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SSCE1993Chapter 1 Lecture

This document summarizes functions of two and three variables. It discusses function representations in a 3D coordinate system and how to graph functions of two variables using level curves. It also covers domain and range for functions of two and three variables. Level surfaces are introduced as a way to understand functions of three variables.

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jin
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36 views29 pages

SSCE1993Chapter 1 Lecture

This document summarizes functions of two and three variables. It discusses function representations in a 3D coordinate system and how to graph functions of two variables using level curves. It also covers domain and range for functions of two and three variables. Level surfaces are introduced as a way to understand functions of three variables.

Uploaded by

jin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2
Chapter 1: Multivariables
Functions

1.1 Functions of Two Variables


1.1.1 Function representations
1.1.2 3-D Coordinate System
1.1.3 Graph of two variable
functions
1.1.4 Sketching of the function
(3-D
*Level Curves
1.1.5 Domain and Range

1.2 Functions of Three


Variables
1.2.1 Domain and Range
1.2.2 Level Surfaces
3
1.1 Functions of Two Variables
z = f ( x, y )

Means that z is a function of x and y


in the sense that a unique value of the
dependent variable z is determined by
specifying values for the independent
variables x and y .
( x, y) ∈ Domain
z ∈ Range

and
x and y : the two different independent
variables
z : the dependent variable

Domain (D) : the set of all possible


inputs ( x, y) of the function
f ( x, y ) that is

4
Range (R) : the set of output z that
result when ( x, y ) varies over
the domain D
For example,
Function of
1. f ( x , y ) = x 2
+ y 2
two variables
Substitute 1
f (1,1) = 12 + 12 = 2 for x and 1
for y

2. z = f ( x , y ) = 64 − x 2
+ e xy

f (1, 0) = 64 − 1 + 1 = 8
f (2, −3) = 64 − 4 + e −6 = 60 + e −6

5
1.1.1 Function Representation of
z = f ( x, y )
3-D coordinate system

f ( x, y )
is a rule
that assigns a
unique real
number to each
point (x,y) in
same set D in the
xy-plane

Coordinate Planes

6
1.1.2 3-D Coordinate system

3D coordinate system has 3 main planes:-

xy plane or z=0 ( x, y, 0)
xz plane or y=0 ( x, 0, z )
yz plane or x=0 (0, y, z )

10
The orientation of xyz-axis

11
1.1.3 Graph of a Function of Two
Variables
The graph of the function f of two
variables is the set of all points ( x, y , z ) in
three-dimensional space, where the values of
(x, y) lie in the domain of f and z = f (x, y ) .

12
The graphs of z = f ( x, y ) is called a surface
in 3D system or three-space (ℜ 3 ).
It looks like a blanket!

Four types of surface in space:


1.1.3.1 Planes

Example 1
z = 0, y = 0, x = 0
x = 3, y = −1, z = 5
Given as a constant equation with one-
variable.

Example 2
y = − x + 6, 2 y = 4 z + 5, z + x = 4
Given as a linear equation with two-
variable.

Example 3 Tetrahedron

13
y + x + y =1
z = 6 − 3y + 2x
Given as a linear equation with three-
variable.

14
15
How to sketch of the given
functions

1) Determine the variables


2) Sketch the trace in coordinate planes
(based on the variables exist)
3) Make the projection onto the trace-
plane which is parallel to the
(variables which is not exists)-axis

16
1.1.3.2 Curved surfaces

20
21
22
23
24
25
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How to sketch curved surfaces ?
9 domain and range
9 Level curves

Level Curves
To sketch the graph of two variables, we
need to familiar with the contour maps.

Notice that when the plane z = C intersects


with the surface z = f (x, y ) , the result is
f (x, y) = C
the space curve with the equation ,
so we called these as the level curves.

1.1.4 Sketch of the surface


z = f ( x, y )
* the set of point ( x, y ) in xy-plane that
satisfy f ( x, y ) is called level curves
/contour curves

28
29
30
Sketching surfaces with level
curves
Let z = f ( x, y ) is a function of two variables

9 Plane z = C intersects with the surface


z = f (x, y ) → f ( x, y ) = C
9 The set of point ( x, y ) in the xy-plane that
satisfy f ( x, y ) = C is called the level
curve of f at C
9 An entire family of level curves is
generated as C varies over the range of f
9 The graph of z = f ( x, y ) is a surface
which can be obtained by sketching the
contour map (set of level curves) on xy-
plane

31
Example
Sketch the contour lines/level curves and
the graphs
(i) z = x 2 + y 2 , c = 0,1, 2,3, 4,9
(ii) z = x 2
+ y 2
, c = 0,1, 4, 9
(iii) z = 6 − x 2
− y, c = 0, 2, 4, 6

32
1.1.5 Domain and Range of
z = f ( x, y )

Domain :{( x, y ) x ∈ \ , y ∈ \ , ???}


↑
any constraint

??? f ( x, y ) may consist:

*Sometimes we need to sketch the


domain of the function given.

41
Range – z-values that results when
(x,y) varies over the domain
(i) z positive ?
(ii) z negative ?
(iii) z zero ?
(iv) z has maximum value ?
(v) z has minimum value ?
Range :{z z ∈ \ , ???}
↑
put the limitation of z here!!

Example
Describe the domain and the range of
z = 64 − 4 x 2 − y 2 .

42
1.2 Functions of Three Variables
1.2.1 Domain and Range
Definition
A function f of three variables is a rule
that assigns to each ordered triple ( x, y , z )
in some domain D in space a unique real
number w = f ( x, y , z ) .
The range consists of the output values for w.

Example 1
Identify the domain and range for the
following functions.

a). w = x2 + y 2 + z 2

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 0 for all points in space.


Domain : entire space
Domain :{( x, y, z) x ∈ \ , y ∈ \ , z ∈ \ , x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ 0}
47
1.2.2 Level Surfaces
The graphs of functions of three variables
consist of points ( x, y, z , f ( x, y, z )) lying
in four-dimensional space.
• Graphs cannot be sketch effectively in
three-dimensional frame of reference.
• Can obtain insight of how function
behaves by looking at its three-
dimensional level surfaces.
The graph of the equation f ( x, y, z ) = k
will generally be a surface in 3-space
which we call the level surface with
constant k.

Remark
The term “level surface” is standard. It
need not be level in the sense being
horizontal; it is simply a surface on which
all values of f are the same.

50
Level surfaces of

f ( x, y, z ) = z 2 − x 2 − y 2

54

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