rewireable fuse is
These type of fuses (also known as that It can be rewire easily in case if it
spade or plug-in fuses) comes in plastic blown due to short circuit or over current
body and two metal caps to fit in the which melts the fuse elements. Simple.
socket. Mostly, they used in automobiles put another wire of fuse elements with
for wiring and short circuit protection. the same rating as before.
Expect this, Fuse Limiters, Glass Tube
(also known as Bosch Fuse) are widely Thermal Fuses
used in automotive industries. The rating Thermal fuse is a one-time used only
of automobile fuses are low as 12V to fuse. They are temperature sensitive
42V. fuse and the fuse element is made of
temperature sensitive alloy. They are
Types of Fuses known as Thermal Cutouts (TCO) or
Some additional types of SMD Fuses and Thermal Links.
Leaded fuses. In a thermal fuse, the fuse element hold
• Stow - Blow Chip Fuses a mechanical spring contact which is
• Fast Acting Chip Fuses normally closed. When high currents due
• Very Fast Acting Chip Fuses to over current and short circuit flow
• Pulse Tolerant Chip Fuses through the elements of the fuse, the
• High Current Rated Chip Fuses fuse elements melts down which lead to
• Telecom Fuses release the spring mechanism and
• Through-hole styles fuses prevent the arc and fire and protect the
• Radial Fuse connected circuit.
• Lead Fuse
• Axial Fuse Resettable fuse is a device, which can
be used as multiple times without
Types of Fuses replacing it. They open the circuit, when
an over current event occurs and after
Rewirable Fuses some specific time they connect the
The most famous kit-kat fuse (also circuit again. Polymeric positive
known as rewireable fuse) mostly used in temperature coefficient device (PPTC,
industries and home electrical wiring for commonly known as a resettable fuse.
small current applications in Low Voltage poly-switch or poly-fuse) is a passive
(LV) systems. electronic component used to protect
against short current faults in electronic
Rewigeable fuse contains on 2 basic circuits.
parts. The inner fuse element as fuse
carrier made of tinned copper, Application of resettable fuses is
Aluminum, Lead etc and the base made overcome where manually replacing of
fuses is difficult or almost impossible, residential, commercial. and industrial
e.g. fuse in the nuclear system or in wiring applications:
aerospace system. Panelboard- A single panel that
includes automatic overcurrent devices
Uses and Applications of Fuses used for the protection of light, heat, and
Different types of Electrical and power circuits.
Electronic Fuses can be used in all types
of electrical and electronic systems and Loadcenter- A type of panel board that
applications including: contains the main disconnecting means
for the residential service entrance as
 Motors Et Transformers well as the fuses or circuit breakers used
 Air-conditions to protect circuits and equipment like
 Home distribution boards water heaters, ranges, dryers, and
 General electrical appliances lighting.
and devices
 Laptops Cell phones CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 Game systems Circuit breakers- are available as a
 Printers single-pole device for 120-volt
 Digital cameras applications and as a two-pole device for
 DVD players 240-volt applications.
 Portable Electronics
 LCD monitors They also come as a twin or dual device
 Scanners that fits in the space of a regular single-
 Battery packs pole breaker. Circuit breakers are
 Hard disk drives designed so that any fault must be
 Power convertors cleared before the circuit breaker can be
reset.
Even if the handle is held in the "ON"
Safety Switches-A safety switch is used position, the circuit breaker will remain
as a disconnecting means for larger tripped as long as there is a trip-rated
electrical equipment. It is typically fault on the circuit. In some cases, time
mounted on the surface of or near the is required for the breaker to cool before
equipment and is operated with an it can be reset.
external handle. Safety switches can
simply be an On/Off device or can have  Most branch circuits are 120-volt
overload protection devices incorporated circuits. These are wired with 14
in their design. Safety switches can be AWG or 12 AWG copper conductors
found in both cartridge fuse or breaker and require 15 or 20 amp single-
configurations. pole circuit breakers. A single-pole
circuit breaker takes up one space
The following items are used to contain on a panel board.
and organize overcurrent devices in  Many branch circuits serve
appliances like electric water
 heaters, air conditioners, and Overcurrent Protection:
electric heating units. These loads Overcurrent protection is generally a
require 240 volts to operate protection against short circuit where
properly. since it is a 240-volt excessive current starts to flow in the
circuit, it needs a two-pole circuit circuit which leads to damage the
breaker. A two-pole circuit breaker connected equipment.
takes up two spaces on the Fuses, circuit breakers, overcurrent -
panelboard. relays, current limiters, temperature
sensors and solid state power switches
240-Volt Branch Circuit are used against overcurrent protection
Requirements devices. In addition, a thermal magnetic
• 15-amp circuit breaker when wired circuit breaker is used for both
with 14 AWG wire overcurrent and overload protection.
• 20-amp circuit breaker when wired
with 12 AWG wire What is Overload?
• 30-amp circuit breaker when wired An electrical overload is the condition
with 10 AWG wire where the load takes more current than
the normal or rated current.
Example of overload is connecting a
What is Overcurrent? 1.5kW load to the 1 kW alternator,
Overcurrent is the condition where inverter or transformer or when up to 1.5
excessive current starts to flow in the times higher current flows through the
circuit due to overload and especially circuit rather than the rated current.
short circuit. Overload is the overcurrent flow in the
In case of short circuit, a very high circuit which causes overheating in the
current starts to flow in the circuit where connected device hence, overload is a
the voltage level becomes almost zero type of overcurrent.
across the load terminals which leads to
the insulation failure, fire, damage the
equipment and power system even
serious and hazardous explosion.
For instance, a 125A jit brew- r tripping
point (magnetic trip) rated for 200% is
connected to a 100A load circuit. When
the load current increase and reach the
limit of 125A, it will trip eventually. If the
current increase up to 200A, the breaker
will operate instantly and protect the
circuit from overcurrent due to short
circuit etc.
What is Overvoltage? the device from overvoltage which may
Overvoltage is the condition where the cause to damage the connected device.
operating or supply voltage is higher
than the rated voltage of the system CONTROLS
specified by the manufacturer.
Control devices are used to "turn on or
"tum off current flow in an electrical
Overvoltage is the higher supply voltage
circuit. Control devices include a variety
to a device than its nominal rated
of switches, relays, and solenoids.
voltage. In short, voltage higher than the
Electronic control devices include
permissible voltage is known as
capacitors, diode, and transistors.
overvoltage.
Control devices are needed to start, stop,
Generally, when the supply voltage or redirect current flow in an electrical
increases up to 1.1 (which is 110%) of circuit, most switches require physical
the rated voltage of a device is known movement for operation while relays and
the overvoltage unless specified by the solenoids are operated with
manufactures. electromagnetism.
Example: if the rated voltage printed on
the nameplate data rating of a machine CONTROL DEVICES
is 230V AC ±10%. Now, if the supply
SWITCHES
voltages increase up to 250V+, the
system becomes unstable due to o Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)
overvoltage (iron losses) which leads to o Single Pole Double Throw (SPOT)
excessive heat and-may damage the o Momentary Contact
device and equipment. o Multiple Pole Multiple Throw
(MPMT or Gang Switch)
Overvoltage Protection o Mercury
Overvoltage caused by , power system o Temperature (Bimetal)
and switching surges and insulation o Time Delay
failure etc can be protected by avalanche o Flasher
diodes, voltage dependent resistors
RELAYS SOLENOIDS
(VDR), gas discharge valves, arcing
horns etc. SWITCHES

Generally, zener diode based electronic A switch is the most common circuit
circuit are mostly used for small level control device. Switches usually have two
overlarge protection. or more sets of contacts. Opening these
contacts is called -break' or "open- the
An overvoltage protection circuit will circuit, Closing the contacts is called
operate when the supply voltage "make or 'completing the circuit.
increases up to 110% to 130% above
Switches are described by the number of
the rated voltage of a device. This way, it
Poles and Throws they have.
will cut off the power supply to protect
Poles - refer to the number of input
circuit terminals. -Throws- refer to the
number of output circuit terminal.
3. According to Control
Switches are referred to as:
Application
o SPST (single-pole, single-throw)
o SPDT (single-pole, double-throw) Three Way Switch
o MPMT (multiple-pole, multiple- Four Way Switch
throw). Photo Switch
Dimmer Switch
Push Button Switch
CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHES

A. SAFETY SWITCHES –switching

Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) -
devices with an added protective
The simplest type of switch is a “hinged-
device to protect the circuit from
pawl” or “knife blade” switch. It either
excessive currents due to
“completes” (turn on) or “break” (turn
overloading and short circuit.
off) the circuit in a single circuit. This
1. KNIFE SWITCHES –uses a fuse for switch has a single input, pole and a
circuit protection. Ex. Fuse Wire, single output throw.
Renewable Fuse, Disposable Fuse
Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) – A
2. CIRCUIT BREAKER single-pole input, double- throw switch
has one wire going it and two wires
Ex. Plug-type For Panel Board coming out. A headlamp dimmer switch
Mounting is a good example of a single-pole
double-throw switch.
Screw Type For Single Unit
Installation Multiple Pole Multiple Throw (MPMT)
– multiple-pole input, multiple-throw
B. SNAP SWITCHES – switching
output switches, which are also known as
devices generally used to control
‘’gang’’ switches, have movable contacts
lighting fixtures.
in wired in parallel. An ignition switch is a
1. According to Mounting
good example of MPMT switch.
Surface type design for direct Switch Loop - very common for
mounting residential electricians to run the power
Flush type needs accessories source to the lighting outlet first and
like utility box for mounting then to run a two-wire cable to the
single-pole switching location. It is
2. According to Assembly required that the white conductor be
identified at both ends as a hot
Single Switch conductor.
Two Gang Switch
Three- Way Switch- connects three BI-Metallic-a temperature-sensitive
conductors to the switch to controls a switch, also known as a ‘’bi-metallic’’
light fixture or receptacle from two switch, usually contains a bimetal
locations, such as at the top and bottom element that bends when heated to
of a stairway. make contact completing a circuit or to
break contact opening a circuit.
Four- Way Switch – four-way switches
have four conductors connected to them. Time Delay Switch- contains a bimetal
Four-way switches are used in 120-volt strip, contacts, and a heating element.
circuits to control a lightning load from The time delay switch is normally closed.
three or more locations, A common application for a time delay
switch is the rear window defroster.
Dimmer Switches- are used to brighten
or dim a lightning fixture’s lamps. Found Flasher- operates basically the same as
in both a single pole and a three-way the time delay switch; except when the
configurations, both are available with contacts open, current stops flowing
either a rotating knob style or sliding through the heating element. Common
switch that varies the resistance in the uses for this type of switch are the turn
circuits. signals or the four-way flasher (hazard
lamp)
Single-or Three-way dimmer
switches- are connected in switching Relays-is simply a remote-control
circuits exactly as regular single pole and switch, which uses a small amount of
three-way switches. current to control a large amount of
current. A typical relay has both a control
Combination Devices- have a
circuit and a power circuit. Relay
combination of two devices, both of
constructions contains an iron core,
which are mounted on the same strap.
electromagnetic coil, and an armature
Double-Pole-Switch- these switches (moveable contact sheet). Types:
are used on 240-volt circuits to control a normally open and normally closed.
load from one location (ex. Electric water Normally Open Relay has contacts that
heater) are open until the relay is energized
while normally closed relay has contacts
Momentary Contact-the momentary that are closed until the relay is
contact switch has a spring-loaded energized.
contact that keeps it from making the
circuit except when pressure is applied to Relay Operation
the button.
Current flows through the control coil,
Mercury – a mercury switch is made of which is wrapped around an iron core.
a sealed capsule that is partially filled The iron core intensifies the magnetic
with mercury. In the end of the capsule field. The magnetic field attracts the
are two electrical contacts. upper contact arm and pulls it down,
closing the contacts and allowing power
from the power source to go to the load.
When the coil is not energized, the
contacts are open and no power goes to Electric codes have specific requirements
the load. When the control circuit switch for wiring in different types of conduit
is closed, however, current flows to the that include allowable fill rates that vary
relay and energizes the coil. The depending upon wire and insulation type.
resulting magnetic field pulls the
armature down, closing the contacts and The following conduits are used primarily
allowing power to the load. Many relays in light to heavy commercial application:
are used for controlling high current in
one circuit with low current in another Rigid metal conduit (RMC)- RMC is
circuit. An example would be a computer, generally made of steel with a protective
which controls a relay, and the relay galvanized coating. It is a threadable
controls a higher current circuit. raceway designed for the physical
protection and routing of conductors and
cables and for use as an equipment
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS grounding conductor when installed with
appropriate fittings. It can be used in all
atmospheric conditions and forms of
Conduit, Boxes and Wiring
occupancy. Requires pipe and thread
cutting specialty tools.
CONDUIT

Intermediate metal conduit (IMC)-

Raceways are defined as enclosed
IMC is a thinner-walled version of rigid
channels of metal or nonmetallic material
metal conduit and can be used in all
designed expressly for holding wires or
locations in a house where rigid metal
cables.
conduit is permitted to be used. It can be
used as an equipment grounding
Branch-circuit installation using a
conductor when installed with associated
raceway (conduit) wiring method is
couplings and appropriate fittings.
seldom used in residential wiring.
Requires pipe and thread cutting
However, some areas of the country
specialty tools.
require that all wiring in a house be
installed in a raceway wiring method.
Electrical metallic tubing (EMT)- EMT
Raceways should be installed as a
is the most common raceway type used
complete system and be securely
for branch-circuit installation. It is
fastened in place and supported by an
relatively easy to bend and connect and
approved retainer.
is much less expensive that other metal
raceways. EMT is an unthreaded thin wall
Use individual conductors when installing
raceway that requires bends in EMT to be
a circuit in a raceway wiring method. It is
made so that the tubing is not damaged
common wiring practice to install a green
and the internal diameter of the tubing is
insulated equipment grounding conductor
not effectively reduced. Most electricians
in every raceway.
will run a green insulated grounding
conductor in the raceway, even though it appropriate for use indoors where a need
is not required. Best cut with a tubing for flexibility at the connection points is
cutter. required. Usually cut with a hacksaw.

Schedule 40 PVC Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT)-

• Suitable for underground use by ENT is a nonmetallic pliable corrugated
direct burial or encasement in concrete raceway of circular cross section with
• Suitable for above ground use integral or associated couplings,
indoors or outdoors exposed to sunlight connectors, and fittings for the
and weather where not subject to installation of electric conductors. It is
physical damage (unless marked composed of a material that is resistant
“Underground Use Only” to moisture and chemical atmospheres
and is also flame retardant. Since ENT is
Schedule 80 PVC made of a nonconductive material, a
• Suitable for use wherever Schedule separate equipment grounding conductor
40 conduit may be used. should always be installed in the conduit.
• Marking “Schedule 80” identifies ENT can be cut with a hacksaw, but
conduit as suitable for use where special nonmetallic tubing cutters are
exposed to physical damage available.

Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- PVC Liquidtight flexible metal conduit

is used for electrical systems is grey in (LFMC)- has an outer liquid-tight,
color and consists of integral or nonmetallic, sunlight-resistant jacket
associated couplings, connectors, and over an inner flexible metal core with
fittings for the installation of electrical associated couplings, connectors and
conductors. While many configurations of fittings for the installation of electric
connecting methods are available, the conductors. It is intended for use in wet
most common is glued. PVC is made of locations for connections to equipment
nonconductive material, so a separate located outdoors such as air conditioning
equipment grounding conductor must and swimming pool equipment. Usually
always be installed in the conduit. PVC cut with a hacksaw.
can be cut using a hacksaw or with saws
or cutters equipped with special blades Liquidtight flexible nonmetallic
for PVC. PVC can be bent by heating it conduit (LFNC)- same general purpose
with an approved device as long as there as LMFC in nonmetallic form. Can be cut
is minimal to no size reduction of the with a hacksaw or PVC cutter
unobstructed path for the wires.
BOXES
Flexible metal conduit (FMC)- is a
raceway of circular cross section made of Electrical Boxes have many mounting
helically wound, formed interlocked options that range from configurations
metal strip. Many electricians refer to designed to be nailed or screwed to
this raceway type as “Greenfield”. FMC is
framing members or blocking, to models three-gang device box and fixture
for remodeling (called an old work) that mounting styles.
attach to be sheetrock that encloses a
wall pocket. PVC Conduit Boxes- although PVC
boxes are designed and used for glue-up
Device Boxes- are used to install assembly, some models have female
receptacles or switches at specific threaded fittings to accommodate a
locations on an electrical circuit. variety of threaded connectors.
Standard box openings are
approximately 3”x2” with a depth that
ranges from 1-1/2” to 3-1/2”.

Outlet boxes- are used when installing

lighting fixtures in a ceiling or on a wall
and when connecting small or large
appliances. They are larger than a device
box and provide more room for different
wiring situations. Outlet boxes are
offered in round, octagon, or square
shapes.

Metal Boxes- often includes the

capability of having the sides of the box
removed and the boxes ganged together
to make a box that can accommodate
multiple devices. The most common
metal device box size 3”x2”x3-1/2”.
Another type of metallic device
recognized by the NEC is the handy or
utility box. This type of box is primarily
used for surface mounting and can
accommodate one device such as a
receptacle or switch.

Nonmetallic Device Boxes- usually

made of PVC, phenolic or polycarbonate.
The specific advantages of using these
boxes include that they are lightweight,
strong, very easy to install and
inexpensive. Most all nonmetallic boxes
are wired using a nonmetallic sheathed
cable wiring method. Nonmetallic boxes
are offered in single-gang, two-gang,