Chapter 2: Effective Strategies in Communicating Orally

Module 1: Public Speaking

At the end of this module, I can:

 Identify the various types of public speaking contexts.

 Apply appropriate verbal and nonverbal behaviour in a public speech context.

Public speaking is an important part of life as it is carried out to accomplish specific goals such
as to inform, to entertain, or to persuade.
Personal
 A family member addresses family on family evens/celebrations (graduations,
wedding, etc.)
 A family member/friend delivers a eulogy to a grieving group.
Professional
 Organizing leaders address members during general assemblies or foundation
anniversaries.
 A company owner addresses employees during company events.
 An employee presents reports to his and her superiors.
 A students presents reports at school
 A salesperson delivers sales pitches to potential customers.
Activity:
1. How is public speaking different from other forms of communication?

2. What are the goals of public speaking? What occasions call for a speech presentation?
Module 2: Speech Styles: Intimate, Casual, and Consultative
At the end of this module, I can:

 Differentiate the types of speech styles, specifically intimate, casual, and consultative
 Identify social situations in which each speech is appropriate to use.

Speech Style – is the way in which something is said, done, expressed, or performed.
It corresponds to specific speech contexts.

Intimate conversations - it takes place between persons of close alliances/

relationships. Language used may be both formal and informal depending on the
situation and the matter being talked about.
Example: Married Couple, lovers, and family members
Casual conversations - typically takes place between classmates, friends, or co-
workers. The language used is often informal and conversational.
Consultative conversations – takes place when talking to doctor, lawyer, engineer,
counsellors, and other professionals who you think can help you with your need for
information, advice, and opinion. This speech style requires more formality in terms of
language, manner of speaking, and gestures.
Frozen – also known as static style, is rather fixed unlike formal speeches which can still
be altered.
Formal – are prepared in advance and follow strict rules in word choice and content.

Activity:

1. Differentiate Speech Style from Speech Context

2. Cite two examples each for the five speech styles or language registers discussed.

3. The Philippines Constitution falls under static or frozen register because

4. Private or intimate conversations are expected among

5. The president’s State of the Nation Address or SONA falls under the speech
style____________________________________________because________________
________
Module 3: Types of Speech Acts

At the end of this module, I can:

 Define locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
 Respond appropriately and effectively to a speech act.

Speech Acts- it shows how people are capable of performing acts with their utterances and
expressions.

Locutionary Act – an utterance of meaningful sentence, or what is said literally

Illocutionary Act – the social function of what is said
Perlocutionary Act- the effect of what is said to the person it is uttered to, or the
characteristic aims of a speech act.

Five categories of speech acts

Representatives – assertions, claims, reports

Directives – suggestions, requests, commands
Expressives – apologies, complaint, thanks
Commissives – promises, threats, offers
Declaratives – decrees, declarations.

Five Functions of Speech Acts according to Cohen’s Clarification

Representative
 Report – “Traffic is heavy along EDSA now.”
 Claim - “Filipinos are the happiest people in the world.”
Directive
 Suggestion – “You should go to a doctor”
 Request – “Could you please help me plan the party?”
Expressive
 Apology – “I’m sorry I can’t make it to the event.”
 Complaint – “Our internet connection is so slow.”
Commissive
 Promise – “I assure you, I will help you with your problem”
 Threat – “I’m warning you!”
Declarative
 Declaration – “Let the games begin!”
 Decree – “as president of the Republic, I put the country under a state of
emergency.”
Activity:

Give a sample utterance for each speech act. Then explain the possible effect of such
utterance.

1. Complain
______________________________________________

2. Declare
______________________________________________

3. Assert
______________________________________________

4. Offer
______________________________________________

5. Command
______________________________________________
Module 4: Types of Communicative Strategy: Nomination and Restriction
At the end of this module, I can:

 Identify various communicative situations and use acceptable, polite, and meaningful
communication strategies for each situation.
 Employ the communicative strategies in appropriate situation
 Explain how communicative strategies affect the following: language form, duration and
interaction, relationship between the communications, role and responsibilities of the
speaker, message, and delivery.

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
A plan or course of action to convey information effectively.
Serves as a blueprint in expressing to others’ information related to a specific issue,
event, situation, or audience.
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
Nomination- A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively
establish a topic.
Restriction- Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a
speaker. There are specific instructions that you must follow when communicating in the
classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends.
Turn-taking – is the order by which people who engages in a conversation speak. It
pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.
Topic control – a strategy that limits the coverage of a discussion to things that are
acceptable to the people involved in the exchange. This strategy ensures that time and
effort of those involved are not wasted.
Topic Shifting – a strategy that requires listening intently to the people you are in
conversation with.
Repair- is a communication strategy for recouping lost rapport in a conversation. It is
also done when a mistake is committed, such as mispronouncing word or using the
wrong term. Basically, it refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking,
listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.

Examples:
“That came out wrong… let me rephrase that…”
“I’m sorry, I take that back…”
“Let me clarify that…”

Termination – termination or ending an interaction is used in avoiding conflicts or

diffusing arguments. It refers to the conversation participants’ close-initiating expressions
that end a topic in a conversation.

Examples:
“Never mind, it doesn’t matter. Let’s not talk about it anymore”
“I’m sorry, I’m not comfortable talking about this.”
“I wish I could say and talk more, but I have to go”
“It’s been great talking to you, but I’m afraid I have to go.”
 “Excuse me, but I really need to get going. Let’s talk again soon”

Activity:

1. Why is nomination an effective communication strategy for smooth relations within a

community or organization?

2. Why is there a need for restriction in a society?

3. Why should turn-taking be employed in conversation?

4. Why is controlling a topic a useful strategy?

5. Why is it necessary to shift topics in certain situations?

6. What is your definition of repair as a communication strategy?

7. How would you define termination as a communication strategy?

8. When is termination a good option? Why is it not a good option?

Module 5: Types of Speeches according to Purpose

At the end of this module, I can:

 Distinguish the types of speeches according to purpose;
 Deliver short speeches according to purpose.

Kinds of Speech

Tribute Speech – you are the host of the family program honouring your grandparent on
his or her 75th birthday.

Pep talk or Motivational Speech – Injecting confidence into the audience, to be able to
guide them toward achieving the goals they set.

Example: You are the coach of a basketball team in your barangay, you would like your
team to be extra motivated for a crucial game.

Product or Project Presentation/Informative and Persuasive Speech- Proving why

your point of view is right and to persuade the audience to embrace that point of view.

Example: You are the head of a technical team that has developed and is now
presenting the design of a new home appliance to attract investors.

Informative and Persuasive Speech – you are concerned about the worsening
garbage problem in your community and you want to educate your audience about it.

Main purposes of Speech are to Inform and Persuade

Activity:
Identify the purpose of the speech from which each line was lifted.
1. I will always remember you, my friend. May you rest in peace

2. It is an honour and a great privilege to introduce to you our guest speaker…

3. Climate change is real. We much act now!

4. Metaphors abound in daily language.

5. This is a surprise. I don’t know if I deserve this more than the other nominees.
Module 6: Types of Speeches according to Delivery
At the end of this module, I can:

 Distinguish the types of speeches according to the manner of delivery.

 Deliver the four types of speeches correctly.

Speech Delivery
Refers to the expression in words of your message, ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

Types of Speeches
Read/Manuscript Speech– this type of speech is read by speakers from a manuscript
prepared by him or her or by somebody else commissioned to write it.

Example: Reading the rules and criteria in a contest

Newscasting with a TelePrompter or an autocue device.

Memorized Speech – Like the read speech, a memorized speech is also written in
advance by the speaker himself or herself or by person commissioned to write it.
However, this speech requires you to commit the speech to memory so that you do not
bring your notes when delivering it.

Example: when you perform in a stage play

When you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece
When an actor or actress in a scene performs a script from memory

Extemporaneous speech – this type of speech delivered by speakers who have expert
knowledge on the topic and are therefore able to deliver an entire speech using an
outline of ideas on cue cards.

Example: When you are assigned to report a topic in class.

When you are a candidate for a post in a student government and you
deliver your campaign speech before a voting public.

Impromptu Speech – a type of speech delivered with little to no preparation at events

such as a wedding or a victory party. An impromptu speech is usually short and casual.

Example: in an event where you are asked to say a few words

First day at work or in class, or during an interview.
Activity:
What do the different modes of speech delivery have in common? In what ways are they
different? What occasions or purposes call for each mode of delivery?
Module 7: Principles of Speech Writing
At the end of this module, I can:

 Enumerate the principles of speech writing

 Write an effective speech using the principles of speech writing.

1. Audience Profile
It pertains to the important details about your audience that will help you plan
your speech.

2. Choosing a Topic
Topic is your focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have
decided on your purpose. If you are given the choice of topic for your speech,
start with what you know or are interested to know.

3. Sourcing Information
When you have decided on a topic and are set to start compiling information
about it, think of the possible sources you can consult. With the topic in mind, list
as many information sources as possible.

4. Outlining and Organizing Speech Content

Outline is a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas. A good
outline helps you see that all the ideas are in line with your main idea or
message.

5. Logical Organization
Your speech must follow a certain flow if you intend to communicate your ideas
clearly and effectively.

 Categorical/Topical – the most common pattern for organizing a speech.

In this pattern, the categories help the speaker organize the message in a
consistent manner.
 Comparison/Contrast – This pattern is used to compare and contrast
subjects or ideas.
 Spatial – this pattern organizes information according to how things fit
together in physical space. It is appropriate when your main points are
oriented to various locations that can exist independently.
 Chronological – this pattern places the main idea in the time order in
which items appear. Present information in the order in which they
happened
 Biographical – this pattern is usually employed when a speaker wants to
describe a person’s life.
 Causal – this pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships.
  Problem-Cause-Solution – This pattern describes a problem, identifies
what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommends a
solution to correct the problem.
 Psychological – In this pattern, a leads to b and b leads to c. this speech
format is often used in persuasive speeches as it is designed to follow a
logical argument.

6. Duration
Time is important, and a speaker should always bear that in mind. A speech
must be just long enough to fulfil you speech goals but short enough to hold you
audience’s attention.

7. Word Choice
Your choice of words will depend primarily on the type of audience. Always
consider the situation, occasion, or event in which you will deliver the speech.

8. Grammatical Correctness
When writing a speech, make time to edit or have it edited for grammatical
correctness. As a second language speaker of English, you are not expected to
be perfectly proficient in it. Nevertheless, you should strive to lean and master
the language so you can avoid grammatical lapses, especially the obvious ones.

Activity:

1. What, to you, is the most popular speech of all time? How is it that this particular speech
has gained fame across different cultures?

2. Can you say how no two speeches are ever the same—even if they deal with the exact
same topic—as long as they have different audiences?
Module 8: Principle of Speech Delivery

At the end of this module, I can:

 Use the principles of effective speech delivery focusing on articulation; modulation; stage
presence; facial expressions, gestures, and movements; rapport with the audience; and
appropriate use of audiovisual aids.

1. Articulation- is an act, process, or means of putting something into words or the clear and
accurate pronunciation of words especially in public speaking. The key term that relates to
articulation is coherence, which comes from a Latin word that means “to stick together”. This
refers to the logical order of ideas expressed.

2. Modulation- to module your voice is “to change the sound of (your voice) by making it quieter,
higher, lower, etc.” it also means “to change or adjust (something) so that it exists in a balanced
or proper amount.” Modulation is therefore achieved by changing the tone or pitch of your
voice to convey various nuances of meanings when you speak.

3. Stage Presence- is the ability to command an audience with impressive style or manner.

4. Facial Expression- this is a gesture executed with the facial muscles. Your face reveals a lot
about what you think or how you feel. It is your most basic visual aid

5. Gestures- refers to movements or position of the hand, arm, body, head, or face that is
expressive or an idea, opinion, emotion, etc.

6. Rapport with the audience- refers to a speaker’s connection with the audience. This connection
is characterized by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity.

7. Audiovisual aids- these are devices such as films, video and audio clips, slide presentations,
models, and background notes that accompany verbal messages to help audiences comprehend,
appreciate, and retain information better.

Activity:
Define the following terms in your own words.

1. Articulation
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Modulation
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Stage Presence
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Facial Expression
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Gesture
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Rapport with audience
____________________________________________________________________
7. Audiovisual aid
____________________________________________________________________